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Ahmet Öğüt “Yokuş Boyunca” Yorumlama Rehberi
Ahmet Öğüt “yokuş boyunca” yorumlama rehberİ yorumlama rehberİ İçİndekİler 3 SALT hakkında 4 MODERN DENEMELER ve AHMET ÖĞÜT’ÜN “YOKUŞ BOYUNCA” SERGİSİ 5 eğİtİmcİlere özel 6 Açılış tartışması: Fiat 131 7 BİRİNCİ ÜNİTE: Mobİlİte ve Otomobİl 9 KENTSEL ULAŞIMI YENİDEN TASARLAMAK 11 İKİNCİ ÜNİTE: Modernİtenİn Pazarlanması 14 GİDEMEDİĞİN YER SENİN DEĞİLDİR 18 ARAŞTIR VE TARTIŞ: Devrİm 19 KAPANIŞ TARTIŞMASI: Halkın Arabası 20 EK KAYNAKLAR SALT hakkında SALT görsel ve maddi kültürde kritik konuları değerlendirir, deneysel düşünce ve araştırmaya yönelik yenilikçi programlar geliştirir. Öğrenme ve tartışmaya açık bir ortam sağlamayı amaçlayan SALT, ziyaretçilerini ilgi duymaya, eleştirmeye ve iletişim kurmaya teşvik eder. SALT Araştırma, değişik bilgi alanlarını harmanlar; farklı disiplinlerin kesişim noktaları ile aralarındaki boşluklardan yeni düşüncelerin oluşmasına önem verir. Kurumun araştırma projeleri, doğrusal tarih yazımları, malzemeye tabi okumalar ve geleneksel öğrenim dallarının ötesine uzanır. SALT’ın güncel sanat, mimari, tasarım, şehircilik, ekonomik ve sosyal tarihe odaklı kapsamlı bilgi ve belge kaynakları kamuya açıktır. Düzenlenen sergiler ile yeniden yorumlanan SALT etkinlikleri, İstiklal Caddesi’ndeki SALT bu kaynaklar, farklı alanlarda gerçekleştirilen Beyoğlu (eski Siniossoglou Apartmanı) ve programlarda da ele alınmaktadır. saltonline üzerinden yürütülmektedir. Sergi ve etkinlik alanlarından oluşan SALT Beyoğlu ile arasında 15 dakikalık bir yürüme mesafesi olan SALT Galata ise, 19. yüzyılda Alexandre Vallaury’nin tasarladığı eski Osmanlı Bankası binasında 2011 sonbaharında kapılarını açacak. SALT Galata, bünyesindeki bilgi ve belge kaynaklarının yanı sıra atölye, sergi ve konferans alanları ile Osmanlı Bankası Müzesi’ne ev sahipliği yapacak. yorumlama rehberİ Modern denemeler ve Ahmet Öğüt’ün “yokuş boyunca” sergİsİ Haziran 2011’de, Ahmet Öğüt’ün Yokuş Boyunca adlı sergisi ile başlayan Modern Denemeler proje dizisinde, Türkiye’nin modernizm serüveni farklı yönleriyle ele alınacaktır. -
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ KULLANIM PRATİKLERİ BAĞLAMINDA ÜRÜN-KULLANICI ETKİLEŞİMİ: TÜRKİYE’DE OTOMOBİL DÖNÜŞTÜRME EYLEMLERİ DOKTORA TEZİ Selen Devrim ÜLKEBAŞ Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Anabilim Dalı Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Programı Anabilim Dalı : Herhangi Mühendislik, Bilim Programı : Herhangi Program HAZİRAN 2012 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ KULLANIM PRATİKLERİ BAĞLAMINDA ÜRÜN-KULLANICI ETKİLEŞİMİ: TÜRKİYE’DE OTOMOBİL DÖNÜŞTÜRME EYLEMLERİ DOKTORA TEZİ Selen Devrim ÜLKEBAŞ (502042958) Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Anabilim Dalı Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Programı Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Nigan BAYAZIT Anabilim Dalı : Herhangi Mühendislik, Bilim Programı : Herhangi Program HAZİRAN 2012 İTÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü’nün 502042958 numaralı Doktora Öğrencisi Selen Devrim ÜLKEBAŞ, ilgili yönetmeliklerin belirlediği gerekli tüm şartları yerine getirdikten sonra hazırladığı “KULLANIM PRATİKLERİ BAĞLAMINDA ÜRÜN-KULLANICI ETKİLEŞİMİ: TÜRKİYE’DE OTOMOBİL DÖNÜŞTÜRME EYLEMLERİ” başlıklı tezini aşağıda imzaları olan jüri önünde başarı ile sunmuştur. Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Nigan BAYAZIT .............................. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Jüri Üyeleri : Prof. Dr. Fatoş ADİLOĞLU ............................. Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Doç. Dr. Şebnem Timur ÖĞÜT ............................. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Özlem ER .............................. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ayşe E. Çoşkun ORLANDİ ............................. Kadir Has Üniversitesi Teslim -
Exports Excl. F. Trac. 900 800 828 791 700 754 730 723 600 684 629
Automotive Production excl. F.Trac. 1,400 1,200 1,189 1,126 1,000 1,095 1,073 929 937 Thousand Thousand Units 800 870 600 400 200 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2013 10 2014 10 Months Months Retail Sales 1,000 900 800 911 893 818 700 793 600 675 Thousand Thousand Units 500 576 570 400 300 200 100 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2013 10 2014 10 Months Months Exports excl. F. Trac. 900 800 828 791 700 754 730 723 600 684 629 Thousand Thousand Units 500 400 300 200 100 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2013 10 2014 10 Months Months (Units) 2010 2011 2012 2013 10M2013 10M2014 %Chg Oct-13 Oct-14 %Chg Production 1,094,557 1,189,131 1,072,978 1,125,534 928,722 936,759 0.9% 88,579 100,977 14.0% Retail sales 793,172 910,867 817,620 893,124 674,511 569,615 -15.6% 71,037 70,186 -1.2% Exports 754,469 790,966 729,923 828,471 683,679 722,518 5.7% 65,539 69,187 5.6% CUR (%) 72.2% 75.2% 67.8% 74.4% 73.7% 67.1% 70% 72% (Units) 2010 2011 2012 2013 Oct-13 Oct-14 %Chg 10M2013 10M2014 %Chg Aug-14 Aug-13 Sept-Oct% Passenger Car 603,394 639,734 577,296 633,604 51,984 62,001 19.3% 516,514 593,493 14.9% 72,120 65,199 -14.0% Commercial Vehicle 491,163 549,397 495,682 491,930 36,595 38,976 6.5% 412,208 343,266 -16.7% 44,161 46,317 -11.7% Minibus 16,978 22,475 29,335 37,750 3,201 3,331 4.1% 31,542 27,471 -12.9% 3,656 4,122 -8.9% Midibus 2,658 3,509 4,158 5,197 448 394 -12.1% 4,255 4,584 7.7% 290 550 35.9% Bus 5,268 6,907 6,427 8,345 538 435 -19.1% 7,255 5,327 -26.6% 446 734 -2.5% Pick-Up 442,408 479,110 426,633 410,556 30,094 32,363 7.5% 344,390 281,745 -18.2% 36,589 38,111 -11.5% -
Across the Slope” Interpretation Pack
Ahmet Öğüt “Across the Slope” interpretation pack interpretation pack contents 3 Introduction to SALT 4 Modern Essays 1: Ahmet Öğüt “Across the Slope” 5 TO EDUCATORS 6 OPENING DISCUSSION: The Fiat 131 7 UNIT ONE: Mobility & the Automobile 9 Re-Imagining urban Transit 11 unit two: Marketing Modernity 14 The Place you cannot go is not yours 18 research & discuss: The Devrim 19 closing discussion: The People’s Car 20 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES INTRODUCTION TO SALT SALT explores critical and timely issues in visual and material culture, and cultivates innovative programs for research and experimental thinking. Assuming an open attitude and establishing itself as a site of learning and debate SALT aims to challenge, excite and provoke its visitors by encouraging them to offer critique and response. SALT Research sources diverse fields of knowledge and provides outlets for thought within the fissures and crossovers of different disciplines. The institution’s research projects expand beyond linear chronologies, medium-based questions, and the traditional separation of fields of study. SALT assembles archives of recent art, architecture, design, urbanism, and social and economic histories to make them available for research and public use. These resources will be interpreted in SALT’s activities are distributed between two the form of exhibitions and discussed in all other landmark buildings located no more than a areas of programming. fifteen-minute walk apart, and also shared via saltonline. The first building, SALT Beyoğlu, is on the pedestrian street İstiklal Caddesi, and shares its audience with a cluster of private cultural institutions, galleries and organizations. SALT Beyoğlu’s program and circulation interiors are mostly occupied by exhibition and event spaces. -
Association of Automotive Manufacturers
OTOMOTİV SANAYİİ DERNEĞİ AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 2015 OSD “OICA” Üyesidir OSD is a Member of “OICA” 2 AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION (OSD) ESTABLISHMENT The Automotive Manufacturers Association (OSD) held its preliminary meeting on 11 January 1974. After quickly fulfilling the conditions set forth in Law of Associations No. 1630, it was established as the Association of the Manufacturers of Land Vehicles, Trucks, Pick-ups, Buses and P.Cars on 14 June 1974. The initial number of automotive manufacturers represented by the OSD was eleven. The number of OSD members reached fourteen by 2015. Changes made to the bylaws of the Association on 7 November 1979 resulted in its name being changed to the more convenient Automotive Manufacturers Association. The membership of the Automotive Manufacturers Association consists of top executives who are chosen by their own companies – three from each company. The Board of Directors of the association is chosen from among these members. The goals of the Automotive Manufacturers Association are as follows: 1. To aid in improving the manufacture of various motor vehicles made in Turkey, including p.cars, trucks, pick-ups, trailers,, buses, minibuses and tractors, and in developing the industry as a whole; 2. To contribute to the automotive industry and the economy of the country, and work towards making available within Turkey all parts and spare parts used in the automotive industry, as well as the tools and equipment necessary to make them; 3. To study common issues of the industry, including those related to marketing, to make recommendations to both public and private institutions involved in the sector and to follow them up; 4. -
Das Beste Pferd Im Stall
Konzeptvergleich_Temsa MD 9 – Otokar Vectio T (Teil 1) sie fast gleich, rund 10 m lang und 2,40 m Fahrbericht Temsa MD9 breit und mit Klimagerät fast auf gleicher Höhe. Beide Hersteller orientierten sich Das beste Pferd mit ihren Konzepten am Mercedes-Midi Tourino, der aus dem Daimler-Buspro- im Stall gramm längst wieder verschwunden ist. Beide bieten 34 Sitzplätze, Heckeinstieg Mit Euro-6-Motor geht das und knappen Kofferraum, aber bei der Kompaktformat von Temsa in Zuladung knausern die beiden 14-Tonner die zweite Runde. Der sorgfältig nicht. Auf den Dächern sitzen leistungs- starke Klimaanlagen, für südliche Rei- konzipierte MD9 ist ein preiswer- seziele sind die Probanden gut gerüstet. tes Konfektionsfahrzeug, das Auch die Fahrwerke präsentieren sich mit sehr guten Fahreigenschaf- topaktuell. Da wie dort ist rundum Luftfe- ten und ordentlichem Fahrgast- derung Pflicht. Die Vorderachsen werden einzelradgeführt, Retarder, EBS-Bremsen komfort aufwartet. und ein ESP-Schleuderschutz gehören zur Gute Fahreigenschaften, guter Preis: Temsa MD9 Grundausstattung. Er tritt solide auf – mit glatten Oberflä- Temsa ist sorgfältig konzipiert und ver- chen, bündigen Scheiben und stimmigen langt nur wenige Kompromisse. Nicht ANZEIGE Proportionen zeigt sich der Temsa-Midi beim Raumangebot, auch die Einstiege als moderner Omnibus. Eleganz möchte sind bequem. Die Fahrgastsitze (von Ino- man ihm nicht absprechen, die Designer va) sind 44 cm breit, dennoch wird es im haben den kompakten Temsa wohltuend Mittelgang nicht knapp. Ein ebener Boden zurückhaltend gezeichnet. Auch nach ohne Stolperfallen hat auch bei kleineren fünf Jahren Produktionszeit und neuen Fahrzeugen Charme – der Innenraum Motoren bleibt es beim bekannten Outfit wirkt einfach großzügiger, und wer eine mit leicht ausgestellten Radhäusern, die 2+1-Bestuhlung möchte, bekommt sie von breiten 265er-Reifen gut ausgefüllt kostengünstig ohne großen Umbau. -
Vehicle Battery Range
Vehicle battery range Automotive, commercial vehicle, leisure & marine, specialist & garden, motorcycle & powersport, floor cleaning & aerial access, workshop accessories The world’s leading battery manufacturer The complete solution from the world’s leading battery manufacturer Automotive Light commercial vehicle Commercial vehicle Leisure Marine 2 Contents Yuasa overview 4 Understanding ratings 8 Automotive 10 Commercial vehicle 22 Leisure & marine 28 Specialist & garden 34 Layout, container & terminal diagrams 36 Motorcycle & powersport 38 Floor cleaning & aerial access 52 Workshop accessories 54 Battery recycling 60 Find the right battery for your vehicle Find the right battery for your vehicle using our powerful online battery lookup system: Consumer website: www.yuasa.com Trade lookup: fit.yuasa.com Specialist & garden Motorcycle Powersport Floor cleaning & aerial access Workshop accessories 3 100 YEARS OF QUALITY, RELIABILITY & PERFORMANCE Over 100-year pedigree, founded in 1918 UK market leader for vehicle & industrial batteries Engineered for long life & maximumLithium-ion power Battery for Aircrafts The largest vehicle coverage from one brand Join the millions of people who enjoy● Lithium-ion the long service life, Batteries for Boeing 787 high performance and exceptional reliability provided by Yuasa, the world’s leading batteryGS manufacturer. Yuasa Technology's Lithium-ion battery which has been installed in Boeing 787 is the first Lithium-ion battery to replace a Ni-Cd battery on commercial airplane. Airplane batteries are required both light weight and high reliability because they can endure in severe environment at high altitude above 10,000 meters. APU Battery FCE Battery MAIN Battery FCE Battery FCE Battery (P/N LVP10-7) 4 MAIN/APU Battery (P/N LVP65-8) Photo by Boeing GS Yuasa Technology supplies two types of Lithium-ion batteries, FCE battery and MAIN/APU battery, for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner family (787-8, 787-9, 787-10). -
Performance Shock Absorbers
PERFORMANCE SHOCK ABSORBERS Bus, Truck & Trailer, Commercial and Specialty Vehicles SIN C E 1857 | koni.com WHO WE ARE AN ITT COMPANY Working Together to Create World Class Products KONI is an ITT Company KONI develops, manufactures and sells worldwide specialty high KONI is the shock absorber specialist. For more than a ITT is a focused multi-industrial company that designs and quality hydraulic shock absorbers and systems for street and century we have created products that excel in the manufactures highly engineered critical components and racing cars, buses, trucks, trailers, railway rolling stock, defense toughest and the smoothest of conditions. Each KONI customized technology solutions. Our customers in the energy, and industrial applications. shock absorber and ride system is aimed to enrich the transportation and industrial markets depend on us to solve their user experience; therefore we like to think that our most critical problems, and we focus on partnering with them to In the bus, truck and trailer market the demands for even higher products have a personality of their own. In a way, find solutions to their unique challenges. Founded in 1920, ITT is standards for safety, durability, performance and diversification is our specialization. Cars or bridges, headquartered in White Plains, N.Y., with employees in more than 35 passenger-comfort are universal. That is why we strive to be the trains or ferris’ wheels, desert racers or army vehicles countries. The company has sales in approximately 125 countries leading solution provider globally. Operating on all continents, for the freezing poles: we see opportunities in and generated 2013 revenues of $2.5 billion. -
Steering Pumps
STEERING PUMPS 7673955702 7673955904H 7674955500 7674955515 VANE PUMP VANE PUMP VANE PUMP VANE PUMP PRODUCT DETAIL PRODUCT DETAIL PRODUCT DETAIL PRODUCT DETAIL LEFT ROTATION - 100 BAR WITH RIGHT ROTATION - 100 BAR WITH LEFT ROTATION - 130 BAR WITH RIGHT ROTATION - NO VALVE VALVE VALVE VALVE MAKE MAKE MAKE MAKE ASKAM ASKAM ASKAM BMC TEMSA ASKAM MAN MODEL MODEL MODEL MODEL HI-EX 32.200, PRO 620 PRO 624 AS950 AS600 1813 26200, 32270 SERVOCOM, SAFARI, DIAMOND REFERANCE NO REFERANCE NO REFERANCE NO 35128 YP REFERANCE NO 22220 YP - 52RS002188 20341 YP 61102-90000-12Y 2P13180CHS/244 7672955400H 7672955901H 7672955958H DAMPER PUMP VANE PUMP VANE PUMP VANE PUMP PRODUCT DETAIL PRODUCT DETAIL PRODUCT DETAIL PRODUCT DETAIL LEFT ROTATION - 150 BAR WITH RIGHT ROTATION - 80 BAR WITH RIGHT ROTATION - 120 BAR WITH GEAR PUMP VALVE VALVE VALVE MAKE MAKE MAKE MAKE BMC BMC BMC BMC MODEL MODEL MODEL MODEL - 750S MİDİBÜS LEVEND 1.8 - 3.0 MEGASTAR 5 TON, LEVEND XL REFERANCE NO REFERANCE NO REFERANCE NO REFERANCE NO 4K207165 54RS611072 51RS600479 51RS600555 www.hattatotomotiv.com 13 STEERING PUMPS 7672955960H 7674955306 7674955360 7674955947H VANE PUMP VANE PUMP VANE PUMP VANE PUMP PRODUCT DETAIL PRODUCT DETAIL PRODUCT DETAIL PRODUCT DETAIL LEFT ROTATION - 150 BAR WITH RIGHT ROTATION - 150 BAR WITH RIGHT ROTATION - NO VALVE LEFT ROTATION - NO VALVE VALVE VALVE MAKE MAKE MAKE MAKE BMC BMC BMC BMC MODEL MODEL MODEL MODEL PRO 822-827, BELDE (SERVOCOM) 750TBX MIDILUX S BELDE 8046 220 SLF OTOBÜS, PROCITY, PRO 1142 ,FATİH, 220CB - 260CB - 260SB REFERANCE NO REFERANCE -
The Effect of Strategic Alliances on the Development of Automotive Industry: the Case of Turkey
Journal of Global Strategic Management | V. 1 | N. 1 | 2007-June | isma.info | 124-132 | DOI: 10.20460/JGSM.2007118721 THE EFFECT OF STRATEGIC ALLIANCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: THE CASE OF TURKEY Ayúegül Samsunlu Beykent University, Ali Akdemir Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University ABSTRACT able about the sector. Strategic alliances are formed in order to spread risk, Key words: Strategic alliances, automotive sector, increase market power, preempt resources, access new exports, labor, research and development. markets and gain organizational learning. Among the various functions, knowledge acquisition, transfer and generation of technology have been regarded as the primary motives of strategic alliances in certain INTRODUCTION industries especially highly technological industries. The automotive industry is one of the most important sectors that have effect on the development of the The strategic alliances in the automotive sector have economy of a country. Due to the increase in the use been formed among the companies that operate in of passenger cars especially in the developed countries four regions on the world. These regions are USA and and recently all around the world there is an increase NAFTA, European Union, Japan and Korea. GM and in the amount of manufactured cars and the number of Saab have entered into a strategic alliance in 1990. exported cars. GM and FIAT has formed a strategic alliance in 2001. During recent years, some alliances have been formed According to the 2004 statistics of world figures, 80% in China. FAW -Toyota and Zongfeng -Nissan are the of the passenger cars that have been manufactured are two examples of these alliances. -
Otomotiv Sanayii Genel Ve İstatistik Bülteni General and Statistical Information Bulletin of Automotive Manufacturers
Otomotiv Sanayii Genel ve İstatistik Bülteni General and Statistical Information Bulletin Of Automotive Manufacturers 2019 OSD “OICA” Üyesidir OSD is a Member of “OICA” OTOMOTİV SANAYİİ FİRMALARI HAKKINDA GENEL BİLGİLER - 2019 General Information On The Automotive Manufacturers - 2019 OCAK SONU/By the end of January ÜRETİME BAŞLAMA YABANCI SERMAYE KAPALI ALAN TOPLAM ALAN FİRMALAR ÜRETİM YERİ TARİHİ LİSANS SERMAYE Capital Covered Area Total Area Firms The Production Place Starting Year Of Licence Foreign Cap. (1000 YTL) (1.000 M2) (1.000 M2) Production (%) A.I.O.S. KOCAELİ 1966 ISUZU 84.000 29,73 99 299 ESKİŞEHİR 1983 117 1.125 FORD OTOSAN GÖLCÜK/KOCAELİ 2001 FORD 350.910 41,04 414 712 YENİKÖY/KOCAELİ 2014 127 639 HATTAT TRAKTÖR TEKİRDAĞ 2002 VALTRA, HATTAT 40.000 0 51 195 HONDA TÜRKİYE KOCAELİ 1997 HONDA MOTOR EUROPE. LTD. 180.000 100 80 292 HYUNDAI ASSAN KOCAELİ 1997 HYUNDAI MOTOR COMP. 627.235 70 123 687 KARSAN BURSA 1966 HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY 600.000 0 104 237 MENARINI BUS M.A.N. TÜRKİYE ANKARA 1966 MAN TRUCK & BUS AG 65.000 99,9 111 317 İSTANBUL 1968 267 515 M.BENZ TÜRK MERCEDES BENZ 275.000 84,99 AKSARAY 1985 143 687 OTOKAR SAKARYA 1963 FRUEHAUF 24.000 0 144 560 O.RENAULT BURSA 1971 RENAULT 323.381 51 356 630 TEMSA ADANA 1987 TEMSA 210.000 0 115 510 TOFAŞ BURSA 1971 FIAT 500.000 37,8 410 978 TOYOTA SAKARYA 1994 TOYOTA 150.165 100 256 917 T.TRAKTÖR ANKARA 1954 82 257 NEW HOLLAND / CASE IH 53.369 37,5 SAKARYA 2014 69 402 TOPLAM/Total 3.483.060 3.068 9.959 OTOMOTİV SANAYİİ FİRMALARININ 2019 YILI ÜRETİM KAPASİTELERİ Production Capacities 2019 FİRMALAR OTOMOBİL KAMYON KAMYONET OTOBÜS MİNİBÜS MİDİBÜS TRAKTÖR TOPLAM Firms P.Car Truck Pick Up Bus Mini-Bus Midi-Bus F. -
Automotive and Spare Parts
© Republic of Turkey - Ministry of Economy, 2012 0 AUTOMOTIVE AND SPARE PARTS TURKEY’S VEHICLE INDUSTRY Production Vehicle industry production in Turkey dates back to the mid-1950s and the industry gained momentum in the early 1960s. After manufacturing some prototype vehicles during the 1950s, the first vehicle assembly company was established in 1954 (Turk Willys Overland Ltd.) for jeep manufacturing. By 1955, trucks, and by 1963, buses were being assembled in Turkey. Then passenger car assembly companies, namely TOFAŞ (FIAT), OYAK (RENAULT) and OTOSAN (FORD) began operations in the next three years. In 1966, the industry also began to assemble its own cars (OTOSAN). The Turkish-made passenger car of those times, “ANADOL”, is nostalgia now. The two major producers of cars, TOFAŞ and OYAK-RENAULT, under Italian and French licenses respectively, established their production lines in 1971. Recently, Japanese and South Korean car manufacturers have established joint-ventures in Turkey. In 1999, Turkish truck manufacturer BMC began to export its own design trucks to the United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal. As to passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, Turkish manufacturers are becoming world production centers of global companies, with whom they have license agreements. At present, Turkey is the biggest light commercial vehicle and bus manufacturer in the European Union. Today, 13 companies are manufacturing various types of vehicles such as passenger cars, buses, trucks, pick-ups, mini and midi-buses and trailers. Five companies are producing passenger cars (FIAT, HONDA, HYUNDAI, RENAULT, TOYOTA), ten companies are producing pick-ups and trucks (ANADOLU ISUZU, BMC, FORD OTOSAN, HYUNDAI, KARSAN, M.A.N., MERCEDES-BENZ, OTOKAR, TEMSA, TOFAŞ) and nine companies are producing buses and mini buses ( BMC, FORD, HYUNDAI, ANADOLU ISUZU, KARSAN, M.A.N, MERCEDES-BENZ, OTOKAR, TEMSA).