Discussion 427

Sheep had slightly higher percentages of non-adult Roman site. It is unfortunate, therefore, that there are specimens than cattle. Nevertheless the percentage of no records of butchery available for Kingscote. mature animals is quite high and may indicate that Noddle (nd) does note, however, that there was a wool production was of some importance. Most of relatively large number of complete cattle meta­ the pigs were killed as immature animals. podials. They are rarely found complete on major The presence of newborn animals of cattle, sheep urban sites such as Winchester and Dorchester, where and pig may indicate that some rearing of domestic butchery intensity was high. This may imply that stock was taking place at Kingscote. Neonatal pig and specialist butchers were not operating to the same cattle bones were also present in small numbers in extent, if at all, at Kingscote. However, without the Wycomb A40 By-pass assemblage. Of the cattle butchery or fragmentation data, this cannot be mandibles from the late Roman hollow-way, one was investigated. from a neonatal animal, three were from immature Observations of butchery marks were recorded at animals probably between three and four years old, Wycomb. They did not produce evidence for large­ and three were from animals with fully developed scale deposition of particular bones, although large toothrows (over four years). cattle bones dominated the hollow-way fills. Some The sheep/goat mandibles from the site included cattle bones bear witness to the use of the cleaver three from early features that had just the first molar and occasionally the saw in the processing of cattle in wear and were killed around a year old. Three carcasses. Roman assemblages in general see an other mandibles from early features possessed fully increase in the use of such tools, although evidence erupted toothrows and probably were over three for the use of knives for filleting and dismemberment years old. One had heavy wear on the first molar and was also found at Wycomb. However, the use of was probably at least five years old. The mandibles heavier implements was more prevalent there than at from the late Roman hollow-way included five with the native rural site of Owslebury, Hants (Maltby only two molars in wear. These were probably killed 1989). On the other hand, there was no evidence for between 18 and 30 months on the evidence of their the use of a heavy blade running longitudinally along toothwear. Five more had the third molar in an early the limb bones to remove meat, which is distinctive of stage of wear and may have belonged to sheep the butchery of cattle bones in some deposits in killed between 30 and 48 months old. One mandible Winchester, Silchester (Maltby 1989) and Cirencester. belonged to a mature sheep I goat. Other Romano­ Nor was there evidence for the splitting of the major British samples have shown that more sheep were limb bones longitudinally, which is also found in allowed to live longer than appears to be the case in some cases on those and other urban sites. The style most Iron Age samples (Maltby 1981). By the later of butchery at Wycomb, therefore, suggests the Roman period, some sites have an emphasis on the practice of some techniques of processing introduced older animals, indicating that wool production had during the Roman period but there is no evidence for become more important. This trend may also have the presence of specialist processing of large numbers been true of Wycomb but much larger samples are of carcasses intensively. required to investigate this in detail. Noddle (nd) notes that horse bones at Kingscote were not generally as fragmented as those of cattle, although horses were probably exploited for meat. Butchery data This accounts for the relatively high number of As stated above, there appear to be variations in how complete limb bones. Horse bones are generally less cattle carcasses were butchered on different types of fragmented in most samples of Iron Age and Roman

Table 19 Age Range of Major Domestic Species at Kingscote

Species N %Newborn %Juvenile %Immature %Adult

Cattle 126 9 4 40 48 Sheep/Goat 184 13 10 34 43 Pig 81 10 21 54 15

Data from Noddle (nd) Newborn=up to weaning Juvenile= from weaning to c 18 months Immature=18 months to c 48 months Adult=over 48 months Data include both epiphysial fusion and tooth eruption data 428 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire date in Britain. Their carcasses appear not to have fragmentation are made alongside ageing, sexing, been exploited as intensively as those of cattle. None metrical and pathology observations. Intersite of the horse bones at Wycomb bore evidence of comparisons need datasets which can be manipu­ butchery, although most were incomplete. lated so that they can be directly compared with some There are too few data of sheep I goat and pig confidence. If these criteria are followed, they may butchery available in the archives to merit discussion. contribute much more in discussions about site usage, and economic and social patterns. Conclusions One of the main objectives of this project has been to consider the nature of settlement at these different CONCLUSION By ]ane R Timby sites that have been described collectively in the past as 'small towns'. Analysis of the faunal remains The foregoing report has attempted to draw together should have been able to assist in the consideration of various strands of evidence relating to five settle­ the role of these settlements as centres of animal ments in the Cotswolds, which at one time or another production and/ or consumption. However, the infor­ have been referred to as small towns. The collected mation that can be obtained from the faunal samples data have been discussed in terms of the location, under consideration is limited by a number of factors chronology, morphology and possible functions of discussed above. each site and each has been looked at it within its own Based on species abundance alone, the assem­ immediate region. Although the evidence is still blages which are closest to those that have been extremely piecemeal, it has become evident that each found on major urban sites are from the A40 By-pass centre has its own distinctive characteristics, few of site at Wycomb. These produced high levels of cattle which can be labelled as urban in a Roman context. and relatively high percentages of pig bones. How­ The term urban has both legal, administrative and ever, to base conclusions on the contents of one small morphological connotations and embodies features site is naive. We should note, for example, that the such as deliberate civic planning, the provision of Syreford Mill assemblage from the same settlement defences, public buildings and amenities, and an had species representation much more typical of Iron administrative centre. Having said this, it is clear Age or Roman native rural settlements. Although the that each settlement stands within its own discrete butchery techniques bore some similarities to some territory, and is at least 8-lOkm from either Cirencester of those practised in major towns, some types of or an adjacent major settlement. This point will be processing are notably absent from Wycomb, at least returned to below. The following discussion focuses in the areas investigated to date. on two themes, first the spacing of the settlements, Species proportions from Kingscote also bore some and second, the evidence of the functions carried out similarities with some urban sites but the absence of at the towns. This is one of the most critical variables butcherv information does not assist in this discus­ vis-a-vis other sites in the landscape but also one of sion. The impression of the fragmentation patterns, the most difficult to evaluate archaeologically. however, is that cattle bones were not as heavily As mentioned in the introduction, the Cotswolds is processed as in many urban samples. The mortality one of the best areas to examine the spatial distri­ data for the major domestic species also do not seem bution of Roman settlement in Britain. The local to have the marked peaks of slaughter apparent in geology lends itself to construction in stone which some urban assemblages. However, the ageing survives well in the archaeological record. The land, information is not sufficient to investigate this aspect well suited to arable farming, was probably relatively in detail. densely occupied in the Roman period, in contrast The frequency of neonatal animals at Kingscote with some of the surrounding areas. In particular, the and Wycomb is higher than most (but not all) Cotswolds are well known for their numerous villa assemblages from urban sites. Their presence may settlements, as well as the civitas capital of Cirencester imply that at least some animals were being bred (Corinium Dobunnorum), in enclosed area the second nearby. This does not necessarily preclude urban largest town in Roman Britain, and in the fourth status since pigs in particular can be kept in towns century probably the capital of Britannia Prima, one of and the land immediately surrounding urban settle­ the provinces of Britain. These sites together with the ments could have been used for stock-keeping by the other major rural centres under review provide a inhabitants. The sample from Bourton-on-the-Water diverse range of settlement types. is too small to be of value in this discussion. An important contribution to knowledge of Iron The results of this analysis demonstrate again Age and Roman activity in Gloucestershire is the that animal bones need to be carefully recorded by survey by the RCHME (1976) providing a useful individual contexts. When they can be closely dated, database from which to look at settlement patterns. it is essential that records of butchery, gnawing and As a prelude to looking at the overall Roman settle- Discussion 429 ment pattern it is perhaps pertinent to outline the level of exotic trade as found at Bagendon and preceding Iron Age evidence. Ditches although significantly both Arretine and The following brief discussion focuses on three Lyons ware is present amongst Dunning's excavation main topics; consideration will be given to the material (Cheltenham Museum). Uley Bury is another location of the settlements with regard to the Iron Age impressive hillfort and one where late Iron Age centres, Roman military bases and the communi­ occupation might be expected. Investigation has cation system; the geography, morphology and been extremely limited at the site (Saville and Ellison chronology of the sites, as far as can be determined, 1983) and has failed to produce evidence of later will be examined and compared with Cirencester; occupation. and evidence of economic or specialist religious Evidence of non-hillfort sites in the Cotswolds is activity will be sought across the different settlement less well known although extensive traces of such types. sites are known on the lower-lying Thames Valley gravels to the east (Miles 1984b), and in the Severn Valley on the periphery of Gloucester (Clifford 1934; Darvill and Timby 1986; Atkin and Garrod 1987). Location Middle and late Iron Age activity has been estab­ lished at Frocester Court later occupied by a Roman LATER IRON AGE villa, and probably below the villa at Witcombe In the late Iron Age the Cotswolds formed part of the (RCHME 1976, 60), both sites located at the foot of the tribal kingdom of the Dobunni, the capital of Cotswolds, the latter below Crickley Hill, the former which was probably at Bagendon, 4.8km north of below Uley. Within the Cotswolds, Iron Age settle­ Cirencester. The distribution of Dobunnic coin­ ment has been found at Syreford Mill (Andoversford) age places the centre of the tribal territory in (pp 305-36 this report), Birdlip (Darvill 1987, 173), Gloucestershire extending into north Somerset, north Cowley (Parry 1989, 254), Highgate House, Cowley and west Wiltshire, Oxfordshire west of the Cherwell (Oxford Archaeol Unit in prep) Vineyards Farm and most of Worcestershire (Cunliffe 1991, 170, fig (Rawes 1991, 32), Guiting Power (Gascoigne 1973; 8.10). It was previously thought that the territory Marshall 1990, 196) and Naunton (P Foster pers became split prior to the Roman conquest, with comm). Other possible sites are suggested from aerial Comux, followed by Bodvoc, controlling the northern photography, for example an enclosure at Northleach sector, including Gloucestershire, and Corio ruling (Darvill and Hingley 1982). Middle and late Iron Age the southern region (Alien 1961, 87ff). Recent analysis pottery has been found at a number of sites summar­ of the Dobunnic coinage by Van Arsdell (1994, 14ff) ised in Saville (1984b, 158). A pre-Roman temple has shows a changed distribution map from which it is been excavated at Uley (West Hill) (Woodward and argued that it is no longer tenable to split the coins of Leach 1993) and late Iron Age burials found at several Bodvoc and Corio territorially, although Cunliffe locations, which in addition to the examples cited in (1991, 171) suggests the coin and pottery patterns the above gazetteers include Birdlip (Darvill 1987, reflect two power centres within the tribal territory. 172) and Bagendon (Clifford 1961, 155). The Cotswolds are well supplied with hillforts, with some 25 examples largely clustered along the north­ western scarp edge for obvious defensive reasons (cf Saville 1984, fig 1; RCHME 1976, loose fold-out figs). ROMAN Only a few of these defended sites have been investi­ The sketchy outline presented above immediately gated archaeologically, notably Crickley Hill (Dixon highlights one characteristic pertinent to two, 1994), Salmonsbury (Dunning 1976), Bagendon perhaps three of the subsequent major Roman (Clifford 1961) and Ditches, North Cerney (Trow centres, namely the pre-Roman origins for the sites at 1988), with smaller investigations into a number of Wycomb and Bourton-on-the-Water and the influence others. It is clear that most of the examples cited of Bagendon on Cirencester. Cirencester started as a above were actively occupied from the early /mid military fort established by at least c AD 50 which Iron Age through to the conquest period. Both undoubtedly acted as the magnet for an adjacent Bagendon and Ditches appear to have been minting civilian settlement. The siting of the fort appears to be coins and were receiving a number of luxury pre­ related to two factors: first the proximity of the Iron conquest imports, for example Gallic tablewares and Age complex at Bagendon, and second as the most Mediterranean amphorae, more commonly found on convenient topographical point at which to create an the large oppida sites in the south-east. Salmonsbury intersection of a NE-SW route (the Fosse Way) and Camp, differing from the other sites in terms of its a NW-SE one (Ermin Street). There are obvious large size and low-lying position, also appears to comparisons to be made between Cirencester and have been continuously occupied from middle Iron Bourton. At both sites there was a major Dobunnic Age times. The finds to date do not suggest the same 'oppidum' or local centre (Bagendon and Salmonsbury). 430 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

At Bourton there is an apparent shift in settlement in Dobunnic coinage by Van Arsdell (1989) has high­ the Roman period away from the defended Iron Age lighted active intertribal links, and such goods may site towards the fording point of the River Windrush. have come via trade with the large oppida to the east The morphology of the settlement at Bourton seems and south in the territories of the Trinovantes and to reflect organic growth from a pre-existing centre Atrebates, where imported goods occur in prolifer­ towards the fording point of the Windrush, along a ation, rather than directly from Roman sources. It is route lying south of the Fosse. A similar relationship also highly likely that many of the Iron Age coins appears to have existed between Bagendon and were lost in the early Roman period. It has been Cirencester. However, Cirencester, seemingly unlike suggested that the fort at Cirencester could have been Bourton, had a Roman military presence which established as a sign of support to the tribal chiefs raises the question of the effect of a Roman military based at Bagendon (Holbrook pers comm). It might presence on the development of small towns. A be concluded therefore, that with the exception of correlation between military activity and subsequent Cirencester, and perhaps Camerton and Bath, both of civil development first proposed by Webster (1966) which show evidence of pre-Roman occupation, and and expanded by Frere (1975, 4) is no longer all incidentally sited on the Fosse Way, that a Roman considered valid by some (cf Millett 1984). Although military presence was not a major determining factor the recent small towns survey showed that just over in the location of the small nucleated settlements in one third have good evidence for military origins the region. (Burnham and Wacher 1990, 7ff), more had Iron Age The Fosse Way has a particularly significant origins. The pattern of Roman military occupation role for the spacing of major settlement sites in with the civitas of the Dobunni is perhaps worthy of the Cotswold region, in that three of the sites brief discussion. The evidence to hand appears to be (Cirencester, Bourton and Dorn) lie on the route. To less than that at a number of other areas of southern put these better into perspective it is perhaps neces­ Britain. Assured fort sites comprise Gloucester sary to examine the route from Shepton Mallet in the (Kingsholm), Cirencester, and to the south, likely south through to High Cross, approximately 8km ones at Bath (Cunliffe 1969, 2££), Sea-Mills (Bennett south of Leicester. The first issue is that of spacing of 1985), Charterhouse (Budge et al 1974) and perhaps settlements. Regular spacing might imply deliberate Camerton (Wedlake 1958). The latter four sites fell planning, and therefore, an official input (Burnham within the newly constituted civitas of the Belgae. A 1986). This is suggested by the more-or-less equi­ military presence at Kingscote has been sought distant spacing of about 35km between Cirencester, (Eagles and Swan 1975) but the evidence is tenuous. Dorn, Chesterton and High Cross. In this pattern To the south-east a military origin for Wanborough, Bourton is clearly the odd one out. This can be on the border with the Atrebates, has been suggested explained by its native origins, but would at the same based on artefactual evidence (cf Burnham and time suggest it was perhaps less likely to be the base Wacher 1990, 160ff); again the evidence is not conclu­ for a mansio. Both Dorn and Chesterton (Burnham sive. North-east of Cirencester there is no confirmed and Wacher 1990, 249, figs 82-3; Adams 1995) are military occupation before The Lunt, and perhaps surrounded by a defensive circuit with extra-mural High Cross which probably lie outside the tribal area. settlement. With the exception of Cirencester, Dorn is Looking at the evidence as a whole, the fort at the only walled settlement in the Cotswolds, which Charterhouse is likely to be associated with Imperial might in itself suggest a more formal administrative control of the lead mining industry, whilst Sea Mills is purpose for the site. To the south of Cirencester the a port. This leaves Cirencester as a definite site, Bath pattern is less regular, but Easton Grey lies as a probable site and perhaps Camerton. This does approximately mid-way between Cirencester and not suggest intensive military activity, especially Bath, excluding here the religious centre at Nettleton when compared with the greater density of sites to be Shrub. To the south the proximity of Camerton to found to the south-west. It is perhaps of further Bath can again be explained by its native origins. significance that all three sites correlate exactly with On Ermin Street further approximate regularity the main centres of Dobunnic coin loss (Bagendon, can be discerned between Gloucester, Cirencester and Camerton and Bath) (Van Arsdell 1989, 25). It has Wanborough, again in the order of 25-30km. Two been suggested that the Roman style of coinage other settlements occur along this road. Cricklade is a adopted by the tribal leader Bodvoc indicated a little-understood site, but perhaps significantly potential pro-Roman attitude (Cunliffe 1974, 122). In located a short distance from the line of Ermin possible further support of this is the apparent pre­ Street. Roman occupation has also been detected at conquest trade, or reciprocal exchange (gifts for the Birdlip, some 15km from Cirencester and 10km from return of political allegiance) of Roman goods, for Gloucester at the crest of the Cotswold escarpment. example the fine imported tablewares found at Little is known about the nature of this site although Bagendon and Ditches, North Cerney (Timby 1983, it would be a logical place to site a mutatio or mansio 322££). However, recent work on the distribution of to service traffic ascending the scarp. Approximately Discussion 431

10km along Ermin Street to the south-east of comparable to that found in Cirencester. There is no Cirencester, Smith (1987) suggests that Latton may evidence of any public amenities in the form of have been a roadside settlement. The final route to a maintained water supply, although Wycomb, consider is Akeman Street where again some degree Bourton and Kingscote all appear to have metalled of regular spacing is discernible with Asthalllocated roads within the settlement areas. None of the sites mid-way (30km) between Cirencester and Alchester. has produced evidence for discrete cemetery areas. The odd one out in this case is Coin St Aldwyns Dorn is the only Cotswold settlement under (O'Neil 1957; RCHME 1976, 36), a possible small consideration to be walled, setting it apart from the town contender on the basis of the apparent extent of other centres. Although there is no dating for the occupation and the coin profile (see Reece p 417) but defences the new survey suggests either extensive about which little else is known. remodelling, or construction de novo in the later The conclusion is that the settlements of Easton Roman period. At Chesterton (Burnham and Wacher Grey, Dorn, Wanborough and Asthall were deliberate 1990, 249££) it is known that the former took place Roman foundations, established at distances of with an earthwork defence (undated but by inference 20-35km from Cirencester, and it is thus tempting to elsewhere later second century), having a stone wall associate these with the needs of the cursus publicus. added and a wide ditch (like that at Dorn) replacing Established under Augustus, responsibility for the an earlier system. It has been suggested that some construction and maintenance of the buildings of the later Roman roadside settlements along Watling Imperial post may have initially fallen upon the Street from Uxacona (Red Hill) to Bannaventa were civitates. Under Trajan responsibility for the cursus burgi (Webster 1975, 53). Dorn may have similarly publicus passed to the civil service and there were acted as an official centre for the collection of the further developments under Hadrian. It is in this annona, a tax levied from at least Diocletian onwards. period, or slightly later, in Britain that a number of The provision of defences for this purpose alone excavated mansiones can be dated, eg Godmanchester seems unlikely and it has to be concluded that Dorn (Green 1975, 196) and Chelmsford (Drury 1988). The (and Chesterton) performed some further role, spacing of the posting stations would seem to be on perhaps the housing of some form of military average 30-35km, approximately a day's journey, policing force in the later Roman period. although clearly the nature of the road and local Of the sites under consideration therefore, only terrain would have some effect. As added confirm­ Dorn appears to have had official status inferred ation to this suggestion a convincing mansio has from both the provision of defences and a planned been detected by aerial photography at Wanborough location. The other centres do not fit into such a (Phillips and Waiters 1977). regular pattern. The communication system may well have played Kingscote constitutes another form of settlement a role in the development of both Coin St Aldwyns altogether. There is no conclusive evidence at present and Bourton, both located on main roads and both at for a pre-Roman origin, it was not located on a known river crossings. However, of the other major centres in major Roman road, although recent evidence indicates the Cotswolds, Lower Slaughter and Kingscote only a perhaps more comprehensive road network than lie close to major roads, and Wycomb lies on the hitherto recognised, and it has not produced any Whiteway, traditionally thought to originate from the strong religious links. What it does appear to have is pre-Roman period (RCHME 1976, xlvi), which would a substantial villa-type building, with an associated connect it with the Fosse Way and thence Cirencester. complex of structures, ranging from workshops and barns to fairly well-appointed houses. The association of a large villa close to other settlement is a phenom­ Geography, morphology and chronology enon which has been noted elsewhere (Hingley 1989, Cirencester has all the trappings of a Roman town; it 102; Salway 1993, 410). Catsgore, now well estab­ has a planned layout, public buildings, shops, well­ lished as a village composed of individual farms, appointed private houses many with mosaics and has a large villa close by (Leech 1982, 176), as has heating systems, a defensive circuit from the second Fotheringhay, in the lower Nene Valley near century and large extra-mural cemeteries (cf Holbrook Durobrivae, Northants (Branigan 1985, fig 84). The 1994 for a recent review of the Roman town). This occurrence of a villa essentially surrounded by, or is in complete contrast to the evidence from the in close proximity to a settlement is perhaps more rural centres. The only settlement to have produced common than previously acknowledged and both defences and possible evidence of a street grid is Kingscote and Stanwick, Northants (Neal 1989) may Dorn. With the very dubious exception of the possible be further examples. It should perhaps be noted that theatre at Wycomb, none of the centres has produced both Bourton-on-the-Water and Coin St Aldwyns, evidence for any public buildings. Kingscote may although apparently classic roadside settlements, had show some elements of planning, particularly in the one or more particularly well-appointed houses of layout of some of the earlier strip buildings, but not villa status, in terms of their fixtures and fittings, 432 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire within the core of the settlement. It has been suggested phenomenon that population tends to cluster around that a tenurial relationship may be indicated when a important nodes such as towns or religious centres. villa occurs in close association with a settlement The concept that villa concentrations reflect the (Hingley 1989, 102). The settlement may represent the importance of towns as markets is generally accepted homes of the farm workers on land owned by the although the floruit of the two may temporally differ. occupant(s) of the villa. A situation such as this may An analysis of the fall-off of villa density from around have prevailed at Whitminster, Glos (Hingley 1989, towns concluded that major towns attracted villas 184 n 15). Percival (1976) has considered the possible to a wider surrounding area compared with smaller villa-based estates in France, in particular those centres (Hodder and Millett 1980). The data collated of Chiragan and Montmaurin (Hte Garonne). At suggested that social determinants may have been Chiragan, the area considered to be covered by the more significant than economic considerations for estate contains four smaller villas, at least three the siting of villas, ie the villas were seen as the 'villages' and a number of other possible settlement residences of the upper or administrative classes, sites. Applebaum (1963, 2ff) has suggested that estate who preferred to be near the administrative centre. It patterns may be characterised by peripheral distri­ is thus concluded that although villas and towns butions of tenurially dependent settlements around were related, it is not simply, as traditionally thought, the estate centre. Applying this model to continental purely a marketing link (Millett 1990, 195). Apart examples suggests that such estates could comprise from the acknowledged problem that the data being multi-parish sized units, with a two- or three-tier compared are diachronic, a further possible compli­ hierarchy comprising the landowner in the main cating factor in the analysis is the assumption that all villa, tenants in smaller villas and the farmworkers villas were economic units. It may be that, in the and domestic staff in non-villa establishments Cotswolds, a few of the villas, as some literary (Hingley 1989, 106). The model, which it should sources suggest (Percival 1976), were simply the be stressed cannot be tested archaeologically, has country houses of an elite with a recreational raison been applied to Bignor and Wiggonholt, Sussex d'etre, a feature that still prevails today, and that only (Applebaum 1975), and to Gatcombe, Avon (Branigan some were the working economic units following 1977). Kingscote appears to show the same three-tier Rivet's definition (1969, 177). Salway (1993, 411) hierarchy, a main villa, some lesser villas, including suggests that with a major city such as Cirencester the one excavated, and some smaller simple work­ one might expect to find a luxurious villa, such as shop and domestic-type structures. Henig (p 187) is Woodchester, a short distance away, the retreat of a of the opinion that Kingscote may be an Imperial prominent official working in town. estate centre on the basis of a few high-status finds Ignoring for a moment the dangers of interpreting such as the seal cube. This is insufficient evidence at a static distribution map, a consideration of the present, and although it is likely that large tracts of incidence of settlement around the major centres in land were Imperial property, the recognition of such the Cotswolds reveals some differences. Using the from the archaeological record is not feasible, unless data prepared by the RCHME (1976) survey com­ perhaps through centuriation; the distinction is likely bined with more recent discoveries, the distribution to be legal, rather than material. Two features that do of settlement in the hinterland of the five major distinguish Kingscote are its relatively large size, settlements and Cirencester was considered. Areas of some 75ha, and a general absence of other known 6km and 12km radius around each location were villas in the immediate locality. Apart from a possible compared. Twelve kilometres was selected as this example at Horsley, identified from surface scatter corresponds with the mid-point between Cirencester (RCHME 1976, 65), to date there is none known to and Bourton-on-the-Water. It is also a distance that date within a 5km radius of the site. Beyond 5km, might reasonably equate with a trip to the local other late Roman villas occur at the base of the market for the buying or selling of produce. escarpment, to the north at Frocester and to the south­ It is clearly noticeable from the RCHME (1976) west at Wortley, near Wotton-under-Edge (Wilson map that there is a much denser pattern of Roman 1985; 1990; 1992; 1993; 1994). settlement in the south-eastern area of the Cotswolds The territory of the Dobunni is generally seen as compared to the north, that is to say in the 12km zone one of the denser areas for villas in the province. This extending out around Cirencester, but also extending view may be slightly biased by the preponderance of out to the east and thus away from the other centres particularly large stone-built villas known from the being reviewed. For smaller settlements the RCHME Cotswold area, and the relatively few sites found to distinguishes between villa, settlement under 25 acres the south-east on the river terraces of the Upper and probable settlement (Iron Age or Romano­ Thames Valley. The distribution of villas and their British). Within a 6km orbit of Cirencester there are relationship to urban centres, ie the relationship of four villas, along with five small settlements and town and country, is an area that has received fourteen probable settlements (Table 20). At 12km much attention. It is a well-recognised geographical these increase (in total) to ten villas, to which an Discussion 433 eleventh example at Ditches hillfort, North Cerney any meaningful interpretation, it was in this instance (Trow and James 1988) can be added, and 15 seen to reflect the importance of the sites for local settlements, and 37 probable settlements. Such a population, as well as entertaining the consideration density is considerably higher than the other centres. that the distribution is in effect an indigenous form Bourton by comparison is surrounded by six villas, 13 of urbanism (Millett 1995, 33). The spacing of the settlements and eleven probable settlements within Cotswold settlements, although only a small sample, a 12km radius. In the villa distribution analysis similarly presents a certain geographical regularity (Hodder and Millett 1980), Bourton compares quite which may have more to do with social and economic well with other small towns in Britain, perhaps interchange than urbanisation. Hingley (1989, 115) emphasising its role as a significant local market using a medieval parallel suggests that networks of centre and thus having some influence on surround­ markets, perhaps on a weekly cycle, may have existed ing settlement. A particular point of interest is an in Roman Britain with occasional larger periodic fairs apparent blank zone along the Fosse between perhaps coinciding with religious or tribal festivals at Cirencester and Bourton, 7-12km from the latter the temple complexes. Few sites are more than a day's centre, but beginning to infill again at 12km from return travel from one another. Cirencester perhaps reflecting the greater influence of In terms of chronology it would appear that some the civitas capital. The distribution of sites around form of settlement was present from the second Lower Slaughter is perhaps of less significance as half of the first century at Cirencester, Kingscote, it considerably overlaps with Bourton. Coln St Wycomb, Bourton and perhaps Dorn. Certainly all Aldwyns has a discrete 6km radius around it before the centres were active in the fourth century. Some of overlapping with Cirencester. All the settlements, the villas in the Cotswolds are equally early, for except one, recorded in this zone fall on the south­ example at Ditches hillfort, North Cerney (Trow and western half, ie that side nearest Cirencester, and James 1988), although the majority appear to be later. comprise two villas, one settlement under 25 acres There is insufficient evidence at present to map the and eleven probable settlements. Wycomb, like Coln development of the rural centres either morpho­ St Aldwyns, can only be compared for a surrounding logically or chronologically, to compare with urban area of 6km radius, a 12km zone overlapping with centres which generally see their floruit in the later both Bourton and Cirencester. Within this smaller second century, and the wealthy villas familiar in the area it has five villas, one settlement under 25 acres fourth century. and one probable settlement. Reece (p 415) has noted that the distribution of Kingscote and Dorn, located at the two extreme coins from various western rural settlements has ends of the Cotswold region show slightly different characteristics which differ from villas and large patterns. Kingscote has only one villa within a 6km towns. In general, for the rural centres in the orbit with a further six falling just outside the circuit, Cotswolds, the coin loss tends to be below the British although it should be noted that this effectively mean until AD 260 after which it is generally above. extends the area out beyond the Cotswold scarp. Very On the coin evidence alone Coln St Aldwyns, few sites of any type occur to the south of Kingscote. Wycomb and Dorn all have a late peak, particularly Dorn stands alone from the other centres in that it has around AD 330-48, and in the case of Dorn later. very few known settlements nearby. At present there Kingscote peaks after AD 330 but drops away by the is only one villa to the north, and three probable end of the fourth century. Cirencester also appears to settlements under 25 acres within 6km, two of which have seen a resurgence of activity in the fourth also fall into the 12km zone of Bourton. It is perhaps century, with many of the public buildings of interest to note that with the exception of an area undergoing modifications and new houses being north of Stroud, covering Painswick, Haresfield, constructed, although other areas appear to have Cranham, Upton St Leonards and adjacent parishes, fallen into decay (Holbrook 1994, 75). The pattern of there are very few Roman settlements more than later Roman coin loss in Cirencester has been 10km away from any of the above centres. This might interpreted as mirroring that seen on the villas and reinforce the notion that the major centres functioned rural settlements and thus as evidence for the as local markets for their surrounding districts. cessation of urban life (Reece 1991). Percival (1976) points out that the existence of towns Economic activities and religion implies an agricultural surplus sufficient to feed the population and to provide an outlet for the surplus. The final aspect to be briefly touched on is a A recent analysis of small towns in parts of the East comparison of any economic activities carried out at Midlands and East Anglia (Millett 1995, 31) suggests the different sites, in particular between Cirencester an evenly spread pattern, with sites being spaced and the rural centres. What, if any features do approximately 15km apart. Although such analyses they have in common and how do they differ? The cannot address the economic or diachronic compon­ importance of Cirencester as a centre of commerce ents of individual sites which are essentially critical to and the agricultural importance of the area are 434 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire highlighted by the fact that in the Hadrianic period it ably formed part of the everyday domestic household became one of the first towns to build a market hall equipment. The Beeches Road house, comprising a (macellum) (Wacher 1974, 299). Its prosperity must complex of one or two separate houses and associ­ have been largely based on agriculture in default of ated outbuildings, one of which may have been a any other important nearby natural resources, other barn, has been likened in plan to a rural villa than of course stone. The facilities at Cirencester point (McWhirr 1981, 57ff). It has been proposed that this to a place for civilised living, entertainment and was a working agricultural complex situated within active public life. Economic activities are difficult the town, perhaps farming land enclosed by the to document archaeologically and there has been walls. The recovery of an iron coulter and bone little excavated evidence to indicate any large-scale weaving tablets has been regarded as supporting industry within, or immediately outside, the town. evidence. Apart from this complex there have been no Both Wroxeter and Silchester, for example, have finds of other agricultural buildings, corn-drying produced evidence of workshop establishments ovens, large millstones or other structures, to suggest (Richmond 1966). At Cirencester evidence for more the processing of agricultural produce. Evidence of specialised activities is slightly more circumstantial moderately large-scale butchery has been found from but it may have been the base for one of the largest sites in the centre of the town in Insula II, adjacent to mosaic (Corinium School) workshops in Britain, as the macellum. The butchery techniques employed are well as a probable stone centre for the production of typical of Roman urban practice (Malt by pers comm), sculptures (McWhirr 1976, 96). Otherwise industrial presumably processing meat for the immediate activity is confined to some small-scale iron-smithing, market. Marketing and exchange are also difficult to for example at the Beeches Road house (McWhirr demonstrate archaeologically as there has been little 1986) and from a low background scatter of iron slag published work in considering the overall artefactual from deposits across the town, possible glass-making evidence from Cirencester to date. from the area of Victoria Road (Wacher 1995a, 324-5, Many of the rural centres have produced evidence 318) and late Roman buckle manufacture, based on of agriculture in the form of barns, byres, enclosed distributional evidence (Corney pers comm). fields, corn-drying ovens, millstones, quem and In terms of agricultural activity Cirencester has whetstones, and of small-scale manufacture - iron produced a number of hand querns, but these tend to smelting and smithing, copper-alloy working and be fairly ubiquitous on all settlements and presum- possibly furniture manufacture. Several iron tools

Table 20 Distance of minor known settlements from main centres*

Location 6km radius 12km radius

CIRENCESTER villas 4 7 probable settlement 14 23 settlement less 25 acres 5 10 BOURTON villas 3 3 probable settlement 3 8 settlement less 25 acres 9 4 WYCOMB villas 5 probable settlement 1 settlement less 25 acres 1 COLN ST ALDWYNS villas 2 probable settlement 11 settlement less 25 acres 1 DORN villas 1 probable settlement 3 settlement less 25 acres KINGSCOTE villas 6 probable settlement 4 2 settlement less 25 acres 2 4

*Data largely based on RCHM (1976) with more recent additions Discussion 435 for both agriculture and craft industries have been deliberately backfilled wells and the presence of a found. The presence of items such as steelyards and forge. Agriculture and religion were undoubtedly styli hint at some commercial activities. Many of the inextricably linked in the countryside and it may activities documented in the larger rural centres be that Lower Slaughter was a small farming reflect those carried out at the villa sites. Most villas community with particularly overt religious practices. have produced evidence of small-scale iron-working. Its proximity to Bourton makes it unlikely that it At Frocester Court, small furnaces containing copper­ fulfilled the sort of local administrative roles to be alloy debris were found, whilst features in Room 12 expected of a small town. of the villa were connected with cloth making (Gracie 1970). Structures and artefacts hint at crop processing Summary and animal husbandry. Most investigated sites have produced the usual range of craftsmen's tools, knives, Roman settlement outside the main urban centres chisels, axes, spades and hoes, and in a few cases was a complex phenomenon which defies compart­ specific pieces of agricultural equipment such as the mentalised classification. Settlements of all types owe two scythes from Barnsley Park (Webster 1981b, pl V). their origins, existence and survival or otherwise to Large shears have been found on several sites, a myriad of interwoven historical, geographical, possibly used for sheep shearing. Millstones for human, political and economic factors. To this end grinding substantial quantities of grain have been each occupation site of whatever status is unique found at Kingscote, Chedworth and Frocester. Hunt­ with its own history. Collingwood and Myres (1937, ing was clearly an activity carried out at rural sites, 210) made the observation that the Roman Cotswolds indicated by finds of iron arrowheads and deer bone were densely covered with villas but contained no at Kingscote, Wycomb, Bourton and Barnsley Park, as villages, and thus by implication other larger settle­ well as pheasant at the latter (Miles 1988, 66). ments, excluding Cirencester. This picture is now Religion clearly played an important role in rural considerably changed, and although our database is and town life. Of all the centres under review still poor it is possible to see a distinct hierarchy of Wycomb stands out as a religious centre. The site was settlement types in the region. The foregoing report clearly occupied in the Iron Age and may well have has looked in detail at the Cotswolds to see if any been a religious cult centre at this time. Certainly in patterning could be detected in the evolution of the Roman period it was the site of a Romano-Celtic Roman settlement. The result has been a hetero­ temple and as such is comparable to the site at Uley. geneous mix of centres which undoubtedly had It is more than likely that such a place would host a important local significance and probably acted as local market, as well as providing services and goods market centres for the region but each with its own for pilgrims and other visitors. Other temples and story. The evidence from this study would suggest shrines are also known from the area at Chedworth, that the relationship between town and country was Sapperton, and the possible small shrine at Sudely, a symbiotic one; each needed the other to survive. north of Wycomb (RCHME 1976, 114-15). Other The two main later Iron Age centres in the Cotswolds shrines or sacred places are hinted at by the discovery were Bagendon and Salmonsbury and these seem to of sculptures and votive objects, for example those have dictated the subsequent settlement pattern. from Lower Slaughter and Bisley (RCHME 1976, Cirencester once an established centre undoubtedly 14-5). Both classical and native deities appear to have exerted its own influence on the later Roman settle­ been revered in town and country alike. One well­ ment pattern. Across the Cotswolds a number of known native cult found in the Cotswolds is that slightly larger centres evolved for one reason or of the genii cucullati, depicted by sculptures with another, but their chief characteristic appears to cloaked figures, occurring either singly or in groups be that they were centres of regions beyond the of three. Carvings of genii cucullati have been found at immediate hinterland of Cirencester, and as such Cirencester, Lower Slaughter, Wycomb, Bourton, acted as the main economic, social and religious Daglingworth and Whittington. There is also strong links for the surrounding population. Other major evidence for a cult of Minerva in the area of the industries such as pottery, tile or glass-making, which Severn estuary and bordering regions (Ross 1974, elsewhere gave rise to centres of agglomerated 245). This is seen in the material recovered from settlement, are missing from the Cotswolds. A major Lower Slaughter, the statue head from Kingscote, ceramic tile producer based immediately south of the and possibly the semi-circular relief with the seated region, near Minety, north Wiltshire, appears to have goddesses and the mounted god. A relief of Mars as a been supplying the region. It seems likely that the horseman also comes from Kingscote, the depiction Cotswolds acted as a resource in their own right, being native in inspiration rather than classical (Ross providing stone for buildings and statuary, but with 1974, 244). The settlement at Lower Slaughter, like agriculture being the main economic focus. Wycomb may have had some religious significance It could be argued that of all the major Roman rural with the votive reliefs, the curious number of centres, Bourton was one of secondary importance 436 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire after Cirencester, assisted by its pre-Roman origins success in the post-Roman period may be reflected in and by its location on a major routeway. Although, in its very existence today, whilst the once busy centres common with most of the Cotswolds, little is known of Kingscote, Wycomb, Dorn and Lower Slaughter about the mid/late Saxon period and continuity are now ploughed fields. cannot be proven, the fact that the settlement was a APPENDIX 1

Classification of Sites used in the compilation of the gazetteers The following main kinds of site have been defined for the purposes of this project:

AE Antiquarian excavations CD Cartographic depictions GSU Geophysical survey unit IMU Interpretation and mapping unit (for aerial photographs) IR Indirect record (eg hearsay or oral account; secondary account only) ME Modern excavation (post 1940, including rescue or research) PN Placename evidence PU Pictorial unit RO Recorded observation (ie groundworks periodically observed) RSF Recorded stray find (ie circumstance of recovery known) so Salvage operation (ie rescue work involving the recovery of the most basic evidence sscu Systematic surface collection unit (ie for fieldwalking) TSU Topographic survey unit UGS Unsystematic ground survey USF Unrecorded stray find (ie circumstances of discovery not recorded) uscu Unsystematic surface collection unit (ie random field walking and general collection) VF Visible feature (eg earthworks etc recorded by direct observation/ description at some time. These features are not necessarily still visible).

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Wilson, D, 1993, Excavations of a Romano-British Villa at 125-80 Wortley, Gloucestershire, 9th Interim Rep, Keele Woodward, P J, Davies, S M, and Graham, A H, 1993, Wilson, D, 1994, Excavations of a Romano-British Villa at Excavations at Greyhound Yard, Dorchester 1981-84, Dorset Wortley, Gloucestershire, lOth Interim Rep, Keele Natur Hist Archaeol Soc Monog 12, Dorchester Wilson, M G, 1968, Other objects of bronze, silver, lead, Woodward, A, and Leach, P, 1993, The Uley Shrines: stone and bone, in B W Cunliffe 1968, 93-109 Excavation of a Ritual Complex on West Hill, Uley, Wiseman, P, 1979, Tile stamps and Roman nomenclature, in Gloucestershire 1977-9, English Heritage Archaeol Rep 17, AD McWhirr (ed) 1979,221-30 London Witchell, A N, 1973, Mesolithic evidence from Trouble­ Wrathmell, S, and Nicholson, A (eds) 1990, Dalton Parlours: house, Cherington, Glos, Trans Bristol Gloucestershire Iron Age Settlement and Roman Villa, Yorkshire Archaeol3, Archaeol Sac 92, 12-20 West Yorkshire Archaeol Service, Wakefield Witts, G B, 1883, Archaeological Handbook of the County of Wright, T, 1875, Celt, Roman and Saxon, London Gloucestershire, Cheltenham Yeoman, P A, and Stewart, I J, 1992, A Romano-British villa Woodward, A, 1992, Shrines and Sacrifice, London estate at Mantles Green, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, Woodward, P J, 1980, A comparison of coin groups from Records of Buckinghamshire 34, 107-82 Romano-British settlements in Purbeck-a reflection of Young, C, J, 1977, Oxfordshire Roman Pottery, British their contrasting status? Dorset Proc 102, 102-3 (corrected Archaeol Rep 43, Oxford table in Dorset Proc 103 (1981), 130 Zienkiewicz, J D, 1986, The Legionary Fortress Baths at Woodward, P J, 1987a, The excavation of a late Iron Age Caerwent, Cardiff settlement and Romano-British industrial site at Ower, Zienkiewicz, J D, 1993, Excavations in the Seamnum Dorset, inN Sunter and P J Woodward 1987,45-124 Tribunorum at Caerleon: the Legionary Museum site Woodward, P J, 1987b, The Excavation of an Iron Age and 1983-5, Britannia 24, 27-140 Romano-British Settlement at Rope Lake Hole, Corfe Zwierlein-Diehl, E, 1991, Die Antiken Gemmen des Castle, Dorset, in N Sunter and P J Woodward 1987, Kunsthistorischen Museums in Wien, vol Ill, Munich 456 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire INDEX

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. from Syreford Mill300, 306, 313, 314-15, 314, 317, A reference to a subject may occur more than once on a 318,350,422,423-4,428 page. animal burials 314, 314, 315 FW Field-walking antler horns, and religion 350 unspec. unspecified butchery marks 421, 427-8, 434 in ritual shafts and wells 388 aerial photographic transcription 4 animal head terminal215, 216 at Dorn 395, 398 annona (tax) 291, 292, 431 of Kingscote 7, 12, 13-16, 14, 288 antler objects see bone and antler objects of Wycomb 302-4 architectural stonework aggers at Kingscote 73-7 at Dorn 396 chamfered block 76 at Withington (S1055) 295, 346 column bases and capitals 53, 53, 56, 58, 62, 73, agricultural tools 216, 217, 218, 222, 224, 226, 291, 435; 74, 76, 77, 90 see also goad; hoe; ox-goads; pruning hook; finials 62, 75, 76, 77 reaping hook; shears; spuds mouldings 75-6, 75, 90 agriculture 3, 5, 291, 389, 428, 433, 434-5; see also perforated block 76 barns; corn driers; querns and millstones pier bases 48, 50, 68, 73, 74, 75, 76, 89, 90 Akeman Street 2, 400, 431 at Calcot (S1050), columns 286 Alcester, brooch 326 at Whittington (S1046), column 345 altars see also table tops from Dorn 390, 397 Arle Grove, Roman potsherds 302 from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 387, 388 armlet/bangle, copper alloy 97, 98; see also bracelets amphitheatre, at Wycomb (SS) 299, 300, 349-50, 431 arrowheads, iron 435 amulet, phallic, from Kingscote FW (S45) 282 from Kingscote 196, 197, 216, 435 Andoversford (S31, S38) 295, 342 from Kingscote (S43) 282 Sewage Treatment Works (515) 300, 340 Ashton (Northants), buildings 68 Andoversford Bypass (A40 By-pass) Asthall (Oxon) 389, 430, 431 animal bones 350, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427-8 Atrebates 113, 430 brooches 321-7 passim, 319 awls human bone 332, 333-6 carpenter's tools 29, 104, 106 loom weight 350 for leather-working 189, 190, 291 pottery 351 axes 435 (S12-13,S18-19)300,340,341 from Kingscote timber structures 348 Neolithic 35 animal bone Roman, miniature model214, 216, 290 from Andoversford Bypass 300, 334, 350 from Wycomb from Bourton 357, 359, 382 Neolithic 300, 347 from Cotswolds 'small towns' 421-8 Roman, model bronze 299,339 from Kingscote 28, 30, 33, 35, 36, 219, 291, 435 dog burial41, 52 Bagendon 3, 114, 378, 429, 430, 435 from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 386, 387 bakehouse see under Bourton-on-the-Water 458 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

Baldock, model axes and spearheads 216 see also beads; bone inlay; bracelets; buckles; balL ceramic 206 counters; hairpins; handles; needles; pins; plaque Bancroft (Bucks), mosaic 89 (wrist guard(?)); sewing needles Barnhill Farm, Kingscote (51002), geophysical survey bone inlay, for boxes/ caskets or furniture, from (Area B) 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 283 Kingscote 58, 62, 70, 171, 1n 173-4, 174, barns 291, 435; see also Kingscote Site 2, Building VII 218, 220, 291 Barnsley Park 117, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 254, 291, 435 boss or finial, carved stone, from Kingscote (556) 282 barrows bosses, copper alloy (lead solder filling) 190, 220 at Chedworth 343 Bourton Bridge (525, 533, 550, 5120, 5125) 355, at Chessels (51015) 376 356-7,366,367,370,371,378,383 at Kingscote 35 circular structures near, Roman 357, 379, 380 at Whittington 295 'footbridge' (5152) 356-7, 372 at Withington, Neolithic and RB 342, 343 street (5159) 357, 372 in Wycomb and area 304, 342, 347 see also River Ground Barton Court Farm (Oxon), Saxon graves 72 Bourton Bridge villa .. posting house (51, 513, 535-6, Bath (Som), Roman fort 430 552)355-6,364,365,366,368,371,378,381, bath buildings 382,383 at Chedworth 302 (525, 533, 5119) 356, 366, 370 at Whittington (51014) 302, 343 stable and yard 357, 366, 381, 382 for possible bath or latrine see Kingscote Site 2, finds 357, 382 Building VIII, Room 7 forge and slag 357, 380, 381, 382 Batsford 398 walls (5120, 5157) 357, 370, 372 beads 225, 226 Bourton-on-the-Water 1, 2, 4, 353-83, 429, 430, 431, 436 bone, from Kingscote 150, 152, 218 brooches (and in area) 356, 359, 376, 377-8, 379 glass animal bones 422, 423-4, 425 from Kingscote 28, 98, 99, 100, 207, 149, 151-2, bakehouse(S154)357,372,381 218-24 passim Bow House, RB burial (564) 368, 379 from Kingscote (543, 545, 554) 282 buildings 357, 379-81 jet 152, 219, 320 Camp House (557) 368 from Kingscote (554) 282 church (5165) 353, 356, 367, 373, 381 from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 386 Church House (556) 368, 381 metaL from Kingscote, decorative(?) 109, 110 coins 355, 356, 357 unspec., from Syreford Mill 320 Council School (521) 356, 366 from Wycomb (537) 342 Fairview (garden) (5124) 370-1 Belgae 430 garden of Avilon House, IA hut and Roman dwelling belt fittings, copper alloy military 213, 214, 216; (534) 355, 366 see also buckles gazetteer 364-78 Bel Tump, Compton Abdale, Roman settlement (51007, Greenstede House (SlO) 356, 365 51052)302,343,345 Harp Lane (554, 5162) 368, 372 Beverstone (51041-2) 286 houses 432 tombstone (51016) 285 hunting 435 Bignor (Sussex) 69 manor 383 bindings, from Kingscote The Naight (522, 591, 5172) 356, 366, 369, 371 for boxes or furniture 170, 171, 172 pottery 355, 356, 357, 358, 359 copper alloy 203, 204 round-house 287, 379 iron 196, 197 St Lawrence's Church (548) 367, 379, 381 uncertain function 215, 216 School Allotments (5139) 356, 371 bird, bronze, miniature (from a pint from Lower 'transport cafe' (5154) 357, 372, 381, 382 Slaughter (Chessels) 388 villas in area of 433, 434 Birdlip 182, 429, 431 'wayside shrine' (5153) 357, 372, 379, 380, 381 Bisley 290, 388, 389, 435 Yew Tree Cottage (Site No.151) 372 Black Close field (59, 510) 295, 300, 340 see also Bourton Bridge; Bourton Bridge villa Blockley parish 398, 399 (posting house); Lansdown; Leadenwell; River Bodvoc, tribal leader 429, 430 Ground bone/ antler objects bowl(?), ceramic 180, 183 from Kingscote 218, 220, 221 Bowldown Farm (51015) 7, 9, 284-5, 289 uncertain function/identification, from Kingscote 202, boxes and fittings, from Kingscote 218 203 bindings or fittings 170, 171, 172, 218 Index 459

composite studs from 192, 218 Colchester Derivatives 116-29, 219, 220, 321, 323 decorative discs and plates, iron 196, 197 Colchesters 114-16, 321 hinge clasp 209, 211 Crossbow 142, 222, 224 mounts, metal 110 headstud 137 see also bone inlay Knee 142, 222 Boxwell (S1043) 286 La Tene Ill (S1015, S1033) 376, 377-8 Boxwell, Boxwell Lodge (S1018) 285 Late La Tene British 129~30, 323 bracelets 222, 223, 224, 225, 226 Late La Tene Continental 131, 133, 323 bone/ antler penannulars 147-9, 217, 220, 2223, 224, 225, 226, from Kingscote 30, 97, 98, 113, 156, 157, 208, 283,329 218,219,220,224 Plate 114, 143, 219, 220, 2~2, 312, 329 from Kingscote FW (S45) 282 Polden Hill 9, 117, 118, 283, 289, 321 from Syreford Mill316, 317, 319 'strip' 114, 141-2 from Wycomb 342 Trumpets 133, 220, 221, 312, 326 bone/ antler and metal, from Kingscote 97, 98 unclassified 137, 326 copper alloy zoomorphic 142 from Kingscote 95, 96, 153-6, 155, 157, 208, unspecified metal 285 209,219,220,224,226,282 Brough-on-Fosse (Notts) 395 from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 388 Brough-on-Humber 395, 396 from Syreford Mill311, 316, 317, 319 buckets and fittings from Wycomb 342 from Kingscote, handle mounts, iron 29, 103, 104, 174, jet, from Kingscote 156, 157, 158, 208, 224 175,176 shale from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 388 from Kingscote 97, 98, 158, 159, 208, 219, 220, Buckle Street (S44, S1009) 353, 367, 376, 378, 379, 384 223,224,225 buckles from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 387, 388 copper alloy from Wycomb (S30) 342 from Kingscote 30, 99, 100, 113, 163, 164, 219, 220 Braughing (Herts), strip buildings 68 from Kingscote (S53), with horse decoration 282 brick, Roman 55, 268, 269 from Salmonsbury (S111) 355, 370 from Dorn 390,396 from Wycomb/Syreford Mill300, 319, 320 Brockworth iron, from Kingscote 99, 100, 163, 164, 217 brooch 117 iron and copper alloy, military, from Kingscote 213, timber round huts 287, 379 214, 216 Bronze Age unspec., from Wycomb, fifth-century 351 at Kingscote 25, 33, 35 burgi 4, 431 at Lower Slaughter 384 burials at Wycomb 303 at Andoversford 300, 340 bronze-smithing debris, from Kingscote 109, 111-12 at Bourton/Upper Slaughter (incl. S1011, S1016, brooches S1018, S1021), Iron Age and Roman 356, 359, from Bourton and area 356, 359, 376, 377-8, 379 364,367,368,370,376,377,378,379 from Dorn 390,393,397 at Compton Abdale, cist (S1032) 302, 344 from Kingscote see Kingscote Site 1; Kingscote Site 2 at Kingscote Site [1] 28, 30 from Kingscote, FW and area 9, 13, 113-49, 150, 282, 283, at Kingscote Site [2]34, 35, 36, 67, 71-2, 275-6, 288 287 in Kingscote Wood (S1010) 9, 283 from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 388 at Lower Slaughter 376, 377, 386, 388, 389 from Whittington (S1044) 345 cist burial 384-5 from Wycomb (Syreford Mill and Bypass), copper alloy at Salmonsbury Camp, ?Iron Age/RB 355, 364, 365, 373 and iron 118, 122, 123, 136, 137, 147, 148, 300, at Shipton Oliffe (S1030), ?Iron Age 344 315,321-7,323,324,327,329,341,342,347 at Syreford Mill, late Roman 276, 312, 313, 315-18, 331-3, copper alloy 113-49, 282, 283, 388, 397 at Wycomb 295, 296, 300, 302, 342, 343, 348, 351 iron 97, 98, 149, 150, 216, 217, 282, 300, 323, Iron Age 301, 344, 378, 379, 429 324,327,329,341,388 post-Roman, at Bourton and in area (S53, S54) 383 Iron Age 113-14,287,300,341, and see types below Saxon types at Bourton and area (S1013) 364, 368, 376, 383 Aesica 130-1 at Foxcote Manor 302 'Aucissa'-Hod Hill 114, 138-41, 326-7, 329 see also animal bone; cemeteries; coffins; human Birdlip 131 bone; tombstones Bow 149, 217, 221, 223 Bury Barn Cottage (S17) 365 460 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire butteris, farrier's 62, 198, 199, 217, 220, 291 carpenter's paring or firmer chisel with bone handle, button, from Kingscote (544) 282 from Kingscote 188, 189, 190, 291 iron, from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 387 Caerwent, table-top motifs 179 mason's, iron, from Kingscote 104, 106, 291 Calcot Chisenbury Warren (Wilts), Roman settlement 3, 348 coins (51049) 286 chopping boards see slabs/chopping boards columns (51050) 286 Cirencester 2, 68, 290, 292, 399, 428-30, 431, 432-3, Calcot Barn 435,436 limestone tablet (S1019) 9, 285 animal bone 421, 424, 427 relief of Mars and goddesses (S1047) 9, 286, 290 Beeches Road house 434 Camerton, Roman fort 290, 430 burials 316, 331 candlestick, iron 175, 176 coin loss 433 carpenter's tools see awls; chisels; saw blades economic activities 434-5 cart fittings see horse equipment; lynch pins mosaics 89 casket, handle terminal 215, 216; see also boxes pottery 253, 264 Cassey Compton, sunken way (S1056) 346 table-tops 179, 181 Catsgore (Soms), villa 68, 70, 223, 224, 225, 288, 289, triclinium 69 290,291,292,431 Claydon Pike, Lechlade 3, 287, 347 cemeteries clay object, perforated disc, from Syreford Mill 321; at 5almonsbury Camp, IA/RB 355 see also loom weights; slingstone; spindle whorls at Syreford Mill, Roman 315-18,348 Claypits Wood (S1005-6) 283 at Upper Slaughter (S1016) 376, 379 cleats see shoe (boot) fittings at Wycomb, Roman 351 coal, at Lower Slaughter 389 Ceonwulf, King of Mercia 398 coffins 302 ceramic objects lead 302, 376 ball206 stone 9, 280, 289, 302, 344, 356, 364, 367, 369, unidentified 205, 206 377,379 see also bowl; loom weights; rings; pottery; tiles wooden, from Wycomb 316,317,340 cereal grains 274 coin mould, stone, from Syreford Mill320, 321, 347, 350 chains coins 5, 400-21 copper alloy from Bourton 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 364, 365-72 from Kingscote 204 passim, 376, 377, 379, 381, 382 from Syreford Mill319 from Coln St Aldwyns 400-21, 431, 433 iron, from Kingscote 200, 204 from the Cotswolds 429, 433 charcoal from Darn 390, 392, 393, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400-21, 433 from Darn 392 from Kingscote and FW, Iron Age/Roman 9, 13, 23, 24, from Kingscote Site [2] 53, 62, 63, 65, 271-3 25,91-2,277-8,,279,280,281,282,283,285, Charterhouse, Roman fort 430 286,287,288,292,293,400-21,429,430,433; charters 295, 341, 351, 353, 355, 367, 390 see also Kingscote Site 1; Kingscote Site 2 chatelaine set 165, 166 from Lower Slaughter 384, 385, 386, 387 Chavenage, fibulae (51041) 286 from Salmonsbury Camp 355,366,369 Chavenage Green 7 from 5yreford Mill315, 316,318,400-17 Chedworth villa (51015, S1020, 1024, 1028, 1033-1034) from Wycomb area 295, 297, 299, 300, 302, 338, 339--45 290,295,302,343,344,435 passim, 348, 349, 400-21, 433 antiquarian excavations (S1003-1005) 342-3 gold, from Bourton 366 millstones 435 Greek, from Coln St Aldwyns 400, 415 mosaic 87, 89 hoard of folles (S149) 357, 372 Chelmsford (Essex) 68, 381, 431 hoard from Kingscote Site [2] 44 Chesle (Chessals, Chisalls, Chessalls; Kingscote, S18) hoard of minimi (S1031) 377 7, 9, 280 hoardS from Kingscote Site [1] 29, 91 Chesle-money 9, 278, 280 Iron Age 279, 288, 429, 430 Chessels see Lower Slaughter from Kingscote 287 Chesterton 430, 431 from Wycomb area 300, 301, 341, 345, 347 Chesterton-on-Fosse (Warks) 395, 398, 399 Dobunnic 9, 282, 286, 288, 300, 401, 429, 430 Chestles (S1031) 9, 279, 280, 377 gold 286 Chingescote 7, 9 potin 301, 345 Chiragan (France), villas 432 silver 286, 300 chisels 435 Egbert silver penny 377, 384 Index 461

17th-century token 416 Cricklade 431 post-medieval, George Ill 62, 416 Crickley Hill 429 see also Chesle-money; medallion Crow Hill (Field II) 9, 10, 141, 288-9, 290, 292, 293 Colchester (Essex) 93, 219 cube seal, copper alloy, from Kingscote 51, 185, 186-7, Cold Harbour (S19) 9, 280 218,220,224,292,432 collars, iron 110 currency bars collars (structural), iron 193, 195, 196, 197 from Bourton 364, 371, 372 Coin St Aldwyns 2, 4, 431, 432, 433, 434 from Salmonsbury (S126) 355, 364, 371 coins 400-21, 431, 433 Combe, estate of 292 Daglingworth 435 combs, bone defences, of a settlement 430, 431; see also Dorn from Bourton 364, 377 Dere Street 398 from Wycomb (S1009) 302,343 dice, copper alloy 211, 212, 213 comic masks (heads), glass, from Kingscote and FW 211, Dikler, River 353 231,232,234 discs Compton Abdale lead 219 building platform (S1023) 302, 344 sandstone, (as throwing discs?) 176, 177 'Celtic' fields (S1051, S1053) 302, 345 dish, pewter, from Dorn 393 cist burial (S1032) 302, 344 Ditches hillfort, North Cerney 287, 429, 430, 433 enclosure (S1012) 302, 343 coin moulds, clay 321 farmstead (S1027) 302, 344 dividers (smith's), iron 200, 201, 291 villa (S1008) 302, 343 Dobunni 114, 429, 430, 432; :see also coins see also Bel Tump dog burials see animal bone Comux, tribal leader 429 dogs (joiner's), iron copper alloy objects, uncertain function/identification from Kingscote 107, 111, 193, 196 202, 203; see also belt fittings; bindings; from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 387 bosses; bracelets; buckles; chains; cube seal; Domesday survey dice; ear-rings; fasteners and fittings; finger Bourton 383 rings; buckles; hairpins; hinge plate; keys; Dorn 399 ligulae; locks and padlocks; military equipment; Kingscote 7, 9, 292 nail cleaners; nails;.needles; pendants; pins; Dorchester 87, 424, 426, 427 rings; sewing needles; spoon-probes; spoons; Greyhound Yard finds 224, 225, 226 studs; styli; toilet spoon/ ear scoop; tweezers Dorn 1, 2, 4, 390-9, 430, 431 copper-alloy waste (bronze-smithing) 435 altars (S15) 390, 397 from Kingscote 109, 111-12, 113, 194, 201, 219, animal bones 422 290,291 coins 400-21, 433 from Kingscote (SSO) and Field IV (S54) 282 gazetteer 396-7 Copse Hill 378, 379 later history 398-9 Corinian Schools of mosaicists 89, 434 origins and development 398 Corio, tribal leader 429 street grid 431 corn-driers 435 and villas 433, 434 at Kingscote Site [2]33, 44, 45, 70, 219, 273-4, Dorn Farm (S20) 397 290,291 Dowdeswell (S1036) 295, 302, 345 at Lower Slaughter 385, 386, 387 Dowdeswell Hill, hillfort (S1050) 301, 345 cosmetic spoons see toilet spoons Duddon(us), thegn 355, 383 Cotswold Small Towns 1, 4-5 Durnovarian School of mosaicists 89 coins from 418, 429, 433 counters Eadric Streona 398 bone/ antler, from Kingscote 105, 109, 183, 184, 213 ear-rings glass copper alloy 208, 209 from Bourton 383 lead and copper alloy 204 from Kingscote 105, 109, 113, 183, 213, 220, 221, 222 metal and wire 158, 159 from Kingscote Field IV (S54) 282 ear-scoops 211 lead, from Kingscote 105, 109 Easton Grey (White Walls) 7; 430, 431 pottery 183, 219, 220, 383 eraser (or razor) handle 166, 167, 218 stone, from Kingscote FW (S45) 282 Ermin Street 2, 430-1 Cowley, Iron Age settlement 287, 429 Evesham Abbey 383 Cranmore Farm (Site No.1028) 285 Exeter 421, 426 462 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

Farmoor 3 crouched burials (51009) 300, 302, 343 farrier's butteris 62, 198, 199 Foxcote Tumulus, round barrow (S1002) 302, 342 fasteners and fittings 222 Frampton, mosaic 89 decorative (bosses, rivets, studs), copper alloy 108, Frocester Court villa 7, 8, 9, 221, 287, 292, 424, 429, 432, 435 109, 110 ceramic rings 182 miscellaneous (discs, mounts, sheets), copper alloy finds 223, 224, 225, 226 109, 110 millstones 435 see also bindings; bosses; boxes; collars; dogs; pottery 241, 253, 254, 263-4, 287, 288 furniture; hinges and fittings; keys; locks and sandstone discs 176 padlocks; mounts; nails; plates; studs Fulford, Roman agger 295 fastening, toggle 209, 210 furniture and fittings, from Kingscote 218, 290 fetters, iron 302 attachment 170, 171 fibulae, from Kingscote 278, 280, 286 bindings or fittings 170, 171, 172 Field I (S57-8) 10, 11, 282-3, 287 composite studs from 192, 218 Field II see First Chessalls; Kingscote Site 1 decorative discs and plates, iron 196, 197 Field III (Crow Hill) 10, 11, 13, 141, 288, 289 fittings/handles 211, 212 Field IV (S48-9, S54-5, S59-60) 10, 11, 13, 282, 283, workshop 70,291,292,435 287,289 see also bone inlay; terminals brooch 140 Field V 10, 11, 287 Gadebridge Park, Hemel Hempstead 90 finger ring-key, iron 102, 105 gaff, iron, from Santhills 359, 377 finger rings games see counters; discs copper alloy Gatcombe Park (Soms) 68, 223, 224, 225, 226, 393, 432 from Kingscote 28, 30, 97, 98, 150, 152-3, table-tops 179, 181 208,218,219,221,222,223,224,225,287 genii cucullati 435 from Syreford Mill311, 319,320 at Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 387, 388, 389 from Wycomb 342 at Whittington, Wycomb (S35) 299, 300, 339, 342, 350, 435 glass, from Kingscote 150, 153, 218 geophysical survey iron at Kingscote 4, 12, 16-23, 17, 48, 67-8, 277, 283, 288 from Lower Slaughter, with intaglio 388 at Wycomb 339 at Uley 291 George Young gravel pit, cist burial 384-5 First Chessalls (Field II; formerly Middle Chessalls glass field) 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 280, 287; and see Kingscote from Dorn 392 Site 1 from Kingscote FW 23, 24, 25, 211 fish hooks from Kingscote Site [1] 28, 30, 220, 221, 223, 226-34, 287 from Bourton 382 from Kingscote Site [2] 38, 39, 42, 47, 57, 220, from Santhill, iron 359, 377 221,222,223,226-31,234-8 fishing weight(?), lead 213 from Kingscote (S44), molten 282 FitzArthur, Nigel 292 from Lower Slaughter 386 flints, prehistoric and undated from Syreford Mill313, 320 from Kingscote (S30-1, S62) 23, 25, 33, 35,281,283 from Wycomb 342, 350 from Wycomb 295, 308, 342, 347 see also beads; comic masks (heads); counters; finger floor inlay(?), stone 270 rings; hairpins; handle; intaglios; tesserae; window forges glass at Bourton 357, 380, 381, 382 Gloucester 253, 254, 288, 316, 421, 430 at Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 386, 435 Gloucester, Robert, Earl of 292 Fortuna, stone relief, from Kingscote 199, 199, 201, 218, 290 goad Fosse Way (S14, S153-4, S156-9, S1008) 2, 353, 357, 358, copper alloy 219 364, iron 194, 199 372,376,378,379,383,384,388,390,395,396,398, see also ox-goads 399,430,433 Godmanchester (Cambs) 68, 379, 381, 431 (S11) 356, 365 gold objects see coins; hairpins (S127) 356, 371 Gorhambury (Herts) 379 wall (S173) 371, 381 gouge, iron, from Chedworth (S1015) 343 Fosseside (S12), Bourton, Roman street in garden 356, 357, Great Casterton (Leics) 293 365 Great Witcombe 182 Fotheringhay (Northants), Roman settlement 348, 431 Greenstede House see Bourton Foxcote Manor, Withington, Iron Age and ?Saxon Guiting Power, Iron Age settlement 429 Index 463 hairpins 222, 223, 224, 225 from Andoversford Bypass 333-6 bone 93, 94, 95, 113, 222, 223 from Dorn, post-Roman 397 copper alloy 93, 94, 113, 222 from Kingscote 67, 275-6, .335 glass-headed 93, 94, 223 from Syreford Mill276, 312, 313, 331-3 gold 93, 94, 113 Hunter's Hall, Kingscote (S23) 19, 280, 290 Halstock (Dorset) 68, 69, 70 hunting and equipment 216, 224, 424, 435; see also hammer (smith's small cross pane), iron 200, 201, 217, 291 arrowheads; spearheads handles hypocausts bone 104, 106, 188, 189, 220 at Bourton (S48, S55) 356, 367, 368, 381 glass, from Kingscote (S51, S54) 282 at Kingscote 12, 13, 31, 33, 48, 54, 55, 62, 69, iron (uncertain function) 205, 206 71, 90, 259, 290 see also Minerva; razor (eraser) handles at Shipton Oliffe (S1026) 344 harness fittings, mount 109, 110; see also at Withington (S1039), tiles 302, 345 horse equipment; lynch pins at Wycomb, tiles 298, 338, 349 Hawling (S1029), Roman occupation 302, 344 Hazlecote Barn (S1007) 283 Ilchester 87 Hazleton (S1038), Roman occupation 302, 345 Limington Road, mosaic 89 heads of glass see comic masks inlay strips see bone inlay hearths intaglios 218, 224 at Bourton 357, 358, 359, 380 bloodstone, from Kingscote 207 at Kingscote Site [2] 50, 50, 51, 52, 71 from Bourton 372 at Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 386 glass, from Kingscote 207-8 Heath Hill Farm see Wyck Rissington Heliotrope, from Kingscote FW (S43) 282 Hibaldstow (Humbs), strip buildings 68, 290 Iron Age 3, 4, 429, 430, 435 High Cross (Venonae) 399, 430 in Bourton area 353, 366, 372, 378, 383 Highgate House, Cowley, Iron Age settlement 429 at Copse Hill (Upper Slaughter) (S1028) 377, 378 Hill Barn, Kingscote (S1022) 285 at Foxcote Manor (S1009), s'ettlement 343 hillforts 429; see also Dowdeswell Hill; Salmonsbury Camp; at Kingscote 287-8 Uley Bury at Shipton Oliffe (S1030), b1irial344 hinge plate, copper alloy 215, 216 at Syreford Mill 308 hinges and fittings, iron 191, 193, 195 at Withington, ditch (S1054) 301, 345-6 Hirecombe Wood, Kingscote (Sl021) 285 in Wycomb area 295, 300-1, 303, 342, 347-8, 351, 435 hobnails, iron animal bones 424, 426, 427, 428 from Andoversford 340 burials see Salmonsbury Camp from Bourton area 364, 377 querns 382 from Kingscote 29, 100, 101, 165 ritual shafts and wells 388, 389 from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 387 roundhouses 379 from Syreford Mill311 see also brooches; coins; currency bars; hillforts; hoe, iron 62, 196, 198, 199, 217, 220, 291, 435 pottery; Salmonsbury Ca'mp; slingstone; Uley holdfasts, iron 107, 111, 193, 195 iron objects hone stones 107, 108; see also whetstones at Kingscote 220, 223 hooks, iron 200, 204 miscellaneous and uncertain function 107, 111, lamp hook? 169 200,204,205,206 horse equipment see also awls; brooches; bucket fittings; buckles; bridle cheek-piece, from Bourton 382 chains; chisels; collars; divitlers; dogs; fetters; finger bridle bit, copper alloy, from Syreford Mill319, 320 ring-key; fish hooks; gaff; gouge; hammer; hinges snaffle-bits, iron and fittings; holdfasts; hooks; horse equipment; from Dorn 393 keys; knives and blades; ladle handle; lamps; lamp from Kingscote 29, 30, 62, 104, 106, 175, 188, 217, 291 holder; locks and padlocks; looped pins or pegs; from Whittington (S1045) 302 lynch pins; meathook; nails; pruning hook; punches; 1 stirrup and horseshoes, iron, from Bourton 382 rings; saw blades; 'sootrake ; spade; spikes; see also harness fittings; lynch pins split loop; spoon handle; staples; steelyards; Horsley (S1003, Sl023-4, S1039, S1048) 8, 9, 283, 285, straps; styli; trowel; turnspit 286,432 iron-working (smelting and smithing) 435 coins (S32) 281 at Bourton 382 Horsley Wood, Horsley (S1013), tombstone 9, 284 at Kingscote and area 41, 65,200-1,290-1 Hoxne Treasure 185 at Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 376, 389 human bone at Syreford Mill 315 464 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

see also chisels; forges; hammer; poker; punches; slags pottery 238-9, 251, 253 Building [1]26, 27, 28-30, 217, 222 jet objects 220; see also beads; bracelets; pins; spacer awl104, 108 beads, glass 99, 100 keys 224 bracelets 30, 95, 96, 98, 113 copper alloy bronze-smithing debris 29, 30, 109, 111, 112, 113 from Kingscote 192, 194 brooches 97, 98, 123, 125, 145 from Kingscote (S26) 281 buckle 30, 99, 100, 113 iron, from Kingscote 107, 110, 191, 192, 217 coins and Hoard S 29, 91 from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 388 counters 105, 109 from Salmonsbury (S32) 355, 366 fasteners and fittings 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 King's Stanley 290 finger rings 30, 97, 98 Kingscote 1, 2, 4, 8, 430, 431, 432 glass 232, 233, 234 animal bones 291, 422, 423, 424-7, 428 hairpins 93, 94, 95 arrowheads 216, 435 hobnails (and shoe) 29, 29, 100 barn see Kingscote Site 2, Building VII hone stone 107, 108 buildings 89-90, 289-90 household objects, iron 103, 104, 105 cartographic depiction 277 knives and blades 107, 108 charcoal 271-3 lamp holder 103, 104 coins 9, 13, 23, 24, 25, 91-2, 277-8, 279, 280, lead, casting residue 29, 112 281,282,283,285,286,287,288,292,293, lead repairs 112-13, 112 400-21,429,430,433 needle 103 field-walking 4, n 12, 23-5 oven 29,29 field-walking finds 35,206-16,220-6,287,289,290,291 pottery 29, 238-9 brooches 114--49 passim, 221, 222 ring, stone 102, 103 finds assemblage, overview 216-26 saw blades 29, 106, 107, 291 functions 290-2 snaffle bits 104, 106 gazetteer 277-86 spindle whorl102, 103 geophysical survey 4, 16-23, 17, 48, 67-8, 277, 283, 288 straps or mounts 104, 105 Area A 19,21 styli, iron 30, 104, 106, 291 Area B 19, 21 toilet instrument 103 Area C 19,21 Building [2]26, 26, 30, 217, 222 glass 221, 222, 223, 226-38 animal bone 30 human bone (burials) 28, 30, 34, 35, 36, 67, 71-2, beads 98,99 275-6,335 bracelets 30, 95, 96, 113 later history 292 brooches 30 location 7-9 ceramic ring 105, 181, 182 metal-working 25, 29, 30, 4t 109, 111, 112, 113,201-2, coins 30 290-1 finger rings 97, 98 morphology 288-90 glass 231, 232, 233, 234, 235 origins and development 287-8 hairpins 93, 94, 98 pottery 238-67, 277, 280, 282, 283, 285, 286, holdfast 111 288, and see under Buildings and Rooms below household objects, iron 103, 104 roads 7-8, 15, 16, 288, 431 human bone (burial) 30, 275 springs and water supply 7 nail cleaners 30, 102, 103 statue head see Minerva needle 102, 103 villa-type building see Kingscote Site 2, Building VIII pottery 30 and villas 433, 434 shoe cleats 101 workshops see Kingscote Site 2, Building IX snaffle bits 104, 106 see also Field I-V; and artefacts listed by name tools 104, 106 Kingscote Site [1]10, 26-30 Quarry (1)(2) 26, 26, 28, 113, 217, 222 brooches 28, 30, 113, 216, 217, 221, 224, 225, 226, 287 beads, glass 149, 151 coins 28,29, 30, 91, 291, 400, 417 brooches 28, 97, 98, 113-25 passim, 129, 132, finds 93-113, 216-17, 220-6 133,134,135,138,140,147,287 glass 221, 222, 226, 228-34, 287 counters 105, 109, 113 human bone 28, 30, 275 fasteners and fittings 108, 109, 110, 111 ironwork 216-17 finger ring-key 102, 105, 287 metal-working 291 glass 231,232, 233, 287 Index 465

hairpins (pins) 93, 94, 98, 113 pottery 38, 60, 65, 244, 257, 258, 260, 262, 267 handles 104, 106 spike 193, 195 hone stones 108 stonework 75, 76 human bone (burial) 28, 275 studs 192 lead casting residue 109, 112 styli 175, 188 lead repairs 112, 112 toilet/surgical instruments 165, 166, 167 nail cleaners 101, 102 whetstones 178 needles 103, 113 Area [13]41 pottery 28, 238, 287 bead 151 saw blades 104, 106 charcoal 272 spindle whorl102, 103 counter 183 toilet instruments 101, 102, 113 glass 232, 234, 236 tweezers 101 pin 159, 160 Kingscote Site [2]10, 31-72, 288, 289-90, 292, 293 pottery 41, 262 animal bone 33, 35, 36 whetstone and stone rubber 178, 179 beads151, 152,149,226 Area [16], gateway 59, 61 brooches 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 46, 47, 57, 65, beads 151, 152 66,67,216,218,221,222,223,224,225,226 brooches 65, 142, 145 buildings 89-90, 289-90 coins 60 charcoal36, 53, 62, 63, 65, 271--4 finds 65, 220 coin hoard 44 glass 232, 235, 235, 238 coins 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46-7, 51, 52, 56-7, household utensils/furniture 171, 172 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63-5, 66, 67, 71, 91-2, lead drip 202, 203 291,400-21,415,417 pottery 65 corn-drier see Building VII studs 192 drystone walls 44, 46 Area [18]37 finds 113-226 beads, glass and jet 152 glass 38, 39, 149, 151-2, 226, 228-31, 234-8, 42, 47, bone object 202, 203 57,221,222 bracelet 156, 158 hearths 50, 50, 51, 52, 69, 71 buckle 163, 164 human bone (burials) 34, 35, 71-2, 36, 67, 275-6, 288 ceramic rings 180, 183 hypocausts 33, 48, 54, 55, 62, 71, 90 counter 183 ironwork 216-17 glass 232, 234, 235 magnetometer survey 16-23, 18 handle, bone 188, 189 mosaics 33, 48, 54, 55, 55, 69, 87-9, 90, 218, 290 household utensils/ furniture 171 ovens 39, 41, 42, 45, 51-2, 52, 57-8, 59, 60, 66, pins 159, 160, 161, 162, 164 67,68, 70,202,259,260,290,291 sewing needles 168, 169 pottery 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, stud or mount 165 57-8,59,60,62,63,65,67, 71,239-67 toilet/ surgicalinstruments 165, 166, 167 quarrying 288, and see Quarry 1-5 below whetstones 177, 178 styli 175, 187, 188, 291, 292 see also Fortuna; Pit 328 (below) triclinium (Rooms 1-3) 69, 261, 290 Area [19] road 37, 42, 62, 217 Area [11] 38, 41, 47, 59-60, 71 brooch 149 beads 151, 152 . coins 62 bracelet 154, 155, 158 pottery 247 brooches 65, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132 Building I 38; 39, 41, 46, 47, 48, 67, 68, 219 coin 60 animal bone 39 copper-alloy waste 201 bracelet 41, 219 counter 183, 184 brooches 46, 123, 129, 219 ear-rings 158 ceramic ball (Room 8) 206 entrance into 53, 53, 59 coins 41, 46, 47 finds 65, 217, 220 dog burial41 finger rings 153 ovens and hearth 39, 41 glass 38, 232, 234, 235, 235, 236 pin, bone 41 household utensils/furniture 170, 171, 172, 173 pottery 39, 41, 46, 257-8 key 192, 194 whetstones (Room 6) 178 lead weight 184, 186 Building II 38, 41, 47 pins 159, 160, 162, 163, 164 counter (Room 9) 183, 184 466 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

pottery 257, 258 Room [1] 48,54-5,62,69, 71,90 Building II!41, 46-7, 67, 68, 219 bracelet 154, 156, 157, 158, 220 bead (Room 15) 152,219 coins 62, 63 brooch 41, 47 finds 57, 62, 65 coins 46-7 human bone 71,275 ovens 41, 258 hypocaust system 48, 55, 69 pottery 47, 258 mosaics 33, 48, 55, 55, 69, 87-9, 290 Building IV 41, 43, 47, 59, 68, 219 painted wall-plaster 33, 48, 55, 69, 77-87 counter (Area 13) 183, 219 pottery 259 pottery 41, 47, 59, 247, 258 Room[2]48,55,56,62,69, 71,90 Building V 41, 43, 47, 67 buckle 220 Building VI 33, 43, 41-2, 47, 66, 67, 68 coins 63 brooch 42, 47, 66 finds 57, 65, 217, 220 glass 42 hobnails 165 ovens 42,66 hypocaust system 48, 55, 62, 69, 71 pottery 42, 47, 258 pottery 259 Building VII (Room 17) (barn) 33, 35, 38, 42-4, 47, ring, iron 204 68,70-1,217,219,290,291 stylus 220 arrowhead 196, 197 tiles 55 beads 151-2, 219 voussoirs 62 brooches 35, 66, 117, 138, 149, 219 Room [3]48,54,62,69,71,90 binding 196, 197 coins 63 blade 189, 190 copper-alloy waste 201, 220 bracelets 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159 finds 57, 62, 65, 217 buckle 163, 164 household utensils/furniture 171 coins and hoard 44, 47, 65, 66 human bone 62, 67, 275, 276 copper-alloy waste 201, 219 hypocaust system 48, 54, 69 corn-drier 33, 44, 45, 70, 219, 258, 273-4, 290, 291 painted plaster 54, 62, 69 fasteners and fittings 190, 192 pin 159, 160 finds (Period 6) 66 pottery 54, 62, 259 finger ring 153, 219 sandstone disc 176 glass 47, 66, 235, 236-7, 238 styli 187 hearth 44 Room [4]50,51,62,69,89,90 household utensils/furniture 169, 170, 171 beads 151, 152 lead ?weight 186, 219 bracelet 156 mixing palettes 167, 168 brooch 220 ovens 44, 45, 71, 258 buckle 163,164,217 ox-goad 194, 199 coins 62,63 padlock key 191, 192 ear-rings 158 Period [6] 65, 66 finds 57, 65, 217, 219, 220 pins 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 219 finger ring 153 plant remains from corn-drier 273-4, 291 household utensils/furniture 169,170, 171 plate 202, 203 iron object 205, 206 pottery 44, 65, 66, 247, 258, 260, 262, 262, 266, 267 pin 161, 162 querns and millstones 44, 46, 70, 176 pottery 51, 69, 241, 253, 259, 261, 262, 267 rings, iron 204, 217 stonework and table top 62, 73, 74 sandstone disc 176 see also butteris; hoe shoe cleat 165, 175 Room [5] (pantry/service area) 50, 51, 62, 69,90 spike 193, 195 beads 151 spindle whorl168, 169, 219 bone inlay 220 stone slab and cube 177, 179 bracelet 155, 156 styli 175, 187, 188, 217 brooch 146, 220 table top 180, 181 ceramic rings 180, 183 tiles 42 charcoal 272 whetstones 178 coins 51,63 Building VIII (villa-type building) 16, 33, 35, 47-57, copper-alloy objects 51, 202, 203 48, 59, 68, 69, 71, 89-90, 218, 219-20, 289, copper-alloy waste 194, 201 290,291,292,431,432 counters 183, 223 Index 467

ear-ring 204 bowl, ceramic 180, 183 finds 57, 62, 65, 217, 219, 220, 223 bracelets 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 220 glass 235, 236, 237 brooches 65, 135, 136, 145 hearth 51, 259 burials (human bone) 35, 67 household utensils I furniture 173 ceramic rings 183 lock key 191, 195 charcoal62,272-3 nails, bosses and stud 190, 192 coins 52, 57, 62, 64, 71 pins 161, 162, 164, 220 copper-alloy waste 201, 220 pottery 51, 69, 259, 261, 262 counters 183, 184, 220 structural fittings 193, 195 dog burial 52 studs 163, 164-5, 220 finds 57, 62, 65, 217, 220 tiles 51, 62 finger rings 153 weight 186 glass 62, 235, 236 whetstone 178, 291 household utensils/furniture 171, 172, 173 see also cube seal; hammer; medallion lead disc 184, 186 Room[6]48,50,51,62,69,89 ? lock pin 192, 194 beads 151 nails, iron 62 bracelets 158 ovens and furnace 39, 51-2, 70, 182, 220 brooches 65, 123, 128, 129, 220 pins 159, 160, 162, 162, 163, 164, 220 buckle 164 pottery 62, 65, 251, 253, 258, 259, 262, 262, 266-7 coins 63 ring, iron 204 finds 57, 62, 65, 217, 219, 220 sandstone disc 176, 177 hearth 51 stone rubbers 177, 179 lead disc 203, 204 studs 192 pottery 62, 259, 261, 262 tiles 52, 62 ring 204 toilet/surgical instruments 165, 166 T-staple 195 see also steelyard weight Room [7] (latrine/bath?) 48, 56, 62, 69, 89 Room [10] 35,48,53-4,59,62-3,65,66,69, 70,89 boss 190 bracelets 154, 156, 157 bracelet 156, 157 charcoal 53, 272 coins 56, 63-4, 71 coins 63, 64, 71 finds 57,65 finds 62-3, 65, 66, 217 pottery 56, 241, 253, 259, 261, 262 glass 235, 236 stonework 62, 73, 74, 76 iron object 205, 206 whetstone 178, 291 horse bit 62, 175, 188 Room [8]35,41,48,50-1,50,62,63,65,69,89 pins 159, 160, 162 beads 151 pottery 53, 62, 65, 259-60, 262 bone inlay 218, 220 quem 176 bracelets 154, 155, 156, 157, 220 roof tile 53, 62 ceramic object 205, 206 stone rubber 179 charcoal 272 tags 165 coins 56--7, 64 tesserae 65 copper-alloy waste 194, 201 whetstone 177, 178, 291 finds 57, 62, 65, 217, 219, 220 Room [14] 48, 52, 63, 69, 70, 90 finger rings 153 beads 151 hearths, iron waste and slag 41, 50, 50, bracelet 158, 159 65,202,291 ceramic rings 180, 183 household utensils/furniture 62, 172, 173, 174, 174 coins 64-5, 71 molten lead 62 finds 65, 217 nail cleaner 220 glass 236 pottery 41, 51, 62, 65, 258--9, 261, 262, 267 household utensils I furniture 169, 170 smith's punch 200, 201, 291 oven 52, 52, 70 stonework and table top 62, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 pottery 259, 262 tiles 62 styli 175, 187 toilet/surgical instruments 165, 166 whetstone 178, 291 weight 184, 186, 220, 291 wire chain 204 Room[9]39,48,51-2,62,69,89 Room[15]35,48,52,63,69,90 beads151, 152,220 beads 151 468 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

bracelets 154, 155, 156, 157, 220 Period [4]33, 34, 47-62, 68, 222 buckles 163, 164 pottery 258-60 ceramic rings 183 Period [5]34, 35, 62-5, 217, 222, 223, 268 coins 35, 52, 57, 65, 71 Period [6]34, 35, 65-7, 222 copper-alloy waste 201 pottery 260 counters 183 Period [7], burial34, 35, 67 finds 57,65 Pit 328 (Period 6) 35, 37, 66, 219 ?floor inlay 270 brooch 67 glass 235, 237 ceramic rings 183 hearth 52, 182 coins 66,67 household utensils/furniture 169 finds 67, 219, 220 ovens 70, 182 pottery 66, 260 pin 159, 160 Quarry [1]35, 37, 67,219 pottery 52, 63, 259, 262, 262 bead 152 razor or eraser handle 166, 167, 220 coins 35 stone slabs/boards 177, 179 ear-ring 158, 159, 219 studs 192 pottery (from feature above) 35, 37, 256 south wing 51-3, 69, 70, 71, 290; and see Room 9; Quarry [2]35-6, 36, 37, 67,219 Room 10; Room 14; Room 15 animal bone 35 Building IX (Room 12) (workshops) 33, 35, 36, 38, bone ?peg 202, 203 48, 57-9, 58, 59, 60, 68, 70, 71, 290, 291, bracelets 154, 155, 156, 157, 154, 155, 156, 158, 431,432 159, 219 beads 151 brooches 37, 119, 120, 121, 122, 128, 137, 146, bone inlay 58, 70, 171, 172, 173, 174, 174, 148, 219 218,220,291 burials 36, 276 bracelets 154, 156, 157, 158 coins 35-6, 37 brazier stand 58 counters 183, 219 ceramic rings 183 ear-ring 158, 159, 219 charcoal 65, 272 fasteners and fittings 190, 192 coins 58, 59, 66-7, 71 finger rings 150, 152-3, 219 copper-alloy working debris 58, 291 ?floor inlay 270 counters 183, 184 household utensils/furniture 169, 170, 171 fasteners and fittings 190, 192, 194 pins 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164 finds (Period 6) 65-6, 67, 217, 220 pottery 35, 36, 37, 247, 256-7, 265-6 household utensils/furniture 70, 171, 172, 173, 174, seal box 185, 188, 219 174,220 sewing needles 167, 168, 169, 219 iron-working 291 stone slabs 179 key 192, 194 stud 163, 164 lead disc 203, 204 styli 185, 187, 219 iron, nails 58 tile 36, 37, 269, 270 ovens57-8,59,60, 70,202,260,291 toilet/surgical instruments 165, 166, 167,219 Period [6]35, 65-6 whetstones 178 pins 159, 160, 162 Quarry [3]35, 36, 37-8, 67, 219 pottery 38, 57-8, 59, 65, 67, 257, 260, 262 animal bone 36 querns 176 bindings 203, 204 roof tiles 57, 58 brooches 36, 37-8, 119, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, sandstone disc 176 127, 219 slag 291 chain 203, 204 stonework 58, 75, 76 charcoal 36, 272 styli 175, 187 copper-alloy waste 201 toilet/ surgical instruments 165, 166, 167 fastening 163, 164 whetstone 178 glass 236 Period [1] 33, 35 handle, bone 188, 189 Period [2]33, 34, 35-8, 219, 222 pins 160, 219 pottery 35-8 passim, 256-7 pottery 36, 244, 247, 251, 257, 264-5, 266 Period [3]33, 34, 38-47, 67-8, 222, 291 sewing needles 168, 169, 219 brooches and glass 39, 222 spindle whorls 169 pottery 47, 257-8 toilet spoon 167 Index 469

Quarry [4]35, 37, 38, 67, 219 wooden building 379 bead 152 Lansdown Inn (S55), hypocaust 356, 368, 381 brooches 38, 219 lararium 290 finger rings 150, 152, 219 Lasborough (S1025, S1034) 285 nails 190 coins (S1040) 286 pottery 37, 38, 247, 257, 266 tombstone (S1015) 7, 284-5 styli 185, 187, 219 villa (S1011) 9, 283, 415 whetstone 178 latrine, at Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 386 Quarry [5] 35, 37 Latton 431 pottery 37 Lawrence, W L, excavations ~t Wycomb 296-9, 337-9 road lead objects and lead-working bead 152 from Bourton ' bracelet 156 molten 382 ceramic rings 180, 183 repairs (S127) 356, 371 counter 183 from Kingscote finger rings 150, 153 casting residue, waste and drip 29, 62, 109, 112, glass 236 202,203,219,220,290 household utensils I furniture 169 repairs 37, 112-13, 112 pins 160, 161, 162 from Lower Slaughter (Chessels), 'bun' 388 studs 192 from Syreford Mill, plate (plug or repair) 320, 320 road trench 60-1 from Withington (S1001), 'lead' vessel342 coins 61 mining 430 Room 12 see Building IX see also counters; fishing weight(?); plugs; rings; Room 17 see Building VII seal; spindle whorls; tanks; weights yard 71 Leadenwell 'villa' (S9), Bourton 356, 365, 379, 380, 381 pin 160,161 oven (S10) 356, 365 stone rubber 179 pottery, sub-Roman 383 Kingscote Wood (S1010, S1046) 9, 283, 286, 289 querns 382 Kingsweston 71, 90 stone carved relief 381, 382 table-top motifs 179 tools 382 Kingswood Abbey 7 see also tanks, lead knives and blades (incl. cleavers), iron 435 leather-working tools 216, 217, 219, 290, 291; see also awls for butchery 427 Ledgemore Bottom (Site No.l027) 285 from Bourton area 359, 367, 376, 377 Leighterton (S1018) 285 from Kingscote 107, 108, 189, 190, 216, 217, 224 ligula, copper alloy from River Ground 382 from Kingscote 101, 102 from Salmonsbury Camp 355 from Syreford Mill 313 from Wycomb/Syreford Mill321, 427 Littleton, mosaic 89 Saxon, from Bourton area (S54, S67) 355, 364, 368 locks and padlocks copper alloy, from Kingscote 192, 194, 213, 214, 224 ladle handle, iron 103, 104, 105 iron, from Kingscote 191, 192, 195 lamps from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 388 from Bourton 372 loom weights from Kingscote from Andoversford Bypass 350 foot 211, 212 from Bourton, clay, Roman/Saxon 359, 373, 382 iron holder 103, 104 from Kingscote, ceramic 102, 103 iron (possible hanger) 175, 176 looped pins or pegs (structural), iron 107, 110-11, 193, 195 from Lower Slaughter 377, 384 Lower Chessalls field (S50-3) 9, 10, 11, 282, 290 stone, from Chessels 386 Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 1, 2, 4, 354, 359, 384-9, 431, Lankhills, cemetery 113 433,435 Lansdown (area) 356, 378 burials (human bone) 386 iron-working 382 coffin burial (S1018) 364, 377 lead tanks (S132) 356, 371 coin hoard in chest 386 pottery, AS (S174) 372, 383 coin hoard in pot (S1031) 377, 384 streets and gravel quarrying (S40) 358, 367 coins and hoards 384, 386, 387, 388 (S16,S23,S26-27)356,365,366 corn-drier 387, 389 Saxon pot 378 Egbert silver penny (S1023) 377, 384 structures 381 enclosure (S1002) 359, 373 470 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

forge 386, 389, 435 at Kingscote 33, 48, 54, 55, 55, 69, 87-9, 90, 218, 290 iron tools 389 in Wycomb and area 302, 342, 343 latrine 386 moulds, stone and clay, for coins, from Syreford Mill origins and development 388 and Ditches 320, 321 pit (S1019) 359, 377 mount, enamel, from Kingscote FW (S45) 282 pottery 386 mounts (S1015)376,384-9 decorative, copper alloy 163, 164-5 (S1004-5,S1010,S1014,S1022) 373,376,377 iron 111 (S1026-7,S1029,S1032) 359,377 metal109, 110 sculptures 290, 389, 435 specialist functions 388-9 nail cleaners wells (ritual) 382, 386-7, 388-9, 435 copper alloy, from Kingscote (S45, S50) 282 see also Minerva (S1025); Spring Hill copper alloy and copper alloy /bone, from Kingscote 30, Lydney, temple 389 101,102,103,165,166,209,210,218,220 lynch pins (harness and cart fittings), iron nails 213 from Bourton 382 copper alloy 190 from Kingscote 175, 188, 291 iron from Kingscote Field IV (S49) 282 from Kingscote 63, 111, 195, 216, 217 from Kingscote (S46, S49) 282 mansiones 430, 431 from Syreford Mill (incl. coffin nails) 311, 312, Margidunum (Notts) 395 313, 317 Mars from Wycomb (S37) 342 from Calcot barn, Kingscote (S1047), oolitic relief from Horsley (S1023) 285 9,286,290,435 Naunton, Iron Age settlement 429 from Kingscote, on cube seal185, 186 Neatham (Hants) 68, 293, 381 from Lower Slaughter (Chessels), votive plaques 290, necklaces 208, 209, 210, 222 387 needles from Wycomb, copper-alloy statuette 297, 339, 349, 350 bone Marshfield (Avon), timber roundhouse 379 from Bourton area 359 mason's chisel, iron, from Kingscote 104, 106 from Kingscote 102, 103, 113, 211, 218, 219, 220 mason's trowel, from Leadenwell 382 copper alloy, from Kingscote 103, 220 meathook, iron, from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 388 from Bourton 382 medallion, Antonine, from Kingscote 51, 91, 92, 218, 220 see also sewing needles medical instrument, copper alloy 101 Neolithic Mesolithic at Bourton 353 at Kingscote, flint 33, 35 at Kingscote 25, 33, 35 at Wycomb 303, 308, 347 at Wycomb 300, 343, 347 metal-working see bronze-smithing debris; copper-alloy Nesley Farm, Beverstone (S1016, S1017), tombstones 9, waste; iron-working; Kingscote; lead objects and 285,289 lead-working; slags Nettleton (Wilts) 76, 103, 182, 321, 430 Middle Chessalls (field) 9, 10, 13, 288 table-top motifs 179 Area A geophysical survey 19, 21 temple 351 quarrying 288 Newington Bagpath 7, 8 (S47, S56) 282 tombstone and pot (S1032) 285 stone coffin (S22) 9, 280, 289 'villa' (Sl) 9, 277 see also Kingscote Site 2 Newington Barn (S1031) 285 military equipment, from Kingscote 213, 214, 216, 222, Norden (Dorset), buildings 68 287,292 North Wraxall (Glos), brooch 141-2 millstones see querns and millstones Northleach 354, 429 Minerva Nympsfield (S1012, S1045) 283, 286 cult of 435 from Lower Slaughter (Chessels), votive relief Old Syreford Gravel Pit (S21-22, S24) 341 (S1025) 290,377,384 ovens from Kingscote (S29), limestone head 9, 280, 281, 290 at Bourton 356, 357, 358, 359, 380, 382 razor or eraser handle 166, 167, 218 at Dorn 391 mixing palettes see palettes at Kingscote 39, 41, 42, 45,51-2,52,57-8, mortars, stone 176, 177 59, 60, 66, 67, 68, 70, 202, 259, 260, 290, 291 mosaics 434 at Wycomb 298 Index 471

Owlpen (S1008) 283 pot repairs, lead 112, 112 Owslebury (Hants) 289 pottery (illustrations not indexed) animal bone 421, 426, 427 by site: ox-goads from Bourton 355, 356, 357, 358, 366-77 passim, from Bourton, River Ground 382 379,382-3 from Kingscote, iron 197, 199, 291 from Dorn 390, 391, 392, 393, 397 in the Cotswolds 429 padlocks see locks and padlocks from Kingscote area and field-walking 9, 23, 24, 25 pagi 4 from Kingscote see under Kingscote Site 1; Kingscote palettes, marble and lias 167, 168 Site 2 pavement, Kingscote area 9 from Lower Slaughter 384, 386, 387, 388, 389 pegs, bone 202, 203 from Salmonsbury Camp 355,373,382 pendants from Syreford Mill300, 308,311-13, 314, 328, copper alloy 215, 216 329-30,347,351 military 215, 216 from Wycomb and area 295,298,299,339,341,342, shale 99, 100 343,344,345,350,351 pewter see dish by ware and fabric (RB/Roman): pins 28,210 Alice Holt 243, 254, 258 bone amphorae 244, 247, 258, 260, 262, 263, 264, 283, 350, 429 from Kingscote 41, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 218, Camulodunum 242, 247, 256, 350 219,220,222 Dressel 37, 38, 51, 242, 247, 256, 257, 258, 259, from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 387 260, 263, 264, 330, 350,1382 from Wycomb 342 Gauloise/Gallic 37, 247, ~88 copper alloy South Spanish 242, 247 ,

from Dorn 397 Arretine ware 429 ! from Kingscote site and (S52) 158, 159, 160, Brockley Hill (Verulamium) 242, 254, 382 218,219,220,282 calcite gritted ware 387 jet, from Kingscote site and S51163, 164, 220, 282 castor ware 342 Saxon, spiral-headed, from Bourton (S1013) 364, 376 Central Gaulish 28, 37, 242,'256, 257, 264, 350, 378, 393 unspec., from Kingscote FW (S45) 282 black colour-coated ware .244 see also hairpins ceramique al 'eponge ware 393 pins, structural see looped pins coarsewares 239 placenames Cologne colour-coated ware 37, 242, 244, 256, 258, 263 Bourton 355, 367 Dorset Black-Burnished ware (BB1) 37, 38, 44, 51, 56, 65, Chessalls 280 66, 241, 253, 256-61 passim, 262, 263, 264, 330, 350, 359, Chessels 376 383,386,387,388,393 Cold Harbour 280 East Gaulish black colour-coated ware 242, 244, 260, 261, Dorn 397, 398 263,264,383,393 Kingscote 9 flint-tempered wares 330 Salmonsbury 355 fossil-shell-tempered ware 330, 350 Wycomb and area 295, 340-1, 343-4 Gallo-Belgic wares 350, 429 plant remains terra rubra 264, 311, 330, 347, 350, 393, 398 from Bourton 357 highly micaceous wares/micaceous greyware (TF5) 242, from Kingscote 36, 39, 52, ?272, 273-4, 291 251,256,257,258,259,260,261,264 plaque, bone (wrist guard?) 215, 216 local(?), miscellaneous colour-coated ware 254-6 plates Lyons ware 264, 378, 429 copper alloy (uncertain function) 202, 203 Malvernian limestone-tempered 263, 330 iron, decorative 196, 197 Mancetter-Hartshill mortaria 243, 254, 258, 260, 338, 393 plugs, lead Midlands grog-tempered ware 259, 260, 264, 330, 350, from Kingscote 200, 204 386 from Kingscote Field IV (S49) 282 Midlands shelly ware 67, 262, 330, 348, 386, 387, 388, 393 from Syreford Mill 320, 320 native wares 263 Pockhill Lane (S167) 373 grog- and sand-tempered ware 242, 247, 257 poker (smith's), iron 200, 201, 200, 201, 291 grog-tempered ware 242, 247, 330 Portstraet (S1019) 295, 343-4 limestone-tempered ware 242, 247, 259, 330 posting stations (mansiones) 4, 431 sandstone-tempered ware 242, 247 at Wanborough 431 Nene Valley colour-coated ware (NVCC) 37, 242, 254, 256, see also Bourton Bridge villa 26~261,263,264,282,330,350,359,383,386,38~393 472 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

New Forest colour-coated ware (NFCC) 65, 66, 242, 254, grass-tempered 300, 351, 359, 383 258,259,260,261,264,330,342,350,359 medieval and later (S1036) 345 North Gaul 242, 264 see also bowl; counters; loom weights; rings; spindle North Gaul mortaria 247 whorls North Gaulish colour-coated ware 242, 244, 258, 382, 383 pruning hook, iron, from Whittington (S1045) 302 Oxfordshire 259, 261, 262, 263, 264, 316, 318, 330, punches, iron 213, 214 350,359,382,393 smith's 200, 201, 291 colour-coated mortaria 37, 38, 66, 242, 254, 263, 345, pyramid, stone, from Salmonsbury (S34) 355, 366 383 colour-coated wares 37, 65, 66, 67, 242, 254, 256, quarries, at Bourton, for gravel 358, 365, 367; see 257,258,259,260,263,359,382,383,386, also Kingscote Site 1 and Site 2 387, 388, 390, 397 querns and millstones 434, 435 parchment ware 66, 242, 253, 258, 263 from Bourton, saddle 359, 382 red-coated wares 397 from Dorn, rotary 390 white-slipped mortaria 242, 253, 263 from Kingscote 44, 46, 70, 176, 224, 291, 435 whitewares and mortaria 242, 253, 256, 257, 258, 259, from Kingscote FW (S45) 282 260,330 from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 386, 389 Rhenish motto beaker 386 from S1014 284 samian 9, 28, 36, 37, 38, 42, 47, 58, 60, 67, from Salmonsbury Camp, Iron Age 382 238-9,241-4,256,257,258,260,262,264,277, from Wycomb 350 280, 281, 282, 283, 287, 298, see also rubbers 315,330,345,349,350,356,358,359,366, 370,372,376,378,382,386,387,388,389, razor (or eraser) handles 390,393,397,398 from Kingscote 166, 167, 218, 220 samian potters' stamps 239, 243-4, 342 from Kingscote (526) 281 Savernake ware see Wiltshire region below reaping hook, iron 197, 199, 291 Severn Valley ware (and variants) (SVW) 38, 239, 240, religion 224, 350, 381-2, 435; see also altars; axe; 242,247,250-1,256,257,258,259,260,262, Fortuna; Mars; Minerva; temples; votive objects; wells 263,264,330,382,386,387,388,393 repairs, lead 112-13, 112 shell-tempered ware (late Roman) (TF22) 37, 242, 254, resistivity survey 20, 21 258,260,263,264,359,383,386,387 Richborough 185 unclassified wares 256 ridge and furrow 357 Upchurch ware 280 ring-keys 171, 172, 211 Verulamium region see Brockley Hill rings West Midlands, grog-tempered ware 254 ceramic, from Kingscote 105, 105,180, 181-3 Wiltshire or Avon 252-3 gold, with intaglio, from Salmonsbury Camp (S161) fine greyware 253 355,372 white-slipped mortaria 253 iron, from Kingscote 110, 204, 217 Wiltshire region 38, 239, 240, 242, 256, 257, 258, 260, 262, lead and copper alloy (multi-purpose), from Kingscote 263,264 204 black-burnished ware 242, 252, 257, 263 limestone (mould?), from Kingscote 102, 103 colour-coated ware 242, 251, 263 River Ground field, Bourton (S38, S39) 357-8, 366-7, grey sandy ware 242, 252 378,379,380,381,382 greywares 258, 382 roads and trackways lead-glazed ware 38, 242, 251-2 at Dorn 390, 395, 398 mica-slipped ware 242, 251 in Bourton area 353, 355, 356, 357, 358, 365, 367, North Wiltshire colour-coated ware 252 373,376,378-9,383,431 orange sandy ware 242, 252 in Kingscote and area 7-8, 15, 16, 280, 288, 431 Savernake ware 239, 240, 242, 251, 257, 263, 330, 382 in the Wycomb area 300, 304, 337, 341, 343-4, 345, whiteware 242, 252 346,348,431 prehistoric, from Kingscote ('grass-tempered') 35, 281 see also Buckle Street; Ermin Street; Fosse Way; Iron Age 347, 364 Ryknild Street; Whiteway from Bourton 371, 372, 376, 377, 382, 384 roof finials see under architectural stonework from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 388 roof tile, ceramic and stone, from Kingscote 13, 53, 57, from Wycomb (Syreford) 300,308,311-13,329,339, 58,62,179,268,270,283,285,290 341,342,343 roundhouses sub-Roman, organic-tempered 330, 372, 383 Iron Age/Roman 379, 381 Saxon 302, 355, 373, 378, 383 at Bourton 287, 379, 383 Index 473

at Salmonsbury 355, 364-5, 379 from Spring Hill 359, 376 ! rubbers shells (oyster; snail) 281, 383 from Kingscote, stone 177, 178-9, 224 Shipton from Kingscote Field IV (S49), quartzite 282 potin coin (S1047) 301, 345 from Wycomb (S30), quartzite 342 'Salperton Camp' or 'Penhill' (S1048) 345 Ryknild Street (Condicote Lane) 2, 353, 376, 378, 384 (S1010,S1022)343,344 Shipton Oliffe Salmonsbury Camp, IA hillfort (S2-8, S15, S31-2) 353, crouched burial (S1030) 301, 344 355,364-5,366,370,378,383,429,435 Roman occupation 302 burials (S171) 355, 364, 365, 373 (S1026) 344 coins 382 shoe (boot) fittings entrance (S66) 368 cleats 101, 165, 175 hoard of currency bars (S126) 355, 364, 371 hobnails 100, 101 pottery, Iron Age 382 shrine see under Bourton-on-the-Water; see also temples querns, Iron Age 382 Silchester 427, 434 roundhouses 355, 364-5, 379 silver objects see coins, Iron Age (S107,S115-18,S122,S166,S170)370,373 skillet handle, copper alloy (S47) 282 Salmonsbury Cottages (S88) 369 slabs/chopping boards, stone (vvorking surfaces) 177,179 salt springs 390 slags, iron ' Sandy Hoard, butteris 199 from Bourton 357, 382 Sandywell Park, lead coffins 302 from Dorn 390,397 Santhill359, 373 from Hazleton (S1038) 345 Tvveenbrooks(S1006,S1020)377,378,379,382 from Kingscote, site and FW 23, 24, 25, 202, 290 Sapperton 435 from Kingscote (S1046) 286 savv blades (carpenter's) 29, 104, 106, 107, 291 from Lovver Slaughter (Chessels) 386 Saxon period 4 from Syreford Mill 311, 313, 315, 350 at Bourton (and area) 383 Slaughter Bridge 383, 384, 37,8 hut 359 Saxon hut/RB (S1001) 359,i373 pottery 372, 378, 383 Slaughter Farm (S50) 367 ' at Bourton (Fosse Way), burials (S1013) 364, 376, 383 Slaughter Hundred 355 at Salmonsbury, burials (S47, S54, S67, S171) 355, slingstone, clay, Iron Age, from Wycomb (S30) 342 367,368 smith's tools 216, 217; and see dividers; hammer; poker; at Slaughter Bridge, grubenhaus (S1001) 359, 373, 383 punches at Whittington 302 snaffle-bits see horse equipment burials 72, 302 'sootrake', iron, from Lovver Slaughter (Chessels) 386 in Wycomb area 295, 302 spacer, jet, from Kingscote FW (S45) 282 see also pottery spade, iron sheathing, from ~eadenvvell 382, 435 scale balance vveight 212, 213 spatula (toilet or surgical instrument) 211 scissors, from Kingscote (S44) 282 spatula (tool), iron sculptures 435 from Kingscote 198, 199 at Lovver Slaughter 387, 388, 389 from Wycomb (S37) 342 in Cirencester 434 spearheads, iron see also altars; Fortuna; Minerva; votive objectss from Kingscote 196, 197, 216 Sea Mills, Roman fort 7, 430 from Spring Hill359, 376 seal spikes, iron intaglios 224 from Kingscote 107, 110-11, 193, 195 lead 212, 213 from Wycomb 342 :I see also cube seal spindle vvhorls sealboxes185, 188,212,213,218,219,224,226 from Bourton area 359, 364, 373, 377, 382 Sevenhampton (S1011) 343 from Kingscote 218 sevving needles clay 102, 103, 321 bone 167, 168, 169 lead 102, 103 copper alloy 168, 169 pottery 169, 211 shale objects 220; see also bracelets; pendants; spindle sandstone 169 vvhorls shale 168, 169, 219 shears, iron 435 from Kingscote Field IV (St8), unspec. 282 from Kingscote 197, 199, 291 from Kingscote FW (545), pottery 282 from Lovver Slaughter (Chessels) 388 from Syreford Mill 321 474 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

from Wycomb (530), pottery 342 animal and bird bones 306, 313, 314, 314, 315, split loop, iron 193, 195 317,318,334,350,422,423-4,428 spoon handle, iron, from Kingscote 103, 104, 105 bracelets 311, 316, 317, 319, 331, 332 spoon-probes (cyathiscomeles), copper alloy 101, brooches 315, 321-7, 329 102, 210 cemetery 305,308,315-18,331-3,348 spoons coin mould, stone 320, 321, 347, 350 bone, from Kingscote 209, 211, 219 coins 315,316,318,400-17 copper alloy field system and cropmark enclosure 350 from Bourton area 359 finds 305,308,311-13,315,319-30 from Kingscote 169, 170, 211, 218, 224 glass 313, 320 metal, from Wotton-under-Edge (51037) 286 gullies (Phase 1B) 311-12 tinned, from Wycomb (530) 342 hearth 315, 350 from Dorn 393 human remains (burials) 276,312,313,315-18,331-3, from Kingscote FW (545) 282 333,334 Springhead (Kent), settlement 348 iron slag 311, 313, 315, 350 Spring Hill, Lower Slaughter (51003, 51012, 51030) 359, knife, iron 321 373, 376, 377, 378 lead plate 320, 320 enclosures (51003,51004)359,373 ligula, copper alloy 313 spuds (agricultural tool) 107, 111, 196, 197, 291 Phase (0) 308 stable see Bourton Bridge villa Phase (lA-C) 308-10, 311, 312-13 Stanwick (Northants) 292, 293, 379, 432 Phase(2)308,313-15 staples, iron 107, 111, 193, 195-6 Phase (3) 308, 315-18 statuettes see Mars; Minerva postholes 310, 313 steelyard weight, bronze, from Kingscote 51, 183, 184, pottery 300,308,311-13,314,315,317,328, 185-6,218,220,291,435 329-30,347,351 steelyards, iron, from Dorn 392, 396, 435 spindle whorl, clay 321 stone, architectural see architectural stonework; floor inlay; table-tops; tile tablet, limestone (51019) 285 stone objects 220; of uncertain function 102, 103; see also table tops, stone (column) 62, 73, 74, 76, 77, 179, 180, 181 discs; Fortuna; hone stones; mortars; mould; tags, copper alloy 165 palettes; querns and millstones; rubbers; tanks, lead, at Leadenwell, Bourton (59, 5132) 356, 365, slabs/ chopping boards; spindle whorls; table-tops; 371,381-2 votive objects; whetstones Temple Guiting, cemetery 316 strap bracket 215, 216 temples 4, 433, 435 strap-end 214, 216 at Chedworth 342 straps, iron 104, 105, 111 at Lower Slaughter (Chessels) (51015) 376, 388 structural fittings and fastenings 191, 193, 195 atWycomb295,297,304,338-9,347,348-9,351 studs, copper alloy see also Uley from Kingscote and FW 190, 192, 194,213,214,220 terminals, copper alloy, from boxes or furniture 51, 58, from Kingscote FW (545) 282 70,291 studs (decorative mounts), copper alloy 163, 164-5, 220 tesserae styli 224, 226, 435 from Chedworth (51005), glass 343 copper alloy, from Kingscote 185, 187, 218, 220, 291, 292 from Crow Hill 290 iron from Dorn 391, 396 from Kingscote 30, 104, 105-6, 175, 187-8, from Horsley (51023) 285 216, 217, 218, 291 from Kingscote FW 24, 25 from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 388 from Whittington (51017) 343 iron/ copper alloy, from River Ground, Bourton 382 from Wycomb 298 unspec., from Kingscote FW 212, 213, 292 textile manufacture Sudely, shrine 435 at Bourton 382 sword handle, from Salmonsbury, Saxon (5162) 355, 372 at Kingscote 103,218-19,222,224 Symond's Hall Farm (51036, 51038) 7, 9, 286 see also loom weights; needles; pins; sewing needles; Syreford (511, 5342) 295, 340, 342 spindle whorls cremation (53) 300 Thames Valley, Upper, villas 432 Gravel Pit (514) 340 Thorpe (Notts) 395 urn (523) 300, 341 tile, ceramic 55, 268-70, 280, 281 see also Old Syreford Gravel Pit from Kingscote and FW 13, 25, 42, 51, 52, 55, 62, 63, 67, Syreford Mill295, 300,305-18,429 277,280,281,285,286,289,290 Index 475

from Wycomb 298 Vineyards Farm, Iron Age settlement 429 Arveri stamp 268, 269 votive objects 284, 290, 350,.435 box-tile (tubulus) 55, 268, 344 from Bourton, stone relief 359 floor inlay 270 at Chedworth, workshop ,(S1025) 342, 344 flue 9, 55, 277, 280, 281 from Kingscote area, Celtic mother-goddesses on carved half box 268 slab and tablets (S1036) 9, 286 hypocaust13,283,298,302,338,345,349 from Lower Slaughter 377~ 386, 387, 388, 389 imbrex 268 from Whittington, votive reliefs (S35) 342, 435 production 436 at Wycomb 299, 339, 350 ridge 62 horn-cores 339, 350 stamped 36, 37, 67, 268, 269-70, 268, 343 see also Fortuna; genii cucullati; Mars; Minerva; tegula 268 temples; wells Tiltups End (S1026) 285 toilet spoons, copper alloy wall hook, iron 193, 195 from Kingscote 101, 166, 167, 210 wall-plaster from Syreford Mill319, 320 at Dorn 391 tombstones(S1013,S1015-1017,S1032) 7,9,284-5,284,289 at Whittington 302, 343 tools, iron 216, 217, 221, 222, 224, 435; see also at Wycomb 343 agricultural tools; awls; butteris; carpenter's tools; see also Kingscote chisels; dividers; hammer; handles; mason's chisel; Wall-Well, Roman occupation (S1039) 302, 345 poker; punches; 'sootrake'; spade; spatula; trowel, Wanborough 430,431 mason's water supplies 7, 431 transport 222, 224; see also horse equipment; lynch pins Watling Street 431 'transport cafe' see under Bourton-on-the-Water burgi 399 triclinia 69, 261, 290 · 'wayside shrine' see under Bourton-on-the-Water Trinovantes 113, 430 weed seeds 27 4 trowel, mason's, from Leadenwell382 weights, lead turnspit, iron, from Dorn 392, 396 from Bourton 382 tweezers from Kingscote 184, 186, 218, 220, 222, 291 from Dom397 from Kingscote Field IV (S4S) 282 from Kingscote, copper alloy 101, 165, 166, 167, 210, 218 for scale balance 212, 213 see also fishing weight(?); steelyard weight Uley, temple 4, 208, 218, 288, 289, 290, 291, 347, well head, stone, from Bourton 359 349,351,429,435 wells animal bone 424 at Bourton 358, 359, 368, 378, 380, 381 bracelets 113 at Dom 392, 396 ceramic rings 182 at Lower Slaughter (Chessels), ritual376, 386-7, finds 224, 225, 226 388-9,435 pottery 241, 253, 254, 263-4, 288 West Dean (Wilts) 70 (S1044) 286 West Hill, Uley (Site No.1009) ~83 see also Uley Bury; West Hill Westonbirt (S1011, S1015, S1025, S1040) 7, 283, 284-5, Uley Bury, hillfort (S1052) 286, 429 286 Upper Chessalls (field) 9, 10 wheel tyre, iron, from Bourton 371 Upper Slaughter whetstones 435 burial (S1028) 377 from Kingscote 176, 177, 178, 211, 212, 224, 291 burials 359, 364 from Kingscote (S54, S56) 282 Castle Mound (S1033), brooch 359, 377-8. from Lower Slaughter (Chessels) 388 (S1011,S1016,S1028)376,377 from River Ground 382 urns, funerary Whiteshoots Hill (S136, S163-4) 357, 366, 371, 373, at Bourton (S172) 371, 379 378,379 at Kingscote (S13) 9, 280 (S11) 356, 365 at Lower Slaughter, Bronze Age 384 Whiteshoots House (S102) 370 at Syreford (S3) 300 Whiteway (White Way) 2, 7, 345, 348, 431 at Wycomb (Syreford) (S23) 300, 316, 341 (S1018) 343 Whitminster 432 villas 1, 4, 9, 71, 292-3, 301-2, 428, 431-3, 435; Whittington (S1021, S1037, S1044-6) 295, 302, 344, 345 see also Bourton Bridge villa; Chedworth; Kingscote Court, bath building in villa (S1014) 302, 343 Site 2, Building VIII; Lasborough; Withington genii cucullati (votive reliefs) (S35) 342, 435 476 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

Sandywell Park (51031) 344 writing equipment 222; see also cube seal; styli Saxon finds 302 Wroxeter 434 terrace-way (51049) 345, 348 Wyck Rissington 359 Waltham Field (51017, 51040), building 302,343,345 Heath Hill Farm (51017) 376, 384 Wickham (S7) 340 RB pottery (51024) 359, 377 Wickham Hill, graves and barrows 348 Wycomb 1, 2, 4, 431, 433 Winchester 421, 424, 426, 427 aerial photographic transcription (Areas 1-3) 302-4 window glass amphitheatre (SS) 299, 300, 349-50, 431 from Kingscote (551) 282 archaeological background 295-300 from Kingscote Site [2] 226 brooches 114, 118, 122, 123, 134, 136, 137, 141, Windrush, River 353, 430 147,148,300,321-7,324,327,329,341,347 Winterton (Humbs) 70 buildings 349-50 Witcombe, villa 429 coins 295, 297, 299,. 300, 301, 302, 338, 347, 400-21, 433 Withington (51002, 51006, 51016, 51033-4, 51039, gazetteers 337-46 51041-2,51055)296,342,343,344,345, 346 hunting 435 ditch, ?Iron Age (51054) 301, 345 location 295 villa (51001) 302, 342 morphology 348 see also Foxcote Manor origins and location 347-8 Woodchester 8, 87, 432 religion 435 Worcester, benefactions from Dorn 398 temple 295, 297, 304, 338-9, 347, 348-9, 351 Wortley villas 434 sandstone discs 176 see also Andoversford Bypass; Syreford Mill villa 9, 432 Wotton-under-Edge Yanworth (51035, 51043) 302, 344-5 (51014,51035-8) 284,285-6 (51013) 343 (57) 277 (51057-8) 346 wrist guard(?), bone 215, 216 Cotswold Archaeology This volume reports the results of two important excavations on Roman sites in the Gloucestershire Cotswolds: Kingscote (1973-1980) and Wycomb (1973-1977). The substantial collection of finds recovered are catalogued and discussed. New and detailed aerial and topographic surveys by the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England and a geophysical survey of .Kingscote by English Heritage are included .

.Kingscote is interpreted as an estate centre and Wycomb as a small town. Other similar sites in the Cotswolds are described and comparisons made.

ISBN 0 9523196 1 6

Cotswold Archaeological Trust Ltd Headquarters Building Unit 9, Kemble Business Park Cirencester, Glos GL 7 6BQ