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Cambaroides Japonicus De Haan CRUSTACEAN RESEARCH, SPECIAL NUMBER 7: 133–140, 2012 132 Nakata, K., & Goshima, s., 2006. AsymmetryT. GoTo & T. Kawaigland development in the crayfish, Cambarus. in mutual predation between the endangered Biological Bulletin, 103, 242–258. Habitat characteristics of small creeks inhabiting Japanese Japanese native crayfish Cambaroides japonicus suko, T., 1953. studies on the development of the endemic crayfishes Cambaroides( japonicus De Haan) in and the North American invasive native crayfish crayfish I. The development of secondary sex Pacifastacus leniusculus: a possible reason for characters in appendages. Science Reports of northern Japan species replacement. Journal of Crustacean saitama University, series B, 1: 77–96. Biology, 26: 134–140. suko, T., 1954. studies on the development of Nakatani, I., 1999. An albino of the crayfish the crayfish II. The development of egg–cell Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda: Cambaridae) before fertilization. Science Reports of Saitama Masanori Nunokawa, Kazunori Tanaka and Kousuke Ikeda and its offspring. Journal of Crustacean Biology, University, series B. 1: 165–175. 19: 380–383. suko, T., 1961. studies on the development of the Nakatani, I., 2000. reciprocal transplantation of crayfish VII. The hatching and the hatched Abstract.—As an engineer of physical processes et al., 2008) and serve as critical transporters leg tissue between albino and wild crayfish young. Science Reports of Saitama University, instead of biotic processes, Cambaroides japonicus Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda: Cambaridae). of energy through trophic webs. Research in series B, 5: 37–42. is very important in mountain stream ecosystems. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 20: 453–459. Otago, New Zealand, showed that crayfish young, C. M., 1937. On the nature and permeability Additionally, the small stream habitats of the (Paranephrops zealandicus) have a lower Nakata, K., Hayashi, N., Ozaki, M., Ohtaka, A., of chitin. I–the chitin lining the foregut of species continue to disappear. It is very important ability to decompose litter compared to other & Miwa, J., 2010. First record of the North decapod crustacean and the function of the to determine environmental conditions in American invasive crayfish Pacifastacus macroinvertebrates, whereas the dominant tegumental glands. proceeding of royal society, these small streams to conserve and manage C. crayfish, by biomass, is more important as a leniusculus from the Kanto region, Tone River series B, 3: 298–329. basin, central Japan: a range expansion to a warm japonicus habitats. The aims of this study were decomposer than other macroinvertebrates water area. plankton and Benthos research, 5: to document the environmental characteristics (Usio & Townsend, 2001). 165–168. of small creek habitats using physical data. Addresses: (TG) Mie University, Faculty Principle components analysis (PCA) was used On the other hand, crayfish act as piemental, D., Zuniga, r., & Morrison, D., 2005. of Education, Science Education, Tsu, Mie to examine patterns in the physical structure ecosystem engineers (Jones et al., 1994), Update on the environmental and economic 514–8507, Japan, (TK) Wakkanai Fisheries influencing fine sediment mobilization costs associated with alien–invasive species in of small creeks and streams. Differences in the United states. ecology of economic, 52: research Institute, Wakkanai, 097–0001 physical variables between habitat types were (Statzner et al., 2003; Statzner et al., 2000), 273–288. Hokkaido, Japan; examined. The second axis from the PCA, which and can affect detrital processing rates and the distribution of particulate organic matter stephens, G. C., 1952. The control of cement email: (TG) @, (TK) @ was positively correlated with flow velocity and substrate coarseness, indicated that these habitats that is used by other macroinvertebrates are characterized by erosional and depositional (Creed & Reed, 2004). gradients. Stream habitats were significantly C. japonicus generally inhabits creeks deeper and faster than habitats in small creeks. and lakes with low temperatures. Although Our data also show that C. japonicus inhabits numerous C. japonicus are found in lakes in small creeks with fine substrate and without Hokkaido, Kawai (1994) reported that many boulders. lentic habitats were notably important in recent decades. Furthermore, small stream INTRODUCTION habitats continue to disappear (Kawai, 1996; Kawai et al., 2009). It is difficult to identify Crayfish serve as shredders (Merritt streams that are C. japonicus habitats & Cummins, 1996; Nunokawa, 2009), because they are small and lack pool–riffle transporting energy from the leaves of sequences. It is very important to determine riparian vegetation to higher trophic the environmental characteristics of C. levels. Shredders reduce the size of coarse japonicus habitats in these small streams particulate organic matter to fine particulate for their conservation and management. organic matter. Macroinvertebrates then Usio (2007) and Ishiyama et al. (2012) consume the fine particulate organic matter investigated environmental characteristics fragments as food resources, incorporating of C. japonicus habitats from headwaters the organic matter into the local food web to midstream areas but did not focus on (Abe & Nunokawa, 2005). Japanese crayfish small streams without pool–riffle sequences, (Cambaroides japonicus) dominate the which are important for C. japonicus. macroinvertebrate biomass and production Furthermore, flow fluctuations in most small in some Northern Japanese streams (Yamada streams originating from springs do not vary CHARACTERISTICS OF CRAYFISH CREEKS IN JAPAN 135 134 134 ET AL. M. NuNokawa throughout the year. C. japonicus are easily habitats were defined by having channel Table 1. Summary of environmental characteristics in lentic and lotic habitats of Japanese crayfish (Cambaroides swept away by high water velocities (from an morphologies. Both small creek and stream japonicus) assessment of velocities in artificial burrows: habitats had riparian vegetation, low water Locationa Vegetation Habitat Stream Wetted Depth Substrate Water Sources Nakata et al., 2003b; Kawai, 2007) and they temperatures and substrates with leaf litter type lengthb width (m) (cm) typec temperature are subject to flow disturbances. Therefore, and coarse woody debris. Deciduous broad– (km) (°C) C. japonicus populations have probably been leaved trees and grasses dominated the Abashiri broad–leaf stream 6 2 15 20–30, 100–300 13.6 1 maintained in small streams. Considering the riparian vegetation at both habitat types. The Kushiro broad–leaf stream – 0.5–1 5 pebble, sand, boulder – 1 mechanisms for population maintenance, it is mean water temperatures for each habitat Yubari broad–leaf stream – 0.3 < 1 pebble, 100 – 1 very important to identify the characteristics type were 14.9 and 15.7°C, respectively. Lake Komadome – lake 0.04 km2 – 500 coarse sand (> 4.0 ) 0.7–21.4 2 of small stream habitats. Field measurements were conducted during Lake Shikaribetus – lake – – 100–300 – 11.7–13.5 3 The aims of this study were to document seasons when C. japonicus were active and Lake A in Shiribeshi broad–leaf lake – – 0–50 sand, pebble, boulder 21.5– 4 the environmental characteristics of C. there were low flow rates. Lake B in Shiribeshi conifer, broad–leaf lake – – 0–50 silt, sand, boulder 17.2 4 japonicus habitats in Hokkaido and Aomori Lake C in Shiribeshi conifer, broad–leaf lake – – 0–50 silt, sand, boulder 20.5– 4 prefectures, and to clarify the environmental Variables used in statistical analyses Lake D in Shiribeshi conifer, broad–leaf lake – – 0–50 silt, sand, boulder 15.2 4 variables of small stream habitats using Maximum wetted width was the Lake E in Shiribeshi conifer, broad–leaf lake – – 0–50 sand, pebble, boulder 5.2 4 physical data from 66 sites in Hokkaido maximum width within which C. japonicus Lake F in Shiribeshi conifer, broad–leaf lake – – 0–50 sand, pebble, boulder 5.2 4 (including 47 streams and 19 small creek occurred. Maximum depth in the habitats was Otaru broad–leaf stream – > 5 > 25 64–16 – 5 habitats). estimated to be 1 cm when actual depth was Otaru – stream – 3 Jan 15 May 256–64 – 5 less than 1 cm. Similarly, flow velocity was Otaru – stream – < 1 < 5 medium sand – 5 estimated to be 5 cm/s when the measured Bibai broad–leaf stream – 0.7 4.7 sand, gravel, cobble 17.2 6 MATerIAlS AnD MeTHODS velocity was less than 5 cm/s. The substrate Ashoro conifer lake 250 m2 – – medium sand 12 7 types within each habitat were classified Erimo broad–leaf lake 300 m2 – – boulder 15.9 7 C. japonicus Habitats and coded as 1) silt (particle size < 0.09 Okushiri broad–leaf stream 0.1 1 4 coarse sand 17.4 7 We identified 41 C. japonicus habitats in mm), 2) fine sand (0.09–0.1 mm), 3) coarse Kamikawa broad–leaf stream 0.25 0.5 < 1 coarse sand 10.8 7 Hokkaido and Aomori prefectures based on sand (0.1–2.0 mm), 4) gravel (2–10 mm), 5) Atsuta broad–leaf stream 1 1 5 coarse sand 15.6 7 the results of a previous investigation (Table pebble (10–20 mm) and 6) cobble (>20 mm). Kyouwa broad–leaf lake 62 m2 – – silt 9.8 7 1). The habitat characteristics examined The dominant substrate code was used to Kushiro broad–leaf stream 0.3 1 10 coarse sand 12.1 7 included vegetation, habitat type, stream express substrate coarseness (see Bain et al., Sapporo broad–leaf stream 0.1 3 3 coarse sand 15 7 length (km), lake surface area (m2 or km2), 1985; Ikeda & Nunokawa, 2011). The mean Shiraoi conifer stream 0.1 2 1 coarse sand 12.1 7 width (m), depth (cm), substrate type or of these coded values was used to express Takikawa broad–leaf stream 0.02 0.4 < 1 sand 11.6 7 Tsubetsu broad–leaf stream 0.03 0.3 1 coarse sand 12.1 7 grain size (mm), and water temperature substrate coarseness when the substrate 2 (°C). Specific locations are not provided included more than two dominant substrate Teshikaga broad–leaf lake 0.08 km – – coarse sand 17 7 in the interests of conserving C.
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