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Plasma Aerodynamics Since the End of the Cold War Dennis C Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2012 Plasma Aerodynamics since the End of the Cold War Dennis C. Mills Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PLASMA AERODYNAMICS SINCE THE END OF THE COLD WAR By DENNIS C. MILLS A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2012 Dennis C. Mills defended this dissertation on April 19, 2012. The members of the supervisory committee were: Jonathan Grant Professor Directing Dissertation Michael Ruse University Representative Frederick Davis Committee Member Edward Wynot Committee Member Rafe Blaufarb Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To my mother and my wife. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This journey began back in junior high school around 1970 when I first realized I enjoyed history. Many people helped along the way and I truly wish I could personally thank each and every one of them for the achievement of a life-long dream. They assisted in this long journey and I am forever in their gratitude. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER ONE: PLASMA AERODYNAMICS .........................................................................1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................1 Challenges ..........................................................................................................3 Plasma Aerodynamics .............................................................................................................4 Former Soviet Union Science and Culture ......................................................12 Second Law of Thermodynamics ....................................................................16 Technology ......................................................................................................23 US Science and Culture ...................................................................................24 Scientific Realism ............................................................................................29 National Aerospace Plane ......................................................................................................35 Chaos .....................................................................................................................................40 CHAPTER TWO: SAVING SOVIET UNION SCIENCE ..........................................................42 Soviet Union Opening ...........................................................................................................43 August Coup and Jaquish’s Promise .....................................................................................47 Academic and Military Culture .............................................................................................57 CHAPTER THREE: PHYSICS AND AERODYNAMICS .........................................................76 Science After WWI and WWII .............................................................................................76 Electrons and Quanta .............................................................................................................77 Problems of Cosmical Aerodynamics ...................................................................................82 Magnetohydrodynamics ........................................................................................................83 Fusion and MHD International Cooperation .........................................................................85 CHAPTER FOUR: SOVIET SCIENCE HISTORY ..................................................................102 CHAPTER FIVE: AJAX ............................................................................................................121 Leninetz AJAX Proposal .................................................................................................127 Anomaly and Its Discontents ...........................................................................................131 Why Wither ......................................................................................................................148 Exergy ..............................................................................................................................150 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................153 APPENDIX A: DISCLAIMER ..................................................................................................158 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................159 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................186 v ABSTRACT This study examines two former adversarial scientific and technological aerospace constructs created, for the most part, separately during the Cold War and their subsequent meeting and collaboration after the Soviet Union collapse. They both strove first separately, then in unison to create a hypersonic aircraft. In studying this collaboration, one must evaluate each research communities’ strengths and weaknesses as well as historians’ efforts to explain the exact relationship between science and technology, or applied science. This “international” approach offers some advantages in determining both nations’ research capabilities. If one accepts a ‘science’ and ‘technology’ as separate entities, I show that it was actually each country’s technological or ‘applied science’ capabilities that defined their ‘science’ and punctuated the two contending scientific communities views regarding the work together. vi CHAPTER ONE PLASMA AERODYNAMICS Introduction I grew up on military bases in Germany primarily with short tours back in the United States. My mother’s side of the family had been Volksdeutscher farmers in Hungary before World War Two. My grandfather was drafted into the Hungarian Army and captured by Soviet forces and placed in an Odessa POW camp. Unrecognizable to his family when he returned, the communists requisitioned his large farm property and put him and the family on a train to Wertheim, Germany. My grandparents and six children shared one room in a former Kaserne, German Army barracks. Later when the Volksdeutscher moved into newly built apartment buildings, the US Army moved in as part of NATO’s forces. This is how my parents met. I believe this upbringing gave me an acute sense of different cultures and that ideas, behaviors, definitions, and history itself meant dissimilar things to diverse nationalities. I have always been stunned by how the simplest conversations can reveal hidden assumptions and lay them bare for objective, often times discomforting analysis. For me, understanding these superficial interpretations leads to deeper philosophical issues often premised on the sciences. The argument is that in the search for “objectivity” nature offers some answers with which in turn offer metaphorical guides to understand human thoughts and behavior. While this premise is not universally accepted, it is one that offers some hope against purely subjective incantations. The horrors of the Holocaust and its pseudo-scientific premise, to which I was exposed to at a young age in Germany, the raced-based slave trade and American struggle to come to terms with its internal divisions, women’s issues, gays, and others gave me a revulsion toward such incomprehensible rationalizations. For me, beginning with science, using philosophical language, provides a means with which to understand the historical outcomes. Thermodynamic laws underlie this philosophical look at hypersonic cooperation. Scientists have understood, in general, its outcomes dictating that macro characteristics depend on micro elements. The human race is undergoing a rapid familiarization to thermodynamics in the scientific debates regarding global warming. Every dynamic 1 event involves energy and a loss of heat, or dissipation. This conforms to thermodynamics and has never been disproven – no exceptions. This dissipation is evidenced by our own bodies. We consume food as energy, and some of the material, and heat created by actives and thoughts (electric impulses): and maintaining our core temperature are dissipated. The human race accelerated this heat-dissipation by machine building at the dawn of the industrial revolution and has steadily increased the heat accumulation process as evidenced by melting Polar Regions, glaciers, desertification, and rising temperature. Just open the hood of your car after a trip and stick your head into the engine compartment and ask yourself where is that heat going? Daily news reports warn society of the catastrophic consequences of our micro-behavior on our macro-climate. The science of this micro-macro phenomenon is the same for hypersonic plasma aerodynamics. The other critical thermodynamic characteristic is unpredictability. Whenever
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