How Does Phonetics Interact with Phonology During Tone Sandhi?
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Sign Language Typology Series
SIGN LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY SERIES The Sign Language Typology Series is dedicated to the comparative study of sign languages around the world. Individual or collective works that systematically explore typological variation across sign languages are the focus of this series, with particular emphasis on undocumented, underdescribed and endangered sign languages. The scope of the series primarily includes cross-linguistic studies of grammatical domains across a larger or smaller sample of sign languages, but also encompasses the study of individual sign languages from a typological perspective and comparison between signed and spoken languages in terms of language modality, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to sign language typology. Interrogative and Negative Constructions in Sign Languages Edited by Ulrike Zeshan Sign Language Typology Series No. 1 / Interrogative and negative constructions in sign languages / Ulrike Zeshan (ed.) / Nijmegen: Ishara Press 2006. ISBN-10: 90-8656-001-6 ISBN-13: 978-90-8656-001-1 © Ishara Press Stichting DEF Wundtlaan 1 6525XD Nijmegen The Netherlands Fax: +31-24-3521213 email: [email protected] http://ishara.def-intl.org Cover design: Sibaji Panda Printed in the Netherlands First published 2006 Catalogue copy of this book available at Depot van Nederlandse Publicaties, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag (www.kb.nl/depot) To the deaf pioneers in developing countries who have inspired all my work Contents Preface........................................................................................................10 -
Phrasing, Register Level Downstep and Partial Topic Constructions in Neapolitan Italian
Phrasing, register level downstep and partial topic constructions in Neapolitan Italian Mariapaola D’Imperio and Francesco Cangemi In this paper, we analyze data from Neapolitan Italian showing that register level downstep across prosodic phrases can be a function of information structure and specific discourse strategies. Specifically, we hypothesized that in NP VP sentences, Partial (and thus contrastive) Topic NP phrases are followed by a phrase break and by a downstepped register level in the VP phrase, while this is not true in non-contrastive constructions. We also show that this type of register level downstep is not to be confused with the extreme register compression effect caused by early, contrastive focus (on the sentence-initial NP), though both Partial Topic and Contrastive Focus on a Subject NP appear to induce a phrase break between the NP and the VP phrase. Keywords : partial topic, contrastive focus, preboundary lengthening, register level downstep, Neapolitan Italian. 1. Introduction Within the Autosegmental-Metrical theory, pitch accents are predicted to be scaled relatively lower when later within an intermediate phrase, by virtue of either downstep or final lowering (Liberman and Pierrehumbert 1984). Downstep is predicted to be blocked across phrases, since (complete) pitch reset is observed after an intermediate phrase boundary. However, Ladd (1988) noted that partial reset can be observed in English for certain syntactic constructions, and hence proposed to model this effect as downstep of abstract register features across larger domains (such as two successive intermediate phrases within an intonation phrase). More recently, Truckenbrodt and colleagues (Truckenbrodt 2002; Féry and Truckenbrodt 2005) have emphasized the relevance of prosodic constituency in the dowstepping of register levels in German, by claiming that pitch accent values are merely relational and that the level of prosodic embedding determines the height of the peak. -
Lessons from Research on Ideophones Mark Dingemanse Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6500 AH Nijmegen, NL [email protected]
a journal of Dingemanse, Mark. 2018. Redrawing the margins of language: Lessons from general linguistics Glossa research on ideophones. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 3(1): 4. 1–30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.444 OVERVIEW ARTICLE Redrawing the margins of language: Lessons from research on ideophones Mark Dingemanse Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6500 AH Nijmegen, NL [email protected] Ideophones (also known as expressives or mimetics, and including onomatopoeia) have been systematically studied in linguistics since the 1850s, when they were first described as a lexical class of vivid sensory words in West-African languages. This paper surveys the research history of ideophones, from its roots in African linguistics to its fruits in general linguistics and typology around the globe. It shows that despite a recurrent narrative of marginalisation, work on ideophones has made an impact in many areas of linguistics, from theories of phonological features to typologies of manner and motion, and from sound symbolism to sensory language. Due to their hybrid nature as gradient vocal gestures that grow roots in discrete linguistic systems, ideophones provide opportunities to reframe typological questions, reconsider the role of language ideology in linguistic scholarship, and rethink the margins of language. With ideophones increasingly being brought into the fold of the language sciences, this review synthesises past theoretical insights and empirical findings in order to enable future work to build on them. Keywords: ideophones; iconicity; linguistic theory; language ideology “Words go on living despite the efforts of scholars to manage them.” — Taro Gomi (1989) 1 Introduction Ideophones are marked words that depict sensory scenes like c’onc’on ‘woven tightly’, ulakpulak ‘unbalanced, scary appearance’ and colcol ‘flowing liquid’ in Korean, or muku- muku ‘mumbling mouth movements’, gelegele ‘glittery appearance’ and gbadara-gbadara ‘a drunkard’s wobbling gait’ in Siwu, a Kwa language spoken in Ghana (Dingemanse 2012). -
Downstep and Recursive Phonological Phrases in Bàsàá (Bantu A43) Fatima Hamlaoui ZAS, Berlin; University of Toronto Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso ZAS, Berlin
Chapter 9 Downstep and recursive phonological phrases in Bàsàá (Bantu A43) Fatima Hamlaoui ZAS, Berlin; University of Toronto Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso ZAS, Berlin This paper identifies contexts in which a downstep is realized between consecu- tive H tones in absence of an intervening L tone in Bàsàá (Bantu A43, Cameroon). Based on evidence from simple sentences, we propose that this type of downstep is indicative of recursive prosodic phrasing. In particular, we propose that a down- step occurs between the phonological phrases that are immediately dominated by a maximal phonological phrase (휙max). 1 Introduction In their book on the relation between tone and intonation in African languages, Downing & Rialland (2016) describe the study of downtrends as almost being a field in itself in the field of prosody. In line with the considerable literature on the topic, they offer the following decomposition of downtrends: 1. Declination 2. Downdrift (or ‘automatic downstep’) 3. Downstep (or ‘non-automatic downstep’) 4. Final lowering 5. Register compression/expansion or register lowering/raising Fatima Hamlaoui & Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso. 2019. Downstep and recursive phonological phrases in Bàsàá (Bantu A43). In Emily Clem, Peter Jenks & Hannah Sande (eds.), Theory and description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 155–175. Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3367136 Fatima Hamlaoui & Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso In the present paper, which concentrates on Bàsàá, a Narrow Bantu language (A43 in Guthrie’s classification) spoken in the Centre and Littoral regions of Cameroon by approx. 300,000 speakers (Lewis et al. 2015), we will first briefly define and discuss declination and downdrift, as the language displays bothphe- nomena. -
1 Meeting of the Committee of Editors of Linguistics Journals January 10
Meeting of the Committee of Editors of Linguistics Journals January 10, 2016 Washington, DC Present: Eric Baković, Greg Carlson, Abby Cohn, Elizabeth Cowper, Kai von Fintel, Brian Joseph, Tom Purnell, Johan Rooryck (via Skype) 1. Unified Stylesheet v2.0 Kai von Fintel discussed his involvement in a working group aiming to “update, revise, amend, precisify” the existing Unified Stylesheet for Linguistics Journals. An email from von Fintel on this topic sent to the editors’ mailing list shortly after our meeting is copied at the end of these minutes. Abby Cohn noted that Laboratory Phonology will continue to use APA style given its close contact with relevant fields that use also this style. It was also noted and agreed that authors should be encouraged to ensure the stability of online works for citation purposes. 2. LingOA Johan Rooryck reported on the very recent transition of subscription Lingua (Elsevier) to open access Glossa (Ubiquity Press), and addressed questions about a document he sent to the editors’ mailing list in November (also appended at the end of these minutes). The document invites the editorial teams of other subscription journals in linguistics and related fields to make the move to fair open access, as defined by LingOA (http://lingoa.eu), to join Glossa as well as Laboratory Phonology and Journal of Portuguese Linguistics. On January 9, David Barner (Psychology & Linguistics, UC San Diego) and Jesse Snedeker (Psychology, Harvard) called for fair open access at Cognition, another Elsevier journal. (See http://meaningseeds.com/2016/01/09/fair- open-access-at-cognition/.) The transition of Lingua to Glossa has apparently gone even smoother than expected. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
Register in Eastern Cham: Phonological, Phonetic and Sociolinguistic Approaches
REGISTER IN EASTERN CHAM: PHONOLOGICAL, PHONETIC AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACHES A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Marc Brunelle August 2005 © 2005 Marc Brunelle REGISTER IN EASTERN CHAM: PHONOLOGICAL, PHONETIC AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACHES Marc Brunelle, Ph.D. Cornell University, 2005 The Chamic language family is often cited as a test case for contact linguistics. Although Chamic languages are Austronesian, they are claimed to have converged with Mon-Khmer languages and adopted features from their closest neighbors. A good example of such a convergence is the realization of phonological register in Cham dialects. In many Southeast Asian languages, the loss of the voicing contrast in onsets has led to the development of two registers, bundles of features that initially included pitch, voice quality, vowel quality and durational differences and that are typically realized on rimes. While Cambodian Cham realizes register mainly through vowel quality, just like Khmer, the registers of the Cham dialect spoken in south- central Vietnam (Eastern Cham) are claimed to have evolved into tone, a property that plays a central role in Vietnamese phonology. This dissertation evaluates the hypothesis that contact with Vietnamese is responsible for the recent evolution of Eastern Cham register by exploring the nature of the sound system of Eastern Cham from phonetic, phonological and sociolinguistic perspectives. Proponents of the view that Eastern Cham has a complex tone system claim that tones arose from the phonemicization of register allophones conditioned by codas after the weakening or deletion of coda stops and laryngeals. -
C.1530 Sarah Raskin
False Oaths The Silent Alliance between Church and Heretics in England, c.1400-c.1530 Sarah Raskin Submitted in partial fulFillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Sarah Raskin All rights reserved ABSTRACT False Oaths: The Silent Alliance between Church and Heretics in England, c. 1400-1530 Sarah Raskin This dissertation re-examines trials for heresy in England from 1382, which saw the First major action directed at the WyclifFite heresy in Oxford, and the early Reformation period, with an emphasis on abjurations, the oaths renouncing heretical beliefs that suspects were required to swear after their interrogations were concluded. It draws a direct link between the customs that developed around the ceremony of abjuration and the exceptionally low rate of execution for “relapsed” and “obstinate” heretics in England, compared to other major European anti-heresy campaigns of the period. Several cases are analyzed in which heretics who should have been executed, according to the letter and intention of canon law on the subject, were permitted to abjure, sometimes repeatedly. Other cases ended in execution despite intense efforts by the presiding bishop to obtain a similarly law-bending abjuration. All these cases are situated in the context of the constitutions governing heresy trials as well as a survey of the theology and cultural standing of oaths within both WyclifFism and the broader Late Medieval and Early Modern world. This dissertation traces how Lollard heretics gradually accepted the necessity of false abjuration as one of a number of measures to preserve their lives and their movement, and how early adopters using coded writing carefully persuaded their co-religionists of this necessity. -
ABC+Q: Contour Segments and Tones in (Sub)Segmental Agreement by Correspondence
Inkelas & Shih 25 May 2013 ABC+Q: Contour segments and tones in (sub)segmental Agreement by Correspondence Sharon Inkelas (UC Berkeley) & Stephanie S Shih (Stanford/UC Berkeley) [email protected], [email protected] 0 INTRODUCTION Phonological theory has long been challenged by the behavior of contour segments and contour tones in harmony patterns. (1) Contour segments: segments with distinct gestures sequenced in time (Sagey 1986; et seq.) a. pre- and post-nasalized segments (e.g., nd, dn) b. affricates (e.g., ʧ) c. pre- or post-laryngealized segments (e.g., kʰ, ʰk) d. contour tones (e.g., ǎ, â, ǎ` ) e. diphthongs (e.g., aɪ) f. on- and off-glides (e.g., ju, kʷ) (a), (c), see Steriade 1993; 1994; (b), see Lombardi 1990; see also Banner-Inouye 1989 on flaps (2) Not covered in this talk: complex segments involving distinct gestures which overlap in time a. labiovelars, /l/ b. partially laryngealized vowels c. clicks, implosives, ejectives (3) Conflicting behavior by contour segments in harmony patterns: participate in phonology as whole units their subsegmental parts act independently (4) This talk: ABC+Q Propose new subdivided, quantized segmental representations, which allow for a better characterization of the behavior of contour and simplex segments. Quantized segmental subdivisions are grounded in phonetic reality and tuned to typological phonological generalizations incorporated in Agreement by Correspondence (ABC) theory (Hansson 2001, Rose & Walker 2004). ABC+Q marries the representational strength of previous approaches, including Autosegmental Theory, Aperture Theory, and Articulatory Phonology, with the locality and similarity design features of ABC, to capture the unity and internal complexity of segments. -
The Phonology of Tone and Intonation
This page intentionally left blank The Phonology of Tone and Intonation Tone and Intonation are two types of pitch variation, which are used by speak- ers of many languages in order to give shape to utterances. More specifically, tone encodes morphemes, and intonation gives utterances a further discoursal meaning that is independent of the meanings of the words themselves. In this comprehensive survey, Carlos Gussenhoven provides an up-to-date overview of research into tone and intonation, discussing why speakers vary their pitch, what pitch variations mean, and how they are integrated into our grammars. He also explains why intonation in part appears to be universally understood, while at other times it is language-specific and can lead to misunderstandings. The first eight chapters concern general topics: phonetic aspects of pitch mod- ulation; typological notions (stress, accent, tone, and intonation); the distinction between phonetic implementation and phonological representation; the paralin- guistic meaning of pitch variation; the phonology and phonetics of downtrends; developments from the Pierrehumbert–Beckman model; and tone and intona- tion in Optimality Theory. In chapters 9–15, the book’s central arguments are illustrated with comprehensive phonological descriptions – partly in OT – of the tonal and intonational systems of six languages, including Japanese, French, and English. Accompanying sound files can be found on the author’s web site: http://www.let.kun.nl/pti Carlos Gussenhoven is Professor and Chair of General and Experimental Phonology at the University of Nijmegen. He has previously published On the Grammar and Semantics of Sentence Accents (1994), English Pronunciation for Student Teachers (co-authored with A. -
Expressing Concession by Means of Nuclear Pitch Accent
Nima Sadat-Tehrani Centennial College, Canada Expressing Concession by Means of Nuclear Pitch Accent The purpose of this research is to introduce a certain function of the nuclear pitch accent in Persian, i.e., the expression of concession. A nuclear pitch accent in this usage serves as a preface to a following statement, in which the speaker offers an alternative or contradictory point of view towards a previously highlighted discourse. This nuclear pitch accent is on a final verbal element in the utterance, and crucially, this final element is not associated with any pitch accent in the normal declarative reading of the same utterance, and it is only in this structure that it becomes nuclear-accented. Thus, the nuclear pitch accent behaves here as an intonational morpheme, but one that is bound to its location in the utterance. The paper also investigates the occurrence of this phenomenon in monoclausals, biclausals, and scrambled sentences, and identifies the constraints on its realization. Keywords: Persian, intonation, nuclear pitch accent, concession, contrast. 1. Introduction This paper explores an intonation pattern in modern colloquial Persian. The meaning conveyed by this pattern is that of concession or contradiction directed towards a proposition highlighted in the previous discourse, and it acts as an introduction to an upcoming assertion. What makes this pattern unique is the location of the nuclear pitch accent (NPA), i.e., the last pitch accent in an intonational phrase, a.k.a. sentence stress. Consider the ordinary declarative in Example (1) accompanied by its pitch track and wave form in Figure 1. The stressed syllable in each accentual phrase (AP) is shown with an accent mark, and the NPA is underlined.1 (1) hævá æbrí !od–". -
Consonant Types and F0 in Kiowa
UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2011) CONSONANT TYPES AND F0 IN KIOWA ANNA JURGENSEN UNIVERSITY OF CALIFONRIA, BERKELEY 62 UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2011) Abstract Since the work of House and Fairbanks (1953) and Lehiste and Peterson (1961) it has been established that the prevocalic voiced stops produce downward perturbations and prevocalic voiceless stops produce upward perturbations on the fundamental frequency (F0) of the following vowel. The effects of stops with other laryngeal settings, such as aspirated and ejective, are not as clear (Hombert 1978). Additionally, the effects on F0 in tonal languages may differ from those in nontonal languages, both in the magnitude of the effect on vowels of different tone and in the duration of the effect in general (Gandour 1974). Using pre-recorded elicitations in Kiowa, a tonal, Kiowa-Tanoan language of southwestern Oklahoma, the effects of prevocalic voiced, voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, and ejective stops on the F0 of the following vowel were measured and analyzed. Using WaveSurfer, the F0 of the vowel was measured every 20 ms for a duration of 100 ms. The measurements were categorically averaged for comparison between types of stop and tone level. The analysis shows that voiced and voiceless stops in Kiowa produce the predicted downward and upward perturbations, and provides evidence that aspirated stops produce a higher perturbation on vowels than do voiceless unaspirated, and that ejective stops produce a downward perturbation on F0 instead of a neutral effect, as has been previously assumed (Hombert 1978). 63 UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2011) It has been well established that the laryngeal setting of a prevocalic stop has an intrinsic effect on the fundamental frequency (F0) of the vowel that follows.