Tone & Intonation Chapter
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Intonation Pitch and Stress – a Guide
INTONATION PITCH AND STRESS – A GUIDE Say this sentence aloud and count how many seconds it takes. The beautiful Mountain appeared transfixed in the distance. Time required? Probably about 5 seconds. Now, try speaking this sentence aloud. He can come on Sundays as long as he doesn’t have to do any homework in the evening. Time required? Probably about 5 seconds! Wait a minute the first sentence is much shorter than the second sentence! You are only partially right! This simple exercise makes a very important point about how we speak and use English. Namely, English is considered a stressed language while many other languages are considered syllabic. Some words are given more emphasis and l o n g e r some words are quickly spoken, sometimes ‘eaten!’ Kenneth Beare The Basics : In English speech there are a combination of stressed (strong) and unstressed (weak) syllables. • It was the best car for them to buy. The syllable which is stressed the most is called the nuclear syllable. • It was the best car for them to buy. (Buy is the nuclear syllable.) The nuclear syllable carries the main focus of information. It also carries any new information. • We looked at the hatchback. (Hatchback is new information). • The hatchback was old. (Hatchback is given information. Old is new information). The nuclear syllable sounds louder than the other stressed syllables. It also has a change of pitch. Pitch movements : The two most common pitch movements are: 1. rising pitch yés 2. falling pitch yès Compare these replies: Q: When would it suit you to come? A: Nów? (The intonation expresses a question : would it be OK if I came now?) Q: When would it suit you to come? A: Nòw. -
Phrasing, Register Level Downstep and Partial Topic Constructions in Neapolitan Italian
Phrasing, register level downstep and partial topic constructions in Neapolitan Italian Mariapaola D’Imperio and Francesco Cangemi In this paper, we analyze data from Neapolitan Italian showing that register level downstep across prosodic phrases can be a function of information structure and specific discourse strategies. Specifically, we hypothesized that in NP VP sentences, Partial (and thus contrastive) Topic NP phrases are followed by a phrase break and by a downstepped register level in the VP phrase, while this is not true in non-contrastive constructions. We also show that this type of register level downstep is not to be confused with the extreme register compression effect caused by early, contrastive focus (on the sentence-initial NP), though both Partial Topic and Contrastive Focus on a Subject NP appear to induce a phrase break between the NP and the VP phrase. Keywords : partial topic, contrastive focus, preboundary lengthening, register level downstep, Neapolitan Italian. 1. Introduction Within the Autosegmental-Metrical theory, pitch accents are predicted to be scaled relatively lower when later within an intermediate phrase, by virtue of either downstep or final lowering (Liberman and Pierrehumbert 1984). Downstep is predicted to be blocked across phrases, since (complete) pitch reset is observed after an intermediate phrase boundary. However, Ladd (1988) noted that partial reset can be observed in English for certain syntactic constructions, and hence proposed to model this effect as downstep of abstract register features across larger domains (such as two successive intermediate phrases within an intonation phrase). More recently, Truckenbrodt and colleagues (Truckenbrodt 2002; Féry and Truckenbrodt 2005) have emphasized the relevance of prosodic constituency in the dowstepping of register levels in German, by claiming that pitch accent values are merely relational and that the level of prosodic embedding determines the height of the peak. -
Downstep and Recursive Phonological Phrases in Bàsàá (Bantu A43) Fatima Hamlaoui ZAS, Berlin; University of Toronto Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso ZAS, Berlin
Chapter 9 Downstep and recursive phonological phrases in Bàsàá (Bantu A43) Fatima Hamlaoui ZAS, Berlin; University of Toronto Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso ZAS, Berlin This paper identifies contexts in which a downstep is realized between consecu- tive H tones in absence of an intervening L tone in Bàsàá (Bantu A43, Cameroon). Based on evidence from simple sentences, we propose that this type of downstep is indicative of recursive prosodic phrasing. In particular, we propose that a down- step occurs between the phonological phrases that are immediately dominated by a maximal phonological phrase (휙max). 1 Introduction In their book on the relation between tone and intonation in African languages, Downing & Rialland (2016) describe the study of downtrends as almost being a field in itself in the field of prosody. In line with the considerable literature on the topic, they offer the following decomposition of downtrends: 1. Declination 2. Downdrift (or ‘automatic downstep’) 3. Downstep (or ‘non-automatic downstep’) 4. Final lowering 5. Register compression/expansion or register lowering/raising Fatima Hamlaoui & Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso. 2019. Downstep and recursive phonological phrases in Bàsàá (Bantu A43). In Emily Clem, Peter Jenks & Hannah Sande (eds.), Theory and description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 155–175. Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3367136 Fatima Hamlaoui & Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso In the present paper, which concentrates on Bàsàá, a Narrow Bantu language (A43 in Guthrie’s classification) spoken in the Centre and Littoral regions of Cameroon by approx. 300,000 speakers (Lewis et al. 2015), we will first briefly define and discuss declination and downdrift, as the language displays bothphe- nomena. -
Counterfactual-Hando
Third International Conference on Iranian Linguistics 11th-13th September 2009, Paris, Sorbonne Nouvelle Arseniy Vydrin Institute of Linguistic Studies St.Petersburg, Russia [email protected] Counterfactual mood in Iron Ossetic Ossetic1 (Northeastern Iranian): Iron, Digor dialects. Spoken mostly in The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, about 500000 native speakers. 1. Counterfactual meaning Counterfactual meaning can be defined as the meaning which is contrary to the actual state of affairs. Conditional constructions with irreal condition are the easiest way to express the counterfactual meaning. For example, Persian: (1) Agar tabar-rā az dast-aš na-geferte1 bud2-and if axe-OBL PREP hand-ENCL.3SG NEG-take.PLUPERF1,2-3PL hame-ye mā-rā tekke pāre karde1 bud2-and all-EZF we-OBL piece piece do.PLUPERF1,2-3PL ‘If they hadn’t taken the axe from him we would have been hacked to pieces’ (S. Hedāyat. Katja). Couterfactual is considered to be the core meaning of the semantic domain of irrealis [Plungian 2005]. However, as shown in [Lazard 1998; Van Linden and Verstraete 2008], very few languages have a narrow dedicated marker for expressing only counterfactuality. In most languages, counterfactual meaning is a part of the semantic repertoire of some other “broad” markers, primarily associated with the domain of possibility / probability or past (including, according to Lazard, such values as prospective, desiderative, debitive, inceptive, evidentiality, habitual, subjunctive and optative). Most of the Iranian languages: past habitual, imperfect or pluperfect markers. Among languages which possess a dedicated counterfactual marker Lazard cites Turkana (Nilotic), Ewondo (Bantu), Yoruba and classic Nahuatl. Van Linden and Verstraete add Chukchi (Chukotko-Kamchatkan), Hua (Trans–New Guinea), Ika (Chibchan-Paezan), Kolyma Yukaghir, Martuthunira (Pama-Nyungan) and Somali (Cushitic). -
Rising) Or Circumflex (Falling) Intonation
Syllables, intonations and Auslautgesetze MIGUEL CARRASQUER VIDAL Syllables and intonations In Greek, long vowels and diphthongs can have acute (rising) or circumflex (falling) intonation. The distinction directly reflects pre-Greek differences in intonation only in oxytone forms, due to the working of a set of accentological laws (the “law of limitation” and the “σωτῆρα”-rule) that make the choice between acute and circumflex automatic in non-final syllables. In Lithuanian, long vowels and diphthongs can also be acute or circumflex, although the acute has become a falling intonation, and the circumflex a rising one. Latvian has a falling intonation (`) corresponding to the Lithuanian circumflex, and two intonations (˜ and ^) corresponding to the Lithuanian acute: the “Dehnton” (˜) implies an originally stressed acute, the “Stoßton” or “broken (glottalized) tone” (^) an originally pretonic acute. In Old Prussian, the distinction is reflected orthographically on diphthongs only (falling/circumflex āi vs. rising/acute aī). In Slavic, the distinction has been neutralized in mobile paradigms (Meillet’s law), but is preserved in original barytones: acute stems remain barytone (a.p. a), while in circumflex (or short) root syllables the stress shifts forward by Dybo’s law (a.p. b). Finally, the Germanic Auslautgesetze also show a distinction in the reflexes of final acute vs. circumflex vowels and diphthongs. Given the above facts, it stands to reason to assign the distinction between rising and falling intonation on long vowels and diphthongs to Proto- Indo-European, or at least to the PIE dialect ancestral to Greek, Balto-Slavic and Germanic. However, a number of problems still remain. (1) the Greek and Balto-Slavic intonations do not always agree; (2) there is controversy over the Balto-Slavic reflexes of certain sequences (e.g. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
Intonation in Language Acquisition Evidence from German
Intonation in Language Acquisition Evidence from German Inaugural – Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln im Fach Phonetik Thomas Grünloh ii Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank my supervisors, Michael Tomasello & Elena Lieven from the Max Planck Institute for evolutionary Anthropology and Martine Grice from the University of Cologne, IfL – Phonetics. They not only gave me good advice, engaging discussions and supported me with my PhD research, they also gave me the freedom that I needed to find my own way. To my family, I´d like to say thank you so much for always supporting me in whatever I`ve chosen to do. So many people at the MPI-EVA have helped to make my work possible. In particular, I´d like to thank the nurseries, parents and children who took the time and effort to participate in my studies. Special thanks goes to Nadja Richter, Angela Loose and Manja Teich without whom testing wouldn´t have been possible; also to Henriette Zeidler and Annett Witzmann who put so much effort into organizing trips, working life and dealing with administrative questions. I owe a great deal to Roger Mundry who helped make my statistics a breeze, to the research assistants in Leipzig, as well as Petra Jahn and her team. Additionally, I wish to thank everyone at the Institut fur Phonetik, Köln. I`m very grateful to all those institutes from whom I´ve received helpful comments at colloquia and help with administrative problems. Additionally, I´d like to thank everybody in the Child Language group in Leipzig and Manchester for always being open to new (and sometimes crazy) research proposals. -
Contrastive Modelling of the Intonation of Recapitulatory Echo Interrogative Sentences in Modern American English and Cuban Spanish
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Nottingham ePrints Garcia Romero, Gilberto (2013) Contrastive modelling of the intonation of recapitulatory echo interrogative sentences in modern American English and Cuban Spanish. MA(Res) thesis, University of Nottingham. Access from the University of Nottingham repository: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13527/1/AN_INTONATIONAL_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_INTERR OGATIVE_SYSTEMS_IN_MODERN_ENGLISH_AND_CUBAN_SPANISH_2012.pdf Copyright and reuse: The Nottingham ePrints service makes this work by researchers of the University of Nottingham available open access under the following conditions. · Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. · To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in Nottingham ePrints has been checked for eligibility before being made available. · Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not- for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. · Quotations or similar reproductions must be sufficiently acknowledged. Please see our full end user licence at: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/end_user_agreement.pdf A note on versions: The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. -
Programa Saboloo
October 27 14 00 Symposium Opening (The Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 52 Rustaveli Ave., 5th floor, a conference hall) Opening address – President of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Acad. T. Gamkrelidze D. Shashkin – Minister of Education and Science of Georgia A. Kvitashvili – Rector of Iv.Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University L. Ezugbaia – Director of Arn. Chikobava Institute of Linguistics G. Gambashidze – President of Fund of Caucasus S. Pasov – Pro-rector of Karachay-Cherkessian State University Kh. Taov – Pro-rector of Kabardo-Balkarian State University A. Abregov – Head of the Chair of the Generel Linguistics of the Adyghe State University Ts. Baramidze – Full Professor at Iv. Javakhishvili State University I. Abdullaev – A senior research-worker of H.Tsadasa Institute of Language, Literature and Art A. Timaev – Head of the Chair of the Chechen language at Chechen State University S. Patiev – Docent of the Chair of the Ingush language at Ingush State Iniversity 15 00 Plenary Report G. Kvaratskhelia (Tbilisi) _ Like-Mindedness and Hereditariness in Science N. Machavariani (Tbilisi) _ Ketevan Lomtatidze's life and activity A. Arabuli, V. Shengelia (Tbilisi) _ Academician Ketevan Lomtatidze's contribution to studying the Abkhaz-Circassian and Kartvelian languages Address Speeches and Memories: M. Lordkipanidze, I. Asatiani, B. Outtier, R. Janashia, N. Andguladze, A. Chincharauli, T. Berozashvili, A. Arabuli, T. Ujukhu... 24 October 28 Sectional Meetings I Section 10 00 _ 11 30 Chairs : I. Abdullaev, G. Kvaratskhelia T. Uturgaidze (Tbilisi) _ On the Subject of the Mix of Models in Lingual Systems A. Khalidov (Grozny) _ About Ascertainment of Affinity of Ibero-Caucasian Languages (in support of M.E. -
Register in Eastern Cham: Phonological, Phonetic and Sociolinguistic Approaches
REGISTER IN EASTERN CHAM: PHONOLOGICAL, PHONETIC AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACHES A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Marc Brunelle August 2005 © 2005 Marc Brunelle REGISTER IN EASTERN CHAM: PHONOLOGICAL, PHONETIC AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACHES Marc Brunelle, Ph.D. Cornell University, 2005 The Chamic language family is often cited as a test case for contact linguistics. Although Chamic languages are Austronesian, they are claimed to have converged with Mon-Khmer languages and adopted features from their closest neighbors. A good example of such a convergence is the realization of phonological register in Cham dialects. In many Southeast Asian languages, the loss of the voicing contrast in onsets has led to the development of two registers, bundles of features that initially included pitch, voice quality, vowel quality and durational differences and that are typically realized on rimes. While Cambodian Cham realizes register mainly through vowel quality, just like Khmer, the registers of the Cham dialect spoken in south- central Vietnam (Eastern Cham) are claimed to have evolved into tone, a property that plays a central role in Vietnamese phonology. This dissertation evaluates the hypothesis that contact with Vietnamese is responsible for the recent evolution of Eastern Cham register by exploring the nature of the sound system of Eastern Cham from phonetic, phonological and sociolinguistic perspectives. Proponents of the view that Eastern Cham has a complex tone system claim that tones arose from the phonemicization of register allophones conditioned by codas after the weakening or deletion of coda stops and laryngeals. -
Stress Chapter
Word stress in the languages of the Caucasus1 Lena Borise 1. Introduction Languages of the Caucasus exhibit impressive diversity when it comes to word stress. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the stress systems in North-West Caucasian (henceforth NWC), Nakh-Dagestanian (ND), and Kartvelian languages, as well as the larger Indo-European (IE) languages of the area, Ossetic and (Eastern) Armenian. For most of these languages, stress facts have only been partially described and analyzed, which raises the question about whether the available data can be used in more theoretically-oriented studies; cf. de Lacy (2014). Instrumental studies are not numerous either. Therefore, the current chapter relies mainly on impressionistic observations, and reflects the state of the art in the study of stress in these languages: there are still more questions than answers. The hope is that the present summary of the existing research can serve as a starting point for future investigations. This chapter is structured as follows. Section 2 describes languages that have free stress placement – i.e., languages in which stress placement is not predicted by phonological or morphological factors. Section 3 describes languages with fixed stress. These categories are not mutually exclusive, however. The classification of stress systems is best thought of as a continuum, with fixed stress and free stress languages as the two extremes, and most languages falling in the space between them. Many languages with fixed stress allow for exceptions based on certain phonological and/or morphological factors, so that often no firm line can be drawn between, e.g., languages with fixed stress that contain numerous morphologically conditioned exceptions (cf. -
How Does Phonetics Interact with Phonology During Tone Sandhi?
How does phonetics interact with phonology during tone sandhi? Bijun Ling Tongji University [email protected] ABSTRACT whether the phonological system affects the phonetic interaction of consonant and f0. This paper investigated the phonetics and phonology Shanghai Wu, a northern Wu dialect of Chinese, of consonant–f0 interaction in Shanghai Wu. Bi- offers a good study case for this research question. syllabic compound nouns, which form tone sandhi Shanghai Wu has five lexical tones, which can be domain, were elicited within template sentences with described by three features [27]: F0 contour: falling two factors controlled: lexical tones (T1[HM], (T1) and rising (T2-T5); Tonal register: high (T1, T2, T3[LM], T5[LMq]) and consonant types (obstruents T4) and low (T3, T5); and Duration: long (T1-T3) and & nasals). Results showed that although the base tone short (T4, T5). They exhibit interesting co-occurrence contrast of the second syllable is neutralized by patterns with both the onset and coda of the tone- phonological tone sandhi rules, the onset f0 of the bearing syllable. Syllables with voiceless onsets only second syllable with low tones (T3) is significantly allow tones that start in the high register, i.e. T1, T2 lower than that with high tone (T1). Furthermore, and T4; while voiced onsets co-occur with tones that such difference cannot be just attributed to the start in the low register, i.e. T3 and T5. Interestingly, consonant perturbation, because it also exists when the sonorant consonants could occur with both high the consonant (i.e. /m/) is the same for all three tones.