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Scientific American, July, 1956 SCIENTIFIC ERIC ANTIOCHUS I, KING OF KOMMAGENE F/FTYCENTS �/956 © 1956 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC A pound of fuel to light Chicago THAT'S ALL THE URANIUM needed to produce atomic production processes, to test product quality, and for power equal to the energy in 3 million pounds of coal. research. It could light Chicago for a full day! THE CHALLENGING FIELD of atomic energy is not ATOMIC RESEARCH is focused on developing an eco­ new to the people of Union Carbide. They have been nomical way to produce electricity from atomic energy. pioneering in every phase of this exciting business­ Scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which from the mining of uranium ore to harnessing the atom Union Carbide Nuclear Company operates for the for ·our future comfort and well-being. Atomic Energy Commission, have already built experi­ F R E E: To learn more about the atom and the tremendous mental power producing reactors that are serving as a strides made in the peaceJul applications oj atomic energy, guide to commercial atom power plants. write Jor the illustrated booklet "The Atom In Our Hands." PEACEFUL USES for the atom have also been found in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Radioactivity is UNION CARBIDE uncovering important facts about plant and animal AND CARBON CORPORATION growth. Industry uses the atom's radiation to control 30 EAST 42ND STREET 00 NEW YORK 17. N. Y. In Canada: UNION CARBIDE CANADA LIMITED, Toronto VCC's Trade-marked Products include ELECTROMET Alloys and Metals CRAG Agricultural Chemicals NATIONAL Carbons ACHESON Electrodes SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS HAYNES STELLITE Alloys PREST-O-LITE Acetylene PYROFAX Gas PRESTONE Anti-Freeze UNION CARBIDE Silicones UNION EVEREADY Carbide Flashlights and Batteries LINDE Oxygen BAKELITE, VINYLITE, and KRENE Plastics Dynel Textile Fibers © 1956 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC New materials ideas from United States Plywood Warp-free woad panel-Novoply-is a 3-ply laminate with faces of New tough-faced plywood-Ouraply-is exterior grade fir plywood specially prepared wood flakes and a core of wood chips-all resin­ with a smooth overlay face of phenolic resins and cellulose fibers. Twice as impregnated and molded under heat and pressure to form a dense, hard, wear-resistant as ordinary plywood; smooth surface takes paint better, flat panel. Novoply is extremely rigid, dimensionally stable. In thicknesses holds it longer; needs no primer coat. Used in boats, signs, outdoor furniture, from ¥au to lu; sizes up to 4' x 16'. Used as core stock for furniture, as building siding. In five thicknesses: 7I6u to 'l4 u; all plywood sizes. OURAPLY®. sliding doors, and wardrobes. NOVOPLY®_ Metal-clad plywood-Armorply-has permanently bonded faces of New double-duty vIsual old-Chalkboard-is writing surface and copper, aluminum, stainless steel or any other metal on one or both sides. magnetic display board in one. Made of plywood with porcelain-on-steel Plywood backing gives strength and rigidity. lightweight, verminproof, face, and backed with steel. Magnets cling to surface to hold displays or waterproof, easy ta work. Sizes to order. Used for cold storage rooms, demonstration material. Available in gray, green or blue; and in tlprojection sectional electrical shielded roams (shown above), truck bodies, carrying white" for use as movie screen. Sizes to order, (max. width: 4'; max. cases. ARMORPL Y®. length: 10'). CHALKBOARD@. United States Plywood has developed scores of specialized products for industry, in wood and laminated constructions. Let an experienced United States Plywood Field Engineer come in to help you solve materials problems. .------------------------------------------------, I United States Plywood Corporation I � I Division of Field Engineering I 55 West 44th St., New York 36, N. Y. SA 7-56 I I Gentlemen: Please send me information on: I o I United States Plywood o Novaply Duraply I o Armorply o Chalkboard I I o Please have Field Engineer call. I I NAME......... ................................................... I I Corporation TITLE .............................................................. I I COMPANy ....................................................... I 87 Branch Offices in Principal Cities I ADDRESS ......................................................... I I Home Office: Weldwood Building, New York City CiTy ...................................... STATE ................. .. I -------------------------------------------------� © 1956 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC You can't make Titanium ""ithout Titanium TET! And you can say much the same for Boron, Silicon and Zirconium .. , you must have the chlorides! Stauffer has METALLIC CHLORIDES in tremendous quantities ... has produced them for many years. You can have them in truck or carload quantities to meet your delivery schedules. Stauffer's unparalleled experience with fluidized bed techniques and other modern manufacturing processes is a major influence on ..• available quantity increasing purity decreasing cost * •..of these necessary METALLIC CHLORIDES. Send us your specifications. If we know them, we can meet them. *B ... Si .., Ti .., Zr Boron Silicon Titanium Zirconium Trichloride Tetrachloride Tetrachloride Tetrachloride STAUFFER CHEMICAL COMPANY 380 Madison Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. 2 © 1956 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC SCIENTIFIC Established 1845 .AMERIC.AN" July, 1956 Volume 195 Number 1 ARTICLES 25 A STUDY OF VALUES, by Evon Z. Vogt and John M. Roberts An inquiry into the role of values at a confluence of cultures in the Southwest. 32 THE RADIO SKY, by John D. Kl'aus Radio waves from outer space give us a remarkable new panorama of the heavens. 38 THE TOMB OF ANTlOCHUS I, by Theresa Goell and F. K. Doerner Ancient East and West meet at a grandiose mountaintop monument in Turkey. 55 THE ATOlVlIC NUCLEUS, by Robert Hofstadter Beams of high-speed electrons give us an indirect way of peering into the nucleus. 71 SP ACE PERCEPTION IN THE CHICK, by Eckhard H. Hess Bespectacled birds demonstrate differences between learned and innate behavior. 83 P ALEOBIOCHEMISTRY, by Philip H. Abelson Organic remains in fossils are a clue to the chemistry of animals long extinct. 97 PROGRESS IN SOLAR POWER, by Harry Tabor The search for ways to tap the sun's energy has taken some promising new turns. 109 SEXUALiTY IN BACTERIA, by Elie L. Wollman and Franllois Jacob When bacteria reproduce sexually (a rare event), they clarify the genetic process. DEPARTMENTS 6 LETTERS 12 50 AND 100 YEARS AGO 18 THE AUTHORS 46 SCIENCE AND THE CITIZEN 120 BOOKS 135 THE AMATEUR SCIENTIST 148 BIBLIOGRAPHY BOA ROO FED ITO R S Gerard Piel (Publisher), Dennis Flanagan (Editor), Leon Svirsky (Managing Editor), George A. W. Boehm, Jean Le Corbeiller, James R. Newman, E. P. Rosenbaum ART 0 IRE C TOR James Grun baum GENE R A L MANAGE R Donald H. Miller, Jr. A 0 V E R TIS I N G MANAGE R Martin M. Davidson COPYRIGHT 1956 IN THE U. S. AND BERNE CONVENTION COUNTRIES BY SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, ENTERED AT THE NEW YORK,. N. '1'., POST OffiCE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER JUNE 28, 1879, UNDER THE ACT OF MARCH 3, 1879. ADOITIONAl ENTRY AT GREENWICH, CONN. SUBSCRIPTION RATE IN THE U. S. $5 PER YEAR. 3 © 1956 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Random Vibration Testing: CALI DVN E"S NEW COMPLETE, MATCHED SYSTEMS THE COVER Antiochus I, whose stone portrait appears on the cover, ruled over the tiny Near Eastern kingdom of Kom­ magene from about 69 to 34 B.C. During his lifetime he built a re­ markable monument to himself on the summit of Nemrud Dagh, a 7,500-foot mountain in what is now southeastern Turkey (see page 38). The monument consists of a huge mound of loose stones surrounded by three terraces decorated with re­ liefs, altars and colossal statues of Antiochus and his curious hybrid gods. In the photograph on the cover the slope of the mound may be seen at the upper left. The head of Amplifier Antiochus stands amid the rubble combinations in 1500, 5,000 and of fallen statuary on the West Ter­ 15,000 pound force ratings race of the monument. Made of limestone, it stands about eight feet When Calidyne first investigated the high. It was originally part of a problem of building random vibration test 24 systems, it recognized the necessity of over-all statue between and 30 feet high. system engineering, if desired performance levels were to be achieved. That goal has now been met in what is probably the firstcomplete, integrated system comprised of matched components. THE ILLUSTRATIONS "Wide-Band" electrodynamic Shakers oper­ ate at higher frequencies on lower input power, Cover photograph by Heinrich for a given armature weight and matched load Buerger, Nemrud Dagh Excavations rating. In random testing the load approximates the armature weight, and inherent armature Page Source rigidity maintains a high first resonance. The new Random Noise Amplifiers are matched power 25 Evon Z. Vogt sources for the "wide band" Shakers. Made by 26-31 David De Harport Westinghouse to Calidyne specifications, they 32 Eric Mose provide ample power for continuous duty oper- ation at full performance. At the same time they 33 Ohio State University are capable of supplying instantaneous power 34-35 Ohio State University peaks for random noise tests. (top) , Eric Mose (bot­ The Model 188 Console is a typical control tom) unit for any of several systems. It contains basic 36 Eric Mose Shaker-Amplifier operating controls, input shap­ ing and compensation circuits, plus monitoring and 37 Ohio State University other control equipment. With these components, 38-39 Friedrich Karl Doerner Field Power Supplies complete the over-all system. 40 John Langley Howard 41-44 Friedrich Karl Doerner 55 Stanford University 56-68 James Egleson 71-76 Eckhard H. Hess 83 Hoy Stevens 84 Carnegie Institution of Washington SALES REPRESENTATIVES: MINNEAPOLIS,MINN_ ALBUaUERQUE, NEW MEXICO WALTHAM MASS. NORTHERN NEW YORK WASHINGTON, D. C. ' G.B.Miller Co. 86-88 Roy Stevens Roberl A, Wolers, Inc. Technicol lnSlrumenh, Inc, F. R. Jodon, Inc. Hugh Manland & Co. Albuquerque Wolrham 5.6900 Waltham, Moss.
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