ISSN 0739-4934 NEWSLETTER I IISTORY OF SCIENCE

SUPPLEMENTVOLUM-E18 NU-MBER-41989 .__L,___SOCIETY

- WELCOME TO GAINESVILLE HSS EXECUTIVE BY FREDERICK GREGORY COMMITTEE

"A SOPI-llSTICATED SLICE of small-town south": so wrote Jonathan Lerner PRESIDENT about Gainesville for Washington Post readers this past spring. Like the majority MARY JO NYE, University of Oklahoma of visitors to Gainesville, Lerner was impressed with the topography of the city, VICE-PRESIDENT which forms a hammock-a dry area, relatively higher than its surroundings, STEPHEN G. BRUSH, University of Maryland that can support hardwood trees. Residents of Gainesville are enormously proud of the extensive canopy that covers 46 percent of their town, the highest per­ EXECUTIVE SECRETARY MICHAEL M. SOKAL, Worcester centage of any Florida city. In addition to the majestic live oaks, the southern Polytechnic Institute pine, and a variety of palm trees, dogwoods and magnolias are also plentiful. TREASURER Unfortunately the HSS Annual Meeting is held at a time of year that misses the MARY LOUISE GLEASON, New York City blossoms of our giant azaleas, some older ones of which are as high as roof tops. EDITOR f obvious interest to historians of science is nearby Paynes Prairie, an 18,000- RONALD L. NUMBERS, University of acre wildlife preserve whose zoological and botanical life was described in vivid Wisconsin-Madison detail by William Bartram after his travels through the region in 1774. Meeting sessions will be held on the campus of the University of Florida, which, at least in this part of the country, is never to be mixed up with Florida State University in Tallahassee. UF is Florida's oldest university, tracing its be­ The Newsletter of the History of Science ginnings to the state-funded East Florida Seminary, which moved to Gainesville Society is published in January, April, July, and after the Civil War. Approximately 34,000 students are on the campus this fall, October. Regular issues are sent to those indi­ pursuing degrees in one of the university's 137 academic departments. I hope vidual members of the Society residing in Nonh America. Airmail copies are sent to those you will have a chance to enjoy our lovely campus and, should you have the op­ members overseas who pay $5 yearly to cover portunity, to visit a few of the delightful natural settings in and around our "city postal costs. The Newsletter is available to non­ in a forest!' members and institutions for $20 a year. The Newsletter is overseen by a Steering Committee consisting of the President, the Executive Secretary, and the Editor of the His­ tory of Science Society. It is edited by the Execu­ tive Secretary, Dr. Michael Sokal, and is produced at the Society's Publications Office under the supervision of Dr. Frances Kohler. Send news items to Newsletter, History of Science Society, c/o Michael Sokal, 35 Dean Street, Worcester, MA 01609. The deadline for receipt of news is the tenth of the month prior to publication; for articles and other long copy; the first of the month.

CONTENTS

Books Received by Isis 2 Annual Meeting Program 3 J. Wayne Reitz Union. Photo by Herb Press, Registration & Reservation Forms 9 courtesy University of Florida Information 'leaching Guide insert Services. page2 History of Science Society Newsletter

1983. xv + 678 pp., illus., figs., indexes. Bar­ nische Universitat Braunschweig, Abteilung Books Received by Isis celona: Seminari d'Historia de les Ciencies, fur Geschichte der Pharmazie und der Natur­ March-May 1989 Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 1987. wissenschaften, 1988. DM 20 jpaper). Doorman, S. J. Images of Science: Scientific Ford, Norman M. When Did I Begin!: Con­ Practice and the Public. (Studies of Science in ception of the Human Individual in History, apman, Paul Davis. Schools as Sorters: rope.) xi + 237 pp., illus., index. Aldershot, Philosophy and Science. xix + 217 pp., figs., Lewis M. Terman, Applied Psychology, and Ha ts/Brookfield, Vt./Hong Kong: Gower, tables, apps., index. Cambridge/New York/ the Intelligence Testing Movement, 1890- 198 . $56.95. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1930. (The American Social Experience Se­ 1988. Dr amraju, Krishna R. The Foundations of ries.) xv + 228 pp., illus., tables, app., bibl., Fox, Christopher (Editor). Psychology and Lit­ index. New York/London; New York Univer­ man Genetics. xiii + 211 pp., illus., figs., bibl., indexes. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C erature in the Eighteenth Century. (AMS sity Press, 1988. $40. Thomas, 1989. $40.75. Studies in the Eighteenth Century, 8.) xxii + C Christophe; Eva Tel · profes- DuVall, Nell. Domestic Technology: A Chro­ 372 pp., illus., bibl., index. New York: AMS seurs du nee: Dictionnaire bio­ Press, 1987. $42.50. graphique 1901-1939. (Histoire Biographique nology of Developments. xi + 535 pp., bibl., index. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1988. $35. Franklin, Mark N. The Community of Sci­ de l'Enseignement.) 246 pp., tables. Paris; In­ ence in Europe: Preconditions for Research stitut National de Recherche Pedagogique, Dunlop, S.; M. Gerbaldi. (Editors). Stargazers: Effectiveness in European Community Coun· Editions du CNRS, 1988. Fr 160 (paper). The Contribution of Amateurs to Astron­ tries. (A study executed for the Commission omy: Proceedings of Colloquium 98 of the of the European Communities, Directorate· Chen, C. C. Medicine in Rural China: A Per­ IAU, fune 2D-24, 1987. (Based on papers pre­ sonal Account. In collaboration with Freder­ General for Science, Research and Develop· ica M. Bunge. xvii + 218 pp., illus., bibl. Ber· sented at Colloquium No. 98, The Contribu­ ment, Brussels.) xii + 359 pp., figs, tables, tion of Amateurs to Astronomy, sponsored by keley/Los Angeles/London: University of app., bibl., index. Aldershot, Hants!Brook­ the International Astronomical Union, 20-24 California Press, 1989. $35. field, Vt./Hong Kong: Gower, 1988. $58.95. June 1987, Paris.)237 pp., figs., tables. Berlin/ Creveld, Martin van. Technology and War: Heidelberg/New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988. Freeman, Christopher. Technology Policy From 2000 B.C. to the Present. x + 342 pp., il­ $29.50 (paper). and Economic Performance: Lessons from lus., index. New York: Free Press; London: Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae fapan. 155 pp., figs., tables, bibl., index. Lon­ Collier Macmillan, 1989. $22.95. Scientiarurnque Historiam Illustrandam. don/New York: Printer Publishers in associ· ation with Science Policy Research Unit, Uni· Crick, Francis. What Mad Pursuit: A Personal Volume 5-6, 1985-1986. 454 pp., figs., paper. View of Scientific Discovery. (Alfred P. Sloan Published annually by University of Granada, Foundation Science Series.) xiii + 182 pp., il­ Departmento de Historia de Medicina, Facul­ lus., index. New York: Basic Books, 1988. tad de Medicina, 18012 Granada, Spain. Sub­ $16.95. scription (per volume): Pts 1,800, $22. Crouch, Tom D. A Dream of Wings: Ameri­ Ellen, Roy; Ernest Gellner; Graiyna Kubic ; cans and the Airplane, 1875-1905. 349 pp., il· Janusz Mucha (Editors). Malinowski betwe Ius., bibl., index. Paperback edition, 1981. Two Worlds: The Polish Roots of an Anthro­ rcia Ruiperez, Mariano. Nue rta- Washington, D.C./London: Smithsonian ln­ pological Tradition. xxv + 261 pp., illus., ciones a · oc1edades Econ6mi­ stituti·:;;;;.:p;~ri:'9'E:if."nin~'Dlteerl apps., bibl., index. Cambridge/New York/ cas deAmigos del Pais. (Cuadernos Bibliogra­ arnton, Robert; Daniel Roche (Editors . Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, ficos, 59.) viii + 65 pp. Madrid: Consejo olution in Print: The Press in France, 1988. Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Insti· tuto de Filologia, 1988. (Paper.) 1775-1800. xv + 351 pp., illus. Berkeley/Los llenberger, Fran~ois. Histoire de la geologie. Angeles/London: University of California olume I: Des anciens ala premiere moitie Gardies, Jean-Louis. L'heritage epistemologi­ Press in collaboration with the New York au XVIIe siecle. (Petite Collection d'Histoire que d'Eudoxe de Cnide: Un essai de reconsti­ des Sciences.) viii + 352 pp., illus., bibl., tution. (Problemes et Controverses.) 156 pp., (p;:.EPulllb~li~ccL=:ib;rary~,~1=9:89: ·=$=5=0~(c=lo=t=h)=;~$2:::4>.9<5~ index. Paris: Technique et Documentation­ figs., index. Paris; Librairie Philosophique J. Darwin, Charles. The Correspondence of Lavoisier, 1988. Fr 165. Vrin, 1988. (Paper.) Charles Darwin. Volume IV: 1847- 1850. Feher, Michel (Editor). Fragments for a Histo­ Gautier Dalche, Patrick (Editor). La "Descrip­ Edited by Frederick Burkhardt and Sydney ry of the Human Body. With Ramona Naddaff tio mappe mundi" de Hugues de Saint-Vic­ Smith. xxxiii + 711 pp., illus., apps., bibl., in· and Nadia Tazi. Parts 1, 2, and 3. (Zone, 3, 4, tor. 228 pp., apps., bibl., indexes. Paris: Etudes dexes. Cambridge/New York/Melboum · 5.) 480 + 552 + 578 pp., illus. New York: Augustiniennes, in association with the Cen· bridge University Press .50. Zone, 1989. (Distributed by MIT Press, Cam­ tre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Debye, Peter J. W. The Collected Papers of bridge, Mass.) $34.95 (cloth); $19.95 (paper) 1988. (Paper.) Peter f. W. Debye. xxi + 700 pp., figs., tables. each part. Gavroglu, Kostas; Yorgos Goudaroulis. Meth­ New York: lnterscience Publishers, 1954. Feshbach, Herman; Tetsuo Matsui; Alexan­ odological Aspects of the Development of Reprint. Woodbridge, Conn.: Ox Bow Press, dra Oleson (Editors). Niels Bohr: Physics and Low Temperature Physics, 1881-1956: Con­ 1988. $85. the World. (Proceedings of the Niels Bohr cepts out of Context(s). (Science and Philos­ Centennial Symposium, American Academy ophy.) xiv + 178 pp., figs., bibl., index. Dor­ DeFelipe, Javier; Edward G. Jones. Caial on of Arts and Sciences, 12- 14 November 1985, drecht!Boston/London: Kluwer Academic the Cerebral Cortex: An Annotated Transla­ Boston.) xix + 364 pp., figs., index. Chur/Lon­ Publishers, 1989. D£1 125, $67, £36. tion of the Complete Writings. (History of don/Paris: Harwood Academic Publishers, Neuroscience, 1.) xvii + 654 pp., figs., bibl., Gavroglu, Kostas; Yorgos Goudaroulis; Pante· 1988. (Paper.) index. New York/Oxford: Oxford University lis Nicolacopoulos (Editors). Imre Lakatos Press, 1988. $65. Finocchiaro, Maurice A. Gram sci and the and Theories of Scientific Change. (Boston History of Dialectical Thought. xi + 313 pp., Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 111 .) xi Doerflinger, Thomas M.; Jack L. Rivkin. Risk app., bibl., index. Cambridge/New York/Mel· + 465 pp., index. Dordrecht/Boston/London; and Reward: Venture Capital and the Mak­ bourne: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989. D£1225, ing of America's Great Industries. Preface by Bill Moyers. xiv + 320 pp., illus., bibl., index. Fischer, Hermann. Metaphysische, experi­ $119,£73. New York: Random House, 1987. $19.95. mentelle und utilitaristische Traditionen in Gessinger, Joachim; Wolfert von Rahden (Edi• der Antimonliteratur zur Zeit der "wissen· Donee), Manuel G.; Armin Hermann; Louis tors). Theorien vom Ursprung der Sprache. 2 schaftlichen Revolution" {1520-1820): Eine volumes. xii 675; vii 588 pp., bibls., in­ Michel; Abraham Pais (Editors). Symmetries + + kommentierte Auswahl-Bibliographie. dexes. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, in Physics (1600-1980): Proceedings of the First International Meeting on the History of lBraunschweiger Veroffentlichungen zur Ge­ 1989. DM 560. schichte der Phannazie und der Naturwissen­ Scientific Ideas Held at Sant Feliu de Guix· ols, Catalonia, Spain: September 2D-26, schaften, 30.) iv + 188 pp. Brunswick: Tech- Continued on page 10 Supplement 1989 page3

History of Science Society Botany in the Landscape of the West: Vassiliki Betty .--..... Smocovitis _\nnual Meeting David Starr Jordan and the Development of Ecology: David Magnus, Stanford University 26-29 October 1989 Comment: Keith R. Benson, University of Washington

Reitz Union, University of Florida 2. Kepler: Recent Scholarship Gainesville, Florida 9:00-11:30 a.m. Organizer and chair: Owen Gingerich, Harvard­ Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics A Newfound Astro-Meteorological Page from Kepler: Owen 1989 Program Committee Gingerich William B. Ashworth, Jr., University of Missouri, Kansas City Planetary Physics and the Oval from the Leningrad Manuscripts: William Donahue, Santa Fe, New Mexico 1989 Local Arrangements Committee Frederick Gregory and Robert A. Hatch, University of Florida What Use Is an Archetype! Bruce Stephenson, Highland Park, Illinois Please report errors or changes to William B. Ashworth, Jr., Kepler's Music and Astrophysics: Eric Aiton, Manchester Department of History, University of Missouri, Kansas City; Polytechnic MO 64110, before 31 August 1989. Comment: Alain Segond, Montreal

Thursday, 26 October 3. Persuading Publics: Creating "Knowledge" in the Human Sciences HSS Executive Committee Meeting Cosponsored by the Forum for History of Human Sciences 11:00 a.m.-2:00p.m. 9:00-11:30 a.m. Organizers: John Carson and Andrea Rusnock, Princeton ~SS Council Meeting University 00-11:00 p.m. Chair: Ian Hacking, University of Toronto Friday, 27 October Ultimate Quantification: Law, Bureaucracy; and the Value of Human Life: Theodore Porter, University of Virginia Meeting of the HSS Committee on Meetings and Programs When Counting Counts: The Reception of Quantitative 8:00-9:00 a.m. Arguments in Eighteenth-Century England and France: Andrea Rusnock Meeting of the HSS Committee on Research and the Profession Army Alpha, Army Brass, and the Search for Army 8:00-9:00 a.m. Intelligence: John Carson

Meeting of the Coordinating Committee, Forum for the The Structure of Narrative Explanation in History and in History of Science in America Science: Robert J. Richards, University of Chicago 8:00-9:00 a.m. Comment: Lorraine Daston, Brandeis University

Meeting of the HSS Committee on Publications 4. The History of Animal Experimentation 8:00a.m. -12:00 noon 9:00-10:30a.m.

1. Regional Style in the American Development of Biology: A Organizers: Anita Guerrini, University of California, Session in Honor of Joseph Ewan Santa Barbara Cosponsored by the Society for the History of Natural History Susan E. Lederer, Penn State Medical Center 9:00-11:30a.m. Chair: Gerald Geison, Princeton University Organizer: Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis, University of Yahoo Ethics: Animal Experimentation in the Early Florida, Gainesville Eighteenth Century: Anita Guerrini Chair: Charlotte M. Porter, Florida State Museum of "The Open Door": Scientific Communication and Natural History Vivisection in 1Wentieth-Century America: Susan E. ,-. Scientists and the California Terrain: Michael L. Smith, Lederer University of California, Davis "And the Lion Shall Lie Down with the Lamb": The Joseph Grinnell and the Geography of Evolution: James R. Animal Rights Movement in California: Bettyann Kevles, Griesemer, University of California, Davis Art Center College of Design page4 History of Science Society Newsletter

5. Works in Progress 1: Nineteenth-Century Natural Science 9. Ecology and Society: Institutional Agendas and the 9:00-10:30 a.m. Conceptual Development of Modem Ecology 2:00-3:45 p.m. Chair: To be announced Organizer: Paolo Palladino, University of Minnesota - Geologists and the Establishment of Human Antiquity, 1858-1863: A. Bowdoin Van Riper, University of Chair: John Beatty, University of Minnesota Wisconsin, Madison The Impact of Atomic Energy on Ecosystem Ecology: Joel G. R. Treviranus {1776-1837) and the Historical Hagen, National Museum of American History, Interpretation of Species: Timothy DeJager-Seerveld, Smithsonian Institution University of Toronto Does Biological Control Work! Ecologists and Naturalism and the Reform of Medical Education in Late Institutional Agendas in the 1960s: Paolo Palladino Nineteenth-Century Edinburgh: Steven Sturdy, Manchester Models of Nomads or Nomadic Modelers! Socio­ University Ecological Modeling of Pastoral Nomads in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1974-1988: Peter Taylor, University of California, 6. Science in Literature Berkeley 10:30 a.m. -12:00 noon Comment: Stephen Cross, Johns Hopkins University Organizer: Pamela Cossin, University of Wisconsin, Madison 10. Mathematical Sciences in Britain in the Seventeenth and Chair: James Bono, State University of New York, Buffalo Eighteenth Centuries 2:00-3:45 p.m. Literature, Literary Theory, and the History of Science: James Bono Organizer: Erik Sageng, University of Oklahoma Science and Victorian Autobiography: The Arrogance of Chair: M. S. Mahoney, Princeton University Humility: George Levine, Rutgers University Barrow's Empiricist Philosophy of the Mathematical John Donne and Johannes Kepler: Doubting That "The Sciences: Antoni Malet, Princeton University New Philosophy Calls All in Doubt": Pamela Cossin The Context and Reception of MacLaurin's Rigorization of the Method of Fluxions: Erik Sageng 7. Works in Progress ll: Nineteenth-Century German Science 10:30 a.m.-12:00 noon Attempts to Reform the Calculus in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century: Niccolo Guicciardini, Milan Chair: Alan J. Rocke, Case Western Reserve University - Comment: I. Bernard Cohen, Harvard University Helmholtz: Scientific Aesthetics and the Aesthetics of Science: Gary Hatfield, University of Pennsylvania 11. Contextual Approaches to Enlightenment Biology Taking the Phenomena Seriously: Goethe and the flmenau 2:00-3:45 p.m. Mine: Ernst Hamm, University of Toronto Organizer: Shirley A. Roe, University of Connecticut The Crystallization of Meaning: Robert Mayer and the Chair and comment: Jan V. Golinski, Churchill College, Conservation of Energy: Kenneth L. Caneva, University of Cambridge North Carolina, Greensboro What's Wrong with Active Matter! Biology and HSS Business Meeting Materialism in the Mid-Eighteenth Century: Shirley A. 1:00-2:00 p.m. Roe The Physiological Model of Social Analysis in the French 8. Science and Modem Thought Enlightenment: Kathleen Wellman, Southern Methodist 2:00-3:45 p.m. University Organizer: Stephen A. McKnight, University of Florida, Philosophy of Science and Experimental Practice as Gainesville Sources for Change in Eighteenth-Century German Chair: Allen G. Debus, University of Chicago Physiology: Steven Lestition, Arlington, Massachusetts

The Origin and Nature of Modernity: A Concept History of 12. Works in Progress ID: Astronomy, Scientific Instruments, the Relation of Science, Society, and Modem Epochal and Popular Culture Consciousness: Stephen A. McKnight 2:00-3:45 p.m. The Scientific Revolution and the Concept of Modernity: Chair: To be announced The Epistemological and Political Implications of the Scientific Revolution: Wilbur Applebaum, Illinois Institute The Stereoscope in Thought and Culture: Robert J. of Technology Silverman, University of Washington Is Nature Still Worthy of Belief! Lynn S. Joy, University of Instrument Makers at the Royal Society of London in the Notre Dame Eighteenth Century: Richard Sorrenson, Princeton University Supplement 1989 pages

Richard Proctor and Nineteenth-Century Astronomy: Chair: Margaret Rossiter, Cornell University Michael J. Crowe, University of Notre Dame fames McKeen Cattell and Stars in American Men of J. C. Kapetyn as a Pivotal Figure in the Emergence of Science, 1900-1944: Michael M. Sokal International Astronomy: Robert Paul, Dickinson College Starring the Anthropologists in Cattell's American Men of Science: David J. Meltzer, Southern Methodist University 13. Works in Progress IV: Nineteenth-Century American Science American Men of Science Stars and the Reward System of 2:00-3:30 p.m. American Astronomy, 1859-1940: John Lankford, University of Missouri, Columbia Chair: To be announced Theoretical Physics' American Debut as Reflected by Trendology, Creekology, and Geology: The Ups and Downs Starring in American Men of Science: Karl Hufbauer, of Petroleum Exploration in Late Nineteenth-Century University of California, Irvine America: Paul Lucier, Princeton University The Geophysical Tradition in Nineteenth-Century 17. Babylonian and Greek Astronomy America: Frederik Nebeker, American Philosophical 3:45-5:30 p.m. Society Organizer: Alan C. Bowen, Institute for Research in Thomas Cooper and American Chemistry: Seymour S. Classical Philosophy and Science, Pittsburgh Cohen, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Chair: John P. Britton, Yale University 14. Science, Pseudo-Science, and Society Methods and Goals in Babylonian Nonmathematical 3:45-5:30 p.m. Astronomical Texts: F. Rochberg-Halton, University of Organizer: Stephen A. McKnight, University of Florida, Notre Dame Gainesville Babylonian and Neo-Babylonian Methods in Practical Chair: Robert A. Hatch, University of Florida, Gainesville Greek Astronomy: Alexander Jones, University of Toronto Science, Pseudo-Science, and the Mysticism of Evidence of Babylonian Influence on Hellenistic Innerworldly Fulfillment: David Walsh, Catholic Astronomy in Papyrus Hibeh i 27 and Papyrus Parisinus 1: University of America Alan C. Bowen Herder and the Hermetic Tradition: Klaus Vondung, Timocharis and Astronomical Observations in the Third Universitat-Gesamthochschule-Seigen Century B. C.: Bernard R. Goldstein, University of Pittsburgh 1899- The Year of the Mother: Science and Social Values in Literature: Carol Colatrella, Rensselaer Polytechnic 18. The Concept of Probability Institute 3:45-5:30 p.m. Science and Utopia in Francis Bacon's Writings: Charles Organizer: Edith Sylla, North Carolina State University Whitney, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Chair: Theodore Porter, University of Virginia 15. Physics and History in the Modem World: A Session in Rhetoric and Law in Probability Theory: Jacob and Honor of Erwin Hiebert Nicholas Bernoulli: Edith Sylla 3:15- 5:00 p.m . The Disintegration of Probability: Glenn Shafer, University Organizer and chair: Joan Richards, Brown University of Kansas Helmholtz, Hering, and Mach on Color Vision: Psychology, Physics, or Spiritualism! Richard Kremer, 19. Works in Progress V: The Scientific Revolution Dartmouth College 3:45- 5:30 p.m. Total Annihilation: fohn Wheeler on Positronium, Black Chair: To be announced Holes, Cosmic Rays, and the Hydrogen Bomb: Peter Galileo, Calvin, and Rheticus on the Interpretation of Galison, Stanford University Scripture: Kenneth J. Howell, Reformed Theological The Use of History: Creating Space for Physical Chemistry Seminary at the Thm of the Century: Diana Barkan, California The Debate on Teleology in Science and Natural Theology Institute of Technology in the Seventeenth Century: Emerson Thomas McMullen, Comment: Keith Nier, Thomas A. Edison Papers Indiana University Roger Stuewer, University of Minnesota Paths to the Copernican Discovery: Howard Margolis, University of Chicago .-.16. Gazing at Stars: American Men of Science and the American Scientific Community, 1900-1944 The Scientific Revolution: Some Historiographical 3:45- 5:30 p.m. Reflections on a Fifty-Year-Old Concept: H . Floris Cohen, Twente University Organizer: Michael M . Sokal, Worcester Polytechnic Institute page6 History oC Sdenc:e Soc:iety Newsletter

Dinner for the Isis Editorial Board 22. Continental Drift, Sea-Floor Spreading, and Plate Thctonics 7:30-9:30 p.m. 9:00-10:30 a.m.

Forum for the History of Science in America Organizer: Henry Frankel, University of Missouri, Kansas ___, 8:30-9:30 p.m. City Forum Commentary: The Issue of National Styles in Science: Chair: Stephen G. Brush, University of Maryland, College Nathan Reingold, Smithsonian Institution Park Alfred Wegener's Early Attempts to Measure Continental Forum for History of Human Science: Organizational Meeting 9:30-10:30 p.m. Drift: Matt Greene, University of Puget Sound Harry Hess on the Nature of the Moho and Its Significance for Sea-Floor Spreading: Alan Allwardt, University of California, Santa Cruz Saturday, 28 October The Development of Plate Tectonics: Henry Frankel

20. Creative Couples: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Gender 23. Biology and the Bomb: Radiation, Mutation, and Evolution Complementarity 9:00-11:00a.m. 9:00-11:30a.m. Organizer: Susan Lindee, Cornell University Organizer: Pnina G. Abir-Am, Harvard University Chair: Charles Weiner, Massachusetts Institute of Scientific Couples: Old and New Images of the Curies: Technology Helena Pycior, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Reassessing Radiation Safety Standards in Light of Genetic A Mathematical Union: The Collaboration of William G. Considerations: Prewar and Postwar Perspectives: Gilbert and Emily Chilsom Young, 1898-1925: Ivor Grattan­ F. Whittemore, Jr., Harvard University Guinness, Middlesex Polytechnic The Hiroshima-Nagasaki Genetics Studies: Mutation and Contrasting Sex Roles in US. Botanical Couples: The Species Survival in the Early Cold War: Susan Lindee Brandagees and the Clements: Nancy Slack, Russell Sage College Adaptive Radiation: Opportunities in Genetics and Population Genetics after the Bomb: John Beatt~ An Unknown Collaborative Marriage in British University of Minnesota Astronomy: Annie Russell Maunder and Edward Maunder: Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie, Oklahoma Baptist University Radiological Safety in Weapons Testing: Barton Hacker, Oregon State University Three Generations of Marine Biological Couples in Canada: Marianne G. Ainley, Concordia University 24. Works in Progress VI: Science and Theology in the Comment: Joy Harvey, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and 1Wentieth Century State University 9:00-10:30 a.m. Isabelle de Courtivron, Massachusetts Institute Chair: Edward B. Davis, Messiah College of Technology Behaviorism and American Protestant Theology, 1913- 21. Science and the Society of Jesus 1940: Jon H. Roberts, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point 9:00-11:30a.m. Organizer: Martha Baldwin, Westport Point, The American Encounter between Science and Massachusetts Christianity: A Look at Evangelicals in Science since the Second World War: Mark A. Kalthoff, Indiana University Chair: RobertS. Westman, University of California, San Diego Einstein's Pursuit of Science as a Search for the God of Spinoza: Peter A. Degen, University of California, Berkeley A Quantitative Survey of Jesuit Publications in Science: 1548 to 1773: Steven Harris, Harvard University Workshop on Writing and Evaluating in the History of Science The Jesuit Rhetoric of Instruments in Early Astronomy: Classroom James Lattis, University of Wisconsin, Madison 9:00-10:30a.m.

The Teaching of Astronomy at the Collegia Romano in the 25. The American Society for Psychical Research: Origin, Late Seventeenth Century: Rivka Feldha~ Tel-Aviv Context, and Form University Cosponsored by Forum for the History of Science in America Riccioli's Criticism of the Copernican System: Alfredo 10:30 a.m.-12:00 noon Dinis, Cambridge Organizer: Seymour H. Mauskopf, Duke University Patronage and Readership of Seventeenth-Century Jesuit Science: Martha Baldwin Chair: Michael M. Sakal, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Teaching in the History of Science Resources & Strategies RUSSIAN & SOVIET SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

LOREN R. GRAHAM Massachusetts Institute of Technology

sities. At present a handful of American uni­ ever, the scientific traditions of the two FOREWORD versities-MIT, Harvard, Pennsylvania, countries di1fer. Many observers have Northwestern, Georgetown, Columbia, Ari­ noted that Russia and the Soviet Union zona, Oregon State-offer occasional have been strongest in fundamental This is the fourth guide in the series courses on the subject, but as yet no more science, particularly in mathematics and Teaching the History of Science: Resources than three or four senior American histo­ theoretical physics (what some people call and Strategies, published under the aus­ rians are working full-time in the field. "blackboard science") and weakest in ap­ pices of the Committee on Education by The scarcity of good books in Western plied science and engineering. American the History of Science Society. These languages is not a result of the inherent un­ strength, on the other hand, has, until re­ guides, written by specialists, are intended importance of the subject. Today the So­ cently, been in the applied sciences. for the use of historians of science as well viet Union has the world's largest commu­ Another distinguishing characteristic is as general historians and any other nity of scientists and engineers, exceeding that scientists and government officials in teachers who wish to begin to revise a his­ that of the United States by almost a third, Russia have always considered science to tory of science course or to incorporate and this community has deep historical be closer to politics than have their coun­ new topics into an existing course. The roots. Scientists and engineers in the tsarist terparts in the United States. The tsarist guides published in the Newsletter will be empire had earned world fame for their government feared that Russian scientists published, with other essays, as a pamphlet achievements. Among the best known who studied in Western Europe would in mid 1989. were Nikolai Lobachevskii, the first person bring home not only scientific knowledge Earlier guides appeared in the July 1986, to develop non-Euclidean geometry; Dmi­ but also Western political theories in con­ April 1987, and Supplement 1988 issues of trii Mendeleev, creator of the periodic flict with those of the supporters of the Ro­ the Newsletter. The editorial board for table of the chemical elements; and Ivan manov autocracy. For their part, Russian each guide is drawn from the Society's Pavlov, the noted physiologist and the first scientists usually considered themselves Committee on Education. The committee Russian to receive a Nobel Prize. part of the intelligentsia, with all the oppo­ welcomes comments on the value of these Most Americans are unaware that the de­ sitional implications that this term conveys. guides, as well as on suggested topics for velopment of science in Russia is approxi­ Like the government censors, Russian sci­ future guides. mately as long as it is in the United States. entists often made no clear distinction be­ Mikhail Lomonosov and Benjamin Franklin, tween science and politics. By the late © 1989 History of Science Society two of the most significant figures in the nineteenth century many Russian scientists early history of science in the two coun­ believed that rational scientific knowledge tries, lived at the same time and even did automatically led to criticism of state pol­ INTRODUCTION research on some of the same topics, in­ itics and the state-supported form of the cluding electricity. Professional societies in Russian Orthodox faith. Out of this inter­ The history of science and technology in the two countries, such as the American mixing of science and politics arose many Russia and the Soviet Union is a field of Chemical Society and the Russian Physico­ clashes, such as the refusal of tsarist study that is underdeveloped in the West, Chemical Society, were founded in approx­ censors to publish Ivan Sechenov's work and good books on the subject in English imately the same period. Indeed, America on physiological retl.exes on the ground or other West European languages are cor­ and Russia in the eighteenth and nine­ that it supported atheism. respondingly rare. Nonetheless, a number teenth centuries shared geographic and After the Russian Revolution the new So­ of sources exist, as the following bibliog­ geopolitical characteristics that influenced viet government adopted a very positive raphy illustrates. Because of the youth of science in the two countries in similar attitude toward science but retained the the field and the difficulty in gaining access ways: both were outside the center of view that science and politics are inter­ to archives, the quality of existing works is world science at that time, Western woven. Almost every Soviet book on the uneven and the coverage spotty. In recent Europe, and both were busy exploring vast history of science in the USSR contains years this situation has begun to improve. virgin lands, an activity that led to partic­ some reference to the official view that There is a small but perceptible growth of ular strengths in such fields as botany, ge­ science and Soviet socialism are mutually interest in the history of Russian and Soviet ology, and soil science. supportive. The outside observer might science and technology in research ·univer- In some other important respects, how- note that the Soviet government has in- 2 TEACHING IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE

deed strongly supported science, but that York: Knopf, 1972). The latter book has tion adopted in the 1920s. Although there the history of Soviet science contains epi­ been expanded and updated to cover are research institutes in all scientific na- ...._, sodes such as the Lysenko affair, illustrating events up to the middle 1980s in Graham's tions today-and there were quite a few that the influence of politics on science Science, Philosophy, and Human Behavior even in the 1920s-the term scientific­ can be harmful as well as beneficial. in the Soviet Union (New York: Columbia research institute (nauchno-issledovatel'- Counterbalancing the scarcity of good Univ. Press, 1987). skii institut) has a stature and a mean- books on the history of Russian and Soviet The most important single institution in ing in the Soviet Union that it does not science in Western languages is a large Russian and Soviet science has been the have in any Western country. Almost all body of literature on the subject published Academy of Sciences, founded in 1725 ac­ outstanding scientists and engineers in the in the Soviet Union in recent decades. The cording to a plan worked out by Tsar Peter Soviet Union are members of an institute center of this research is the Institute of the Great. Since the Academy has tradition­ or have connections with one. The estab­ the History of Science and Technology of ally encompassed all fields of knowledge, lishment and early history of this system the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, lo­ including both the natural and social are described in Mark Adams, "Science, cated in Moscow. In just one series of sciences, histories of the Academy are vir­ Ideology, and Structure: The Kol'tsov Insti- monographs entitled Scientific-Biograph­ tually general histories of science in Russia, tute, 1900-1970," in The Social Context ical Series (Nauchno-Biograficheskaia Se­ although they do not give much attention of Soviet Science, edited by Linda Lubrano riia) this institute has sponsored several to university or industrial research. Two and Susan Gross Solomon (Boulder, Colo.: hundred biographies of Russian and Soviet sources treating the early history of the Westview Press, 1980), pp. 173-204; Paul scientists, almost all of them written in Academy in the tsarist period are Alex­ Josephson, "The Ioffe Physico-Technical Russian. The Academy of Sciences has also ander Lipski, "The Foundation of the Rus­ Institute and the Birth of Soviet Physics" put out an overview in English of work in sian Academy of Sciences," Isis, 1953, (Ph.D. diss., Massachusetts Institute of Russian: The History of Science: Soviet Re­ 44:349-354; and Ludmilla Schulze, "The Technology, 1986); and Loren R. Graham, search, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1985). Although Russification of the St. Petersburg Academy "The Formation of Soviet Research Insti­ this literature can be used profitably by the of Sciences and Arts in the Eighteenth Cen­ tutes: A Combination of Revolutionary In­ Western scholar who knows the Russian tury," British journal of the History of novation and International Borrowing," in language, much of it is flawed by being Science, 1985, 18:305-335. A work that Russian ana Slavic History, edited by Don written from an internalistic and national­ provides much general information on the Karl Rowney and G. Edward Orchard (Co­ istic point of view. Some of the best Soviet Soviet period is Alexander Vucinich, Em­ lumbus, Ohio: Slavica, 1977), pp. 49-75. pieces in English on the history of Soviet pire of Knowledge: The Academy of Sci­ The work of an important institute with or­ science can be found in the Dictionary of ences of the USSR (191 7-1970) (Berkeley: igins long before the Soviet government Scientific Biography, where significant de­ Univ. California Press, 1984 ). arose is described in Stanwyn G. Shetler, ceased Russian and Soviet scientists are de­ A crucial time for the Academy came in The Komarov Institute: 250 Years of Rus· scribed. Users of this source should be sure the late 1920s, when it was thoroughly re­ sian Research (Washington, D.C.: Smith­ to check the supplementary volumes for structured by Soviet authorities. This epi­ sonian Institution Press, 1967). articles written after the editors decided to sode is described in Loren R. Graham, The Another striking feature of the history of drop the rule that only Soviet authors Soviet Academy of Sciences ana the Com­ Russian science, at least in the nineteenth could write about Soviet scientists. munist Party, 1927-1932 (Princeton, N.J.: century, is the role of women. Russian Princeton Univ. Press, 1967); and in women were among the first in the world Aleksey E. Levin, "Expedient Catastrophe: to receive doctorates in mathematics, phys­ A Reconsideration of the 1929 Crisis at the iology, zoology, chemistry, and other fields, Soviet Academy of Science," Slavic Review, as discussed in Ann Hibner Koblitz, "Sci­ GENERAL 1988, 4 7(2):261-279. A later, much less ence, Women, and the Russian Intelligen­ 1 traumatic, reform of the Academy is de­ tsia: The Generation of the 1860s," Isis, HISTORIES scribed by Graham in "Reorganization of 1988, 79:208- 226. the USSR Academy of Sciences," in Soviet The best overview in English of the history Policy-Making, edited by Peter Juviler and of science in Russia before 191 7 is Alex­ Henry Morton (New York: Praeger, 1967), ander Vucinich's two-volume study Science pp. 133-162. in Russian Culture (Stanford, Calif.: Stan­ Although the Academy has dominated HISTORI­ ford Univ. Press, 1963, 1970). A treatment Russian and Soviet science, other scientific 2 of the Soviet period, somewhat incomplete societies also existed. A description of the OGRAPHY in its coverage, is Zhores Medvedev, Soviet fate of the prerevolutionary societies after Science (New York: Norton, 1978). A topic the Revolution is James M. Swanson's "The The best overview of Western works on in the history of Soviet science that Bolshevization of Scientific Societies in the the history and social study of science and touches on almost all scientific fields is the Soviet Union: An Historical Analysis of the technology in the Soviet Union is Susan So­ role of Marxism. For the 1920s and early Character, Function, and Legal Position of lomon, "Retlections on Western Studies of 1930s the basic work on this topic is David Scientific and Scientific-Technical Societies Soviet Science," in The Social Context of Joravsky, Soviet Marxism and Natural in the USSR, 1929-1936" (Ph.D. diss., Soviet Science ( ed. Lubrano and Solomon; ~ Science (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, Dept. of History, Indiana Univ., 1968). see Section I), pp. 1-29. Articles de­ 1961 ). For the role of Marxism in later pe­ One of the most distinctive features of scribing the evolution of Soviet interpreta­ riods see Loren R. Graham, Science and Soviet science is the organization of re· tions of the history of science are David Philosophy in the Soviet Union (New search in the institute system, an innova- }oravsky, "Soviet Views on the History of RUSSIAN & SOVIET SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 3

..-.,.. Science," Isis, 1955, 46:3-13; and Alex­ tion, are more widely distributed geo­ Theory of Functions," Historla Mathema­ ander Vucinich, "Soviet Marxism and the graphically. tica, 1978, 5:275-305; and Allen Shields, History of Science," The Russian Review, This great tradition in mathematics dates "Years Ago: Luzin and Egorov," The Mathe­ 1982,41:123-142. back to Leonhard Euler and Jakob Ber­ matical Intelligencer, 1987, 9( 4 ):24-27. One Soviet contribution to historiog­ nouilli in the early eighteenth century, raphy-not in fact itself on the history of both of whom did important work while Biological Sciences Russian or Soviet science-caused a great living in Russia. N. I. Lobachevskii, M. V. The Russian and Soviet contribution in bi­ controversy over methodology and inter­ Ostrogradskii, and P. L. Chebyshev in the ology is less significant than that in mathe­ pretation in the field as a whole. In 1931, at nineteenth century solidified the reputa­ matics, but the available materials are, the Second International Conference of the tion of Russia in mathematics. By the early somewhat paradoxically, more numerous. History of Science in London, the Soviet twentieth century Russian mathematicians Topics that have particularly attracted the physicist and historian Boris Hessen pre­ were working at the leading edge of mathe­ attention of Western historians are the re­ sented a paper on Isaac Newton that is matics in many areas: Chebyshev and A. A. ception of Darwinism in Russia in the nine­ often considered the most influential paper Markov in the theory of numbers and prob­ teenth century and the Lysenko affair in in the externalist interpretation of the his­ ability; V. A. Steklov and A. N. Krylov in dif­ the twentieth; these both relate to a third tory of science. By externalism we usually ferential equations; D. F. Egorov, K A. An­ topic that has attracted scholars: genetics. mean the explanation of the evolution of dreev, and A. K Vlasov in geometry; D. A. On Darwinism, the most discriminating science in terms of economic and social Grave, S. 0. Shatunovskii, and F. E. Molin in and thorough work is Daniel Todes, forces rather than on the basis of experi­ algebra; N. N. Luzin in theory of functions; Darwin without Malthus: The "Struggle mental evidence and logical deduction. and many others. In the later Soviet period for Existence" and Russian Evolutionary Paradoxically, after Hessen called for ex­ outstanding mathematicians are far too nu­ Thought in the Nineteenth Century (Ox­ ternalist interpretations of the history of merous to name, but they include I. M. ford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989). Some of science, most Soviet works in the field Gel'fand, A. N. Kolrnogorov, A. Ia. Khinchin, Todes's main ideas can be found in his have been internalist in nature. Although S. N. Bernshtein, N. N. Bogoliubov, L. V. "Darwin's Malthusian Metaphor and Rus­ not on Soviet science, his paper must be Kantorovich, L. S. Pontriagin, I. R. Shafare­ sian Evolutionary Thought, 1859-1917," seen in the context of Soviet events that vich, S. L. Sobolev, and I. M. Vinogradov. Isis, 1987, 78 :537-551; and his 'Y 0. Ko­ fundamentally affected its form and sub­ Unfortunately, the importance of the his­ valevskii: The Genesis, Content, and Re­ stance. This context, largely ignored in the tory of Russian and Soviet mathematics is ception of His Paleontological Work," ~West, is explored in Loren Graham, "The poorly reflected in English-language Studies in the History of Biology, 1978, Socio-Political Roots of Boris Hessen: So­ sources. Not even Lobachevskii, the cre­ 2 :99-165. The profound influence of the viet Marxism and the History of Science," ator of non-Euclidean geometry, is the sub­ Russian tradition of morphology on the Social Studies of Science, 1985, 15:705- ject of a full biography in English. V. F. formulation of Soviet Darwinism is the sub­ 722. Kagan's N Lobachevsky and His Contribu­ ject of Mark Adams, "Severtsov amd The social study of science and tech­ tion to Science (Moscow: Foreign Lan­ Schrnalhausen: Russian Morphology and nology in the Soviet Union is usually guages Publishing House, 1957) is perhaps the Evolutionary Synthesis," in The Evolu­ termed naukovedenie, or "science stud­ the source most often cited, but it is clearly tionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Uni­ ies." The nature and evolution of this field inadequate. Alexander Vucinich has ex­ fication of Biology, edited by Ernst Mayr are explored in Linda Lubrano, Soviet Soci­ plored some of the nontechnical aspects of and William Provine (Cambridge, Mass.: ology of Science (Columbus, Ohio: Amer­ Lobachevskii's life in his "Nikolai lvanovich Harvard Univ. Press, 1980), pp. 193-225. ican Association for the Advancement of Lobachevskii: The Man Behind the First A more general treatment of Darwinism in Slavic Studies, 1976); and Yakov Rabkin, Non-Euclidean Geometry," Isis, 1962, Russia is Alexander Vucinich, Darwin in . "Naukovedenie: The Study of Scientific Re­ 53:465-481. The best source on the cir­ Russian Thought (Berkeley/Los Angeles: search in the Soviet Union," Mineroa, cumstances of the creation of Lobachev­ Univ. California Press, 1989). James Allen 1976, 14:61-78. skian geometry is a senior thesis by Rogers has three articles on the subject: Gregory Crowe, "The Life and Work of Ni­ "The Reception of Darwin's Origin of kolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky: A Study of Species by Russian Scientists," Isis, 1973, the Factors Leading to the Discovery and 64:484-503; "Charles Darwin and Rus­ Acceptance of the First Non-Euclidean Ge­ sian Scientists," Russian Review, 1960, SPECIAL ome try" (Harvard Univ., 1986). 19( 4 ):3 71-383; and "Russian Opposition 3 A happy exception to the dearth of En­ to Darwinism in the Nineteenth Century," SUBJECTS glish-language materials on the history of Isis, 1974, 65:487- 505. Another source on Russian and Soviet mathematics is Anne this topic is Sarah Swinburne White, "The Mathematics Hibner Koblitz's biography of the first sig­ Reception in Russia of Darwinian Doctrines It is in mathematics that Russia and the So­ nificant woman mathematician of modern Concerning Evolution" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. vie t Union have made the greatest contri­ times, A Convergence of Lives: Sofia Kova­ London, 1968 ). Also useful is George L. butions. Today the Soviet Union is a world levskaia.· Scientist, Writer, Revolutionary Kline, "Darwinism and the Russian Or­ __.....power in mathematics. Indeed, Moscow (Boston: Birkhauser, 1983 ). Biographical thodox Church," in Continuity and probably has the greatest concentration of material is also available on Nikolai Luzin, a Change in Russian and Soviet Thought, mathematical talent of any city. The main founder of the twentieth-century "Moscow edited by Ernest J. Simmons (New York: competitor is no doubt Paris, since mathe­ School" of mathematics, in two articles: Russell & Russell, 1967), pp. 307- 328. maticians in the United States, another Esther R. Phillips, "Nicolai Nicolae vich One proponent of a charac teristically leader in mathematics in the last genera- Luzin and the Moscow School of the Russian modificatio n of evolutionary theo- 4 TEACHING IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE

ry is Peter Kropotkin, known for his work torical Review, 1977, 82(5):1133-1164, themselves-or at least those who were on "mutual aid" within species. There where he shows that interest in eugenics women-are the focus of]eanette E. Tuve, ...._, is no biography of Kropotkin that takes was not tied uniquely to right-wing polit­ Tbe First Russian Women Physicians full account of both his biological and po­ ical movements. (Newtonville, Mass.: Oriental Research litical interests, but his political views and Before the advent of industrialization Partners, 1984 ). activities are analyzed in Martin Allen there was a strong school of ecology and Interest among Western scholars in the Miller, Kropotkin (Chicago: Univ. Chicago conservation in the Soviet Union, one with history of Russian and Soviet public health Press, 1976). Also worthy of examination is important prerevolutionary roots. Douglas has grown considerably in the last two de­ James Allen Rogers, "Prince Peter Kro­ Weiner has explored this topic in a cades. In 1986 Professor Susan Solomon of potkin, Scientist and Anarchist: A Biograph­ number of articles, including "The Histori­ the University of Toronto organized a con­ ical Study of Science and Politics in Russian cal Origins of Soviet Environmentalism," ference on the subject at which over a History" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard Univ., 1957). Environmental Review, 1982, 6(2):42- dozen papers were presented; much of this A more widely known-indeed, no­ 62; and "Community Ecology in Stalin's scholarship has yet to appear in print. One torious-figure in Russian biology is T. D. Russia: 'Socialist' and 'Bourgeois' Science," early book that examines public health in Lysenko. The most complete work on Ly­ Isis, 1984, 75:684-696. Weiner has also tsarist Russia is Roderick McGrew, Russia senko is David Joravsky, Tbe Lysenko Af­ written an important book analyzing the and the Cholera, 1823-1832 (Madison: fair (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. early history of Soviet conservation and Univ. Wisconsin Press, 1965 ). Social histo­ Press, 1970). Another important work, identifying the roots of Lysenkoism: Models rians are particularly interested in health- written by a Soviet biologist who became of Nature: Conseroation and Ecology in care delivery in nineteenth-century rural an opponent of Lysenko, is Zhores Med­ the Soviet Union, 1917-1935 (Bloom­ Russia; among recent works are Peter Krug, vedev, Tbe Rise and Fall ofT. D. Lysenko ington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1987). "The Debate over the Delivery of Health (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1969). Care in Rural Russia: The Moscow More idiosyncratic is Dominique Lecourt, Biomedical Sciences: Physiology, Zemstvo, 1864-1878," Bulletin of the Proletarian Science? The Case of Lysenko, Medicine, and Public Health History of Medicine, 1976, 50:226-241; translated by Ben Brewster (London: NLB, Russia has a particularly rich tradition in and two articles by Samuel Ramer: "Who 1977). For a study of late Lysenkoism see physiology and physiological psychology, Was the Russian Feldsher?" Bulletin of the Mark Adams, "Genetics and Molecular Bi­ as the names of I. M. Sechenov, V. M. Bekh­ History of Medicine, 1976, 50:213-235, ology in Khrushchev's Russia" (Ph.D. diss., terev, and Ivan Pavlov illustrate_ David Jor­ and "Childbirth and Culture: Midwifery in Harvard Univ., 1973), a source that also avsky's forthcoming Russian Psychology: A the Nineteenth Century Russian Country­ contains much information on biochem­ Critical History will treat this subject. side," in The Family in Imperial Russia: ~ istry. Other sources are Daniel Todes, "Biolog­ New Lines of Historical Research, edited That the field of population genetics was ical Psychology and the Tsarist Censor: The by David L. Ransel (Urbana: Univ. Illinois largely established in Soviet Russia before Dilemma of Scientific Development," Bul­ Press, 1978), pp. 218-235. Lysenko's rise to power is the significant letin of the History of Medicine, 1984, Early studies of Soviet medicine tended conclusion of a series of articles by Mark 58:529-544; B. P. Babkin, Pavlov (Chi­ to be largely laudatory. See, for example, Adams. Two were published in the journal cago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1949); Y. P. Henry E. Sigerist, Socialized Medicine in of the History of Biology: "The Founding Frolov, Pavlov and His School (London: K the Soviet Union (New York: Norton, of Population Genetics: Contributions of Paul, Trench, Teubner & Co., 1937); Todes, 1937). A more critical and well-researched the Chetverikov School, 1924-1934," "From Radicalism to Scientific Convention: approach is found in Mark G. Field, Doctor 1968, 1(1):23-39; and "Towards a Syn­ Biological Psychology in Russia from Se­ and Patient in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, thesis: Population Concepts in Russian chenov to Pavlov" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. Penn­ Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1957); and in Evolutionary Thought, 1925-1935," 1970, sylvania, 1981 ); and James E. Brett, "Mate­ his Soviet Socialized Medicine: An Intro­ 3(1):107-129. Adams discusses how the rialist Philosophy in 19th Century Russia: duction (New York: Free Press, 1967)- A term gene pool derives from a Russian The Physiological Psychology of I. M. Se­ book that includes considerable history is concept in "From Gene Fund to Gene Pool: chenov" (Ph.D. diss., UClA, 1975). Gordon Hyde, The Soviet Health Seroice: On the Evolution of Evolutionary Lan­ Two recent works examine doctors' or­ An Historical and Comparative Study guage," Studies in the History of Biology, ganizations. The medical society founded (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1974). A 1979,3:241-285. And Adams summarizes in the name of Nikolai Pirogov, one of good historical study of early Soviet pub­ the significance of the Russian strength in Russia's great anatomists, played an impor­ lic health is Christopher Davis, "Eco­ population biology in "Sergei Chetverikov, tant role in late nineteenth- and early nomic Problems of the Soviet Health the Kol'tsov Institute, and the Evolutionary twentieth-century Russian medicine, and Service: 1917-1930," Soviet Studies, 1983, Synthesis," in The Evolutionary Synthesis, Nancy Mandelker Frieden has examined its 35(3):343-361. ( ed. Mayr and Provine, cit. earlier in this history in Russian Physicians in an Era of Two other medical topics are covered in section), pp. 242-278. Adams is currently Reform and Revolution, 185~1905 Julie V. Brown, "The Professionalization of working with Soviet scholars on a joint edi­ (Princeton, NJ.: Princeton Univ. Press, Russian Psychiatry, 1857- 1911" (Ph.D. tion of the letters and papers of Theodosius 1981). John F. Hutchinson has written on diss., Univ. Pennsylvania, 1981 ), which Dobzhansky, the prominent Soviet geneti­ professionalism among Russian doctors in looks at the history of Russian psychiatry cist who emigrated to the United States. the nineteenth century in "Society, Corpo­ from a sociological viewpoint; and John F . ~ The related subject of eugenics occupies ration or Union? Russian Physicians and Hutchinson, "Tsarist Russia and the Bacte­ Loren R. Graham in "Science and Values: the Struggle for Professional Unity ( 1890- riological Revolution," journal of the His- The Eugenics Movement in Germany and 1913 )," ]ahrbiicher fur Geschichte Ost­ tory of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Russia in the 1920's," Tbe American His- europas, 1982, 30(1):37-53. Doctors 1985, 40( 4):420-439, on intellectual, pro- RUSSIAN & SOVIET SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 5

fessional, and political resistance to and ac­ Structure," The British journal for the His­ and opera, but Aleksandr Borodin made his ceptance of bacteriology up to the 1905 tory of Science, 1981, 14( 46):27-55. living as a professor of chemistry at the St. Revolution. No adequate biography of the great Petersburg Academy of Medicine and Sur­ chemist Dmitrii lvanovich Mendeleev ex­ gery. He roomed with Mendeleev when ists in any language, not even Russian. In­ both were doing postgraduate study in Chemistry deed, many of the existing treatments of Europe, and he and Butlerov wrote a biog­ Chemistry has a strong tradition in Russia, Mendeleev are filled with errors, such as raphy of the organic chemist Nikolai Ni­ dating back to the first significant Russian the often-repeated assertion that the reason kola'evich Zinin (who trained under Justus scientist, Mikhail Lomonosov, continuing he had a substitute read the most impor­ Liebig). A helpful, but far from complete through A. M. Butlerov and D. I. Mendeleev tant paper of his career, the one on the biography is Nikolai I. Figurovskii and Yurii in the nineteenth century, and persisting "table of the elements," to the Russian I. Solov'ev's Aleksandr Porfir'evich Boro­ into the Soviet period, when N. N. Se­ Chemical Society was that he was sick; he din: A Chemist's Biography, translated by menov won the Nobel Prize for his work was actually away from St. Petersburg on a Charlene Steinberg and George Kau11man on the kinetics of chemical reactions. This consulting trip. On the positive side, the (New York: Springer Verlag, 1988). [See history, like that of much of Russian Soviet historian and philosopher B. M. Ke­ also George Sarton, "Borodin, 1833-87," science, is poorly covered in the English­ drov wrote an excellent description of the Osiris, 1939, 7:224-251.-Eos.] language literature. discovery of the table of the elements enti­ A IJ1emoir by an important Soviet chem­ A well-known biography of Lomonosov tled The Day of One Great Discovery ist who emigrated to the United States, is B. N. Menshutkin's Russia's Lomono­ (Moscow: Nauka, 1958). Unfortunately, V. N. Ipatieff, is Life of a Chemist (Stanford, sov, Chemist, Courtier, Physicist, Poet this book has not been translated into En­ Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1946). (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, glish, but it is summarized in Kedrov's ar­ Soviet historians have written a great 1952). Unfortunately, Menshutkin's biog­ ticle on Mendeleev in the Dictionary of deal on the history of chemistry, but as raphy contains serious errors, such as the Scientific Biography. Another useful with other topics in this teaching guide, I contention that Lomonosov did not believe source is Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent, will not attempt to describe the Russian­ in phlogiston. A Soviet biography of Lo­ "Mendeleev's Periodic System of Chemical language literature. For an overview of the monosov has recently been translated into Elements," British journal of the History evolution of Soviet interpretations of the English: Galina E. Pavlova and Aleksandr S. ofScience, 1986, 19:3-17. For an emphasis history of chemistry readers can, however, Fedorov, Mikhail Vasil'evicb LomonosoV: on the effect that writing a textbook had tum to Yakov M. Rabkin, "Trends and His Life and Wor~ translated by Arthur on Mendeleev at the time he was devel­ Forces in the Soviet History of Chemistry," Aksenov (Moscow: Mir Publishers, 1984). oping the periodic table see Loren R Isis, 1976, 67:257-273. Another source is a collection edited by Graham, "Textbook Writing and Scientific Henry M. Leicester, Mikhail Vasil'evicb Creativity: The Case of Mendeleev," Na­ Physics Lomonosov and the Corpuscular Theory tional Forum, Winter 1983, pp. 22-23. The Soviet Union has traditionally been (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, Two Ph.D. dissertations on Mendeleev em­ very strong in the theoretical foundations 1970). But despite the numerous publica­ phasizing his social and political roles are of physics. In general rdativity theory, A. A. tions about Lomonosov, especially in Rus­ Beverly Almgren, "Mendeleev: The Third Fridman (Friedmann) produced a brilliant sian, a critical evaluation of his place in the Service, 1834-1882" (Brown Univ., mathematical approach that showed that history of science has not yet been written. 1968 ); and Francis Stackenwalt, "The Einstein was wrong to think that his equa­ Chemistry was established as a profes­ Thought and Work of Dmitrii Ivanovich tions of 1915 could lead only to a static sion in Russia by the mid-nineteenth cen­ Mendeleev on the Industrialization of universe, an error that Einstein graciously tury. lbis development is analyzed in a Russia, 1867-1907" (Univ. Illinois, 1976). admitted after seeing Fridman's work. Be­ valuable dissertation written in 1988 in the One reason that no adequate biography ginning in the early 1930s Vladimir Fock, history department at Columbia University of Mendeleev has yet been written is that Lev Landau, and Igor Tamm made contri­ by Nathan Marc Brooks entitled "The For­ he was as active in politics and social issues butions to quantum field theory that at­ mation of a Community of Chemists in as he was in chemistry. The future biogra­ tracted attention from leading physicists Russia: 1700-1870." Chemistry was partic­ pher faces a mountain of archival material, around the world. At about the same time, ularly strong at Kazan University, where most of it collected in the Mendeleev Mu­ P. A. Cherenkov began his work under the A. M. Butlerov worked. Relevant sources seum in Leningrad Under Count Sergei supervision of S.l. Vavilov on the action of on chemistry at Kazan and on Butlerov, Witte, minister of finance in the last decade radiation on liquids. lbis led to his dis­ one of the founders of structural chemistry, of the nineteenth century, Mendeleev covery of the Cherenkov effect, for which are S. N. Vinogradov, "Chemistry at Kazan served as head of the Bureau of Weights in 1958 he received the Nobel Prize (along University in the Nineteenth Century: A and Measures, a position that was tanta­ with I. M. Frank and Tamm ). Ia. I. Frenkel' Case History of Intellectual Uneage," Isis, mount to being science adviser to the tsar's . was well known in the 1930s and 1940s for 1965, 56:168-173; and Henry M. Lei­ government Mendeleev was never satis­ his work on electrodynamics and espe­ cester, "Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov," fied with government policies on eco­ cially for his two-volume text on the sub­ journal of Chemical Education, 1940, nomic development and was involved in ject. At the same time L A. Artsimovich, 17(May):208- 209. On the controversial many disputes. Part of this story can be I. Ia. Pomeranchuk, and D. D. Ivanenko question of the relative contributions of found in Alexander Vucinich, "Mendeleev's were doing important work on quantum August Kekule and Butlerov to the origins Views on Science and Society," Isis, 1967, electrodynamics. The textbooks on theo­ of structural chemistry, a useful article is 58:242-251. retical physics by Lev Landau and E. M. Lif­ Alan J. Rocke's "Kekule, Butlerov, and the A third chemist of this generation is shits came to be known to physicists ever­ Historiography of the Theory of Chemical better known as a composer of symphonies ywhere. Also in the 1930s Landau and B. I. 6 TEACHING IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Davydov established a strong tradition in tween Kapitsa and his wife, Anna, in his Ka­ cia/ Studies of Science, 1985, 15(2):293- plasma physics that has continued to the pitza, Rutherford, and the Kremlin (New 341. - present day. In later years some of the most Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1985). Ka­ influential workers in this field have been pitsa's collection of articles Experimen~ Astronomy V. L. Ginzburg, R. Z. Sagdeev, E. P. Velikhov, Theory, Practice has been published in En­ Astronomy is a field in which Russia L. A. Artsimovich, M.A. Leontovich, A. D. glish (Dordrechr/Boston: D. Reidel, 1980). achieved eminence long before the Revolu­ Sakhacov, and I. E. Tamm. Sakhacov (later Also useful is the collection Peter Kapitsa tion of 1917. The Pulkovo Observatory famous in the West for his protests against on Life and Science: Addresses and Essays, ncar St. Petersburg was a center of out­ Soviet violations of civil rights) and Tamm edited and translated by Albert Parry (New standing work throughout the nineteenth suggested the Tokamak toroidal model for York: Macmillan, 1968). century. Its founder, the Baltic German controlled fusion, which was widely ac· An aspect of Soviet physics that has at­ F. G. W. Struve, became famous for his mea­ cepted internationally as a basis for con­ tracted some attention in the West has surements of stellar parallax and his accu­ tinuing experimentation. been atomic weapons and atomic energy. rate observations of double stars. Struve es­ The founder of Soviet work in solid state See David Holloway's Entering the Nuclear tablished not only a tradition of out­ physics was A. F. Joffe, a major figure in the Arms Race: The Soviet Decision to Build standing astronomical work but also a history of Soviet science. In 1918 Joffe es­ the Atomic Bomb, 1939-1945 (Working family line of astronomers that lasted for tablished the Leningrad Physico-Technical Paper 9, International Security Studies Pro­ four generations; his grandson Otto Struve, Institute, which became the cradle of So­ gram) (Washington, D.C.: The Wilson a well-known American astrophysicist, pro­ viet physics. In a forthcoming history of Center, 1979); and his book The Soviet moted international knowledge of Soviet this institute Paul Josephson describes the Union and the Arms Race (New Haven, astronomy. See, for example, Otto Struve, 1920s as a "flowering of Soviet physics," a Conn: Yale Univ. Press, 1985). An old book "The Poulkovo Observatory ( 1839- time when a group of talented young So­ still of some value is Arnold Kramish's 1941)," S.(ry and Telescope, 194 1, 1(4):3- viet physicists flourished under Ioffe's tute­ Atomic Energy in the Soviet Union (Stan­ 14, 19. lage. Among the members of Joffe's group ford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1959). I. Soviet astrophysics has been particularly were A. P. Aleksandrov (future president of Golovin's Soviet biography of lgor Kur­ strong in recent years. The groups of R. Z. the Academy of Sciences), A. I. Alikhanov, chatov, the head of the Soviet atomic bomb Sagdeev, Ia. B. Zel'dovich, and lu. S. L. A. Artsimovich, P. L. Kapitsa (Nobel lau­ project, has been translated into English by Shklovskii at the Institute of Space Re­ reate), I. K Kikoin, V. N. Kondrat'ev, B. P. William H. Dougherty: 1 V. Kurchatov: A search, V. L. Ginzburg at the Lebedev Insti- Konstantinovich, I. V. Kurchatov (later Socialist-Realist Biography of the Soviet tute, and I. M. Khalatnikov at the Landau In­ leader of the Soviet atomic weapon Nuclear Scientist (Bloomington, lnd.: stitute of Theoretical Physics have at- ~ project), L. D. Landau (Nobel laureate), Selbstverlag Press, 1968 ). After the acci­ tracted international attention from P. I. Lukirskii, N. N. Semenov (Nobel lau­ dent at the Chernobyl nuclear power re­ physicists and astronomers, but this work reate), D. V. Skobel'tsyn, and Ia. I. Frenkel'. actor in the spring of 1986, many West­ is too recent to be featured in the works of Another bright page in the recent his­ erners became interested in Soviet policies historians. tory of Soviet physics has been quantum toward atomic energy. Sources on this The only American currently working on electronics, where new methods have been topic include Paul Josephson, "The His­ the history of Soviet astronomy is Robert found for the generation and intensification torical Roots of the Chernobyl Disaster," McCutcheon, who is studying the effects of of electromagnetic waves. In 1964 the So­ Soviet Union I Union Sovietique, 1986, the purges of the 1930s on astronomy. viet physicists N. G. Basov and A. M. Pro­ 13(3):275-299; David R. Marples, Cher­ khorov, together with the American physi­ nobyl and Nuclear Power in the USSR Space Exploration cist C. H. Townes, received the Nobel Prize (New York: Macmillan, 1987); and Marples, A Russian pioneer in space research, some­ for research leading to the development of The Social Impact of the Chernobyl Dis­ what similar to Robert Goddard in the lasers and masers. aster (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988). United States, was Konstantin Tsiolkovskii Unfortunately, there is very little schol­ Andrei Sakhacov is currently the most ( 1857-1935), who is the subject of an un­ arly work in English on the history of So­ famous of the Soviet Union's physicists. Al­ critical Soviet biography in English: A. A. viet physics. Good articles on the early his­ though no complete biography of him Kosmodemianskii, Konstantin Tsiol­ tory ace Paul Josephson, "The Early Years exists, there ace a number of collections of kovs.(ry: His Life and Work (Moscow: For­ of Soviet Nuclear Physics," Bulletin of the his writings or of writings about him, such eign Languages Publishing House, 1956). Atomic Scientists, 1987, 43( 10 ):36-39; as Sakharov Speaks, edited by Harrison E. Tsiolkovskii's collected works were trans­ Josephson, "Physics, Stalinist Politics of Salisbury (New York: Vintage Books, lated into English by NASA: The Collected Science and Cultural Revolution," Soviet 1974); On Sakharov, edited by Alexander Works ofK E. Tsiolkovskiy, edited by B. N. Studies, 1988, 40(2):245-265; and Jo­ Babyonyshev and translated by Guy Daniels Iur'ev and A. A. Blagonravov (Moscow, sephson, "Physics and Soviet-Western Re­ (New York: Knopf, 1982); and Sakhacov's 1951-1959; NASA TT F-236, 237, 238, lations in the 1920s and 1930s," Physics My Country and the World, translated by Washington, D.C., 1965). An interpretation Today, 1988, 41(9):54-61. Peter Kapitsa, Guy Daniels (New York: Vintage Books, of the image of Tsiolkovskii in Soviet litera­ once the Soviet Union's best-known physi­ 1975). ture is Rita DeDomenico's "The Official cist because of his capture by Stalin while An interesting attempt to compare Soviet Image of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in the So- on home leave from England in 1934, has and Western research in high-energy viet Union, 1959-1970" (senior thesis, '-" been the subject of several popular biogra­ physics is John Irvine and Ben R. Martin, Harvard Univ., 1986). phies, but no one has made use of the Ka­ "Basic Research in the East and West: A Many histories of the Soviet space pro­ pitsa family archives. Lawrence Badash has Comparison of the Scientific Performance gram suffer from being anecdotal and included some of the correspondence be- of High-Energy Physics Accelerators," So- written for a popular audience. Two such RUSSIAN & SOVIET SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 7

works are James Oberg, Red Star in Orbit Electrification of Russia, 1870-1890," in edited by Charles Perry and Robert Pialtz­ (New York: Random House, 1981); and Science, Technology and the Military, graff, Jr. (Washington, D.C.: Pergamon­ Leonid Vladimirov, The Russian Space edited by E. Mendelsohn, M. R. Smith, and Brassey, 1987), pp. 60-69. Bluff The Inside Story of the Soviet Drive P. Weingart (Dordrecht!Boston: D. Reidel, to the Moon (New York: Dial Press, 1973). 1988), pp. 291-305. Policy Studies An exception is a Pulitzer Prize-winning Engineering has also proved a fruitful Because of the rivalry between the United work by a qualified historian comparing area of research. Harley Balzer has written States and the Soviet Union in international the Soviet and American space programs: a valuable study of prerevolutionary tech­ relations, a competition necessarily in­ Walter McDougall, The Heavens and the nical education: "Educating Engineers: Eco­ volving science and technology, a large lit­ Earth (New York: Basic Books, 1985). nomic Politics and Technical Training in erature exists on science and technology However, McDougall's work is much Tsarist Russia" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. Pennsyl­ policy in the Soviet Union. Few of these stronger in its use of English sources than vania, 1980). Balzer is currently preparing works are of interest to historians, but I of Russian ones. a volume on engineers in Russian and So­ will mention some that might be useful. viet culture. An outstanding history of the Loren Graham takes a historical look at Geology role of technology and engineers in the po­ Soviet science policy in "The Development Although the Soviet Union currently has litical and social development of the Soviet of Science Policy in the Soviet Union," in more geologists than any other country in Union is Kendall Bailes, Technology and Science Policies of Industrial Nations, the world, very little exists in English on Society under Lenin and Stalin: Origins edited by T. Dixon Long and Christopher the history of Russian and Soviet geology. of the Soviet Technical Intelligentsia, Wright (New York: Praeger, 1975 ), pp. One noteworthy work is the biography of 1917-41 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. 12-58. An updated version includes Gor­ Academician Vladimir Vemadsky by Ken­ Press, 1978 ), a study for which Bailes re­ bachev's reforms in science: see Graham, dall Bailes, entitled Science and Russian ceived a prize for scholarly excellence "Science and Technology Trends in the So­ Culture in an Age of Revolution· Vernad­ from the American Historical Association. viet Union," in Framework for Interaction: sky and His Scientific Schoo4 1863- Studies of Taylorism in Soviet Russia in­ Technical Structures in Selected Countries 1945 (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, clude Bailes, "Alexei Gastev and the Soviet outside the European Community, edited 1989). Controversy over Taylorism, 1918-1924," by Herbert Fusfeld (Troy, N.Y.: Rensselaer The Soviet Union was slow in adapting Soviet Studies, 1977, 29(3):373-394; and Polytechnic Institute, 1987), pp. II-D-1 to to the revolution in geology brought about Zenovia Sochor, "Soviet Taylorism Revis­ II-D-44. Harley Balzer has also written on by plate tectonics. Robert M. Wood gives ited," Soviet Studies, 1981, 33(2):246- science under Gorbachev: "Is Less More? some of the reasons for this lag in his "Ge­ 264. Another useful work is Nicholas Lam­ Soviet Science in the Gorbachev Era," ology vs. Dogma: The Russian Rift," The pert, The Technical Intelligentsia and the Issues in Science and Technology, 1985, New Scientis~ 12 June 1980, pp. 234-23 7. Soviet State (New York: Macmillan, 1979). 1( 4):29-46. For a critical view of Soviet Several works, particularly in the area of science written by a prominent researcher Technology political science, treat the history of tech­ and administrator in the USSR, see Roald Relatively little has been written in the nology less directly. Bruce Parrott is a po­ Sagdeev, "Science and Perestroika: A Long West on the history of technology in Russia litical scientist, but his book Politics and Way to Go," Issues in Science and Tech­ and the Soviet Union, but interest in the Technology in the Soviet Union (Cam­ nology, 1988, 4( 4):48-52. subject is beginning to grow. A study of the bridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983) provides Paul Josephson discusses early Soviet early metallurgy industry is Arcadius much historical material. Additional science policy in "Science Policy in the So­ Kahan, "Entrepreneurship in the Early De­ themes are treated in Robert Lewis, Sci­ viet Union, 1917-1927," Minerva, 1988, velopment of Iron Manufacturing in ence and Industrialization in the USSR 26(3):342-369. Soviet science policy in Russia," Economic Development and Cul­ (New York: Macmillan, 1979); Lewis A. the period 1945-1975 is treated in Mark tural Change, 1962, 10:395-412. The Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the Poli­ Adams, "Biology After Stalin: A Case Study," casting of bells was an important tech­ tics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935- Survey, No. 102, Winter 1977-1978, pp. nology related to the casting of cannons; its 1941 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 53-80. Works that describe the main insti­ history in Russia is explored in Edward V. 1988); and Hiroaki Kuromiya, Stalin's In­ tutions making science policy in the Soviet Williams, The Bells of Russia: History and dustrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cam­ Union include E. Zaleski et at., Science Technology (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton bridge Univ. Press, 1988). Policy in the USSR (Paris: OECD, 1969); Univ. Press, 1985). William Blackwell pro­ The influence of Western technology is Paul Cocks, Science Policy USA-USSR, Vol. vides an introduction to Russian industrial­ the focus of two works. A massive work II (Washington, D.C.: National Science ization in The Beginnings of Russian In­ whose author is unwilling to grant inde­ Foundation, 1980 ); and John Thomas and dustrialization, 180{)-1860 (Princeton, pendent industrial achievements to the So­ Ursula Kruse-Vaucienne's edited volume N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1968). The viet Union is Antony Sutton, Western Tech­ Soviet Science and Technology (Wash­ early history of railroads in Russia is ex­ nology and Soviet Economic Develop­ ington, D.C.: George Washington Univ. plored in Richard M. Haywood, The Begin­ men~ 3 vols. (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Press, 1976). nings of Railway Development in Russia Univ. Press, 1968-1973). Mark Kuchment An excellent analysis of the strengths - and the Reign of Nicholas I, 1835- 1842 has written an article detailing the birth of and weaknesses of fundamental science in (Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press, 1969). the Soviet microelectronics industry and the USSR is Thane Gustafson, "Why Doesn't Jonathan Coopersmith is working on a the role played in it by two American engi­ Soviet Science Do Better Than It Does?" in study of the history of electrification in neers: "Active Technology Transfer and the The Social Context of Soviet Science ( ed. prerevolutionary Russia and has already Development of Soviet Microelectronics," Lubrano and Solomon; see Section I), pp. published "The Role of the Military in the in Selling the Rope to Hang Capitalism? 31-68. This volume also contains articles 8 TEACHING IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE

by Bruce Parrott (on the organization of nomic Reports, Department of Commerce) is the history of scholarly exchanges be­ Soviet applied research), linda Lubrano on the structure and organization of Soviet tween the United States and the USSR The (on Soviet scientific collectives), Kendall science and technology. most thoughtful analysis of the subject is Bailes (on the social backgrounds of tech­ A recent and valuable analysis of the po­ by linda Lubrano, "National and Interna­ nical specialists), and Loren Graham (on litical role of Soviet science by Stephen tional Politics in US-USSR Scientific Coop­ genetic engineering). Fortescue is Tbe Communist Party and So­ eration," Social Studies of Science, 1981, Important topics of discussion among So­ viet Science (London: Macmillan, 1987). 11:451-480. Also see Review of US-USSR viet science policy specialists have been Another book treating some of the same Interacademy Exchanges and Relations, the place of science in Marxist ideology issues is Peter Kneen's Soviet Scientists Report of the National Academy of and the role of "STR'' (the "scientific-tech­ and the State {Albany: SUNY Press, 1984). Sciences {Washington, D.C., 1977); and nical revolution") in Soviet society. Helpful Works written by emigres who previously Yale Richmond, U.S.-soviet Cultural Ex­ sources on these topics include Paul Jo­ worked in the Soviet science establishment changes, 1958-1986: Who Wins? sephson, "Science and Ideology in the So­ provide special insights; these include (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1987). viet Union: The Transformation of Science Mark Azbel, Refusenik: Trapped in the So­ into a Direct Productive Force," Soviet viet Union {Boston: Houghton Mifilin, Union, 1981, 8{2):159-185; Julian 1981); Mark Popovsky, Manipulated Cooper, "The Scientific and Technical Rev­ Science {Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, olution in Soviet Theory," in Technology 1979 ); and Vladimir Kresin, "Soviet CONCLUSION and Communist Culture, edited by Fre­ Science in Practice: An Insider's View,'' in deric}. Fleron {New York: Praeger, 1977); Tbe Soviet Union Today, edited by James From the above pages it is clear that the Robert Miller, "The Scientific-Technical Cracraft (Chicago: Bulletin of Atomic Sci­ history of Russian and Soviet science and Revolution and the Soviet Administrative entists, 1983). technology is now a developing field in En­ Battle," in Tbe Dynamics ofSoviet Politics, Three works treating Soviet industrial glish-speaking countries. However, English­ edited by Paul Cocks et al (Cambridge, research from economic and political language sources alone are not adequate Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1976), pp. standpoints are Joseph Berliner, The Inno­ for serious research on this subject. For 137-155; and Erik Ho1fmann, "Soviet vation Decision in Soviet Industry {Cam­ readers of Russian, I have available a much Views of 'The Scientific-Technological Rev­ bridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1976); longer bibliography (not annotated, but olution,'" World Politics, July 1978, pp. Erik Ho1fmann and Robbin Laird, Techno­ listed in categories), and would be happy 615-644. cratic Socialism: Tbe Soviet Union in the to mail it to those who ask for it; write An interesting article on the growth of Advanced Industrial Era (Durham, N.C.: Loren Graham, Program on Science, Tech­ scientific personnel in the USSR, portraying Duke Univ. Press, 1985); and Raymond nology and Society, Room E51-128, MIT, the Soviet overtaking of the United States Hutchings, Soviet Science, Technology and Cambridge, MA 02139. Russian-language in the number of research workers, is Design: Interaction and Convergence films on the history of Russian and Soviet Louvan Nolting and Murray Feshbach's "R {London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1976). science can be purchased from Alexandre and D Employment in the USSR," Science, 1 A topic of particular interest to American K. Surikov, President, All-Union Corpora­ Feb. 1980, 207:493-503. Nolting has also scholars who may wish to do research in tion "Sovinfilm,'' 20 Skatertny Per., Mos­ published a series of reports {Foreign Eco- the Soviet Union, no matter what the field, cow 121069, USSR.

·- Supplement 1989 page 7

Simon Newcomb, First President of the ASPR: Albert E. The Lives of Scientists and the Life of Science: L. Pearce Moyer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Williams, Cornell University Experimental Psychology and Psychical Research at Comment: M. Norton Wise, University of California, Los Harvard, 1872-1910: Eugene Taylor, Harvard Medical Angeles School 29. Regeneration Studies: From a Robust Science to a Marginal The ASPR as a Scientific Society: Seymour H. Mauskopf Fieldl 1:30-3:15 p.m. 26. Works in Progress Vll: Darwin, Feminism, and Vivisection 10:30 a.m.-12:00 noon Organizer: Frederick B. Churchill, Indiana University Chair: Th be announced Chair: Scott Gilbert, Swarthmore College Clemence Royer: A Feminist Reading of Darwin: Sara Joan Regeneration in Its Heyday: 1880-1914: Frederick B. Miles, Wheaton College Churchill Eliza Burt Gamble and Darwin's Descent of Man: Barbara T. H. Mozgan 's Regeneration Studies and Beyond: Jane LoCascio, University of Missouri, Kansas City Maienschein, Arizona State University Defending Experiment: Charles Darwin, fohn Burdon­ Whatever Happened to Ploni1Iia? Gregg Mitman, Sanderson, and the Vivisection Bills of 1875: Janet Bell University of Oklahoma Garber, Loyola Marymount University Comment: Scott Gilbert Chuck Dinsmore, Rush-Presbyterian­ Meeting of the HSS Committee on Education St. Luke's 11:30a.m.- 1:30 p.m. Medical Center, Chicago Meeting of the HSS Committee on Honors and Prizes 11:30a.m.-12:30 p.m. 30. Subjectivity and Pluralism in the Human Sciences at the Thrn of the Century Lunch for the Osiris Editorial Board Cosponsored by the Forum for History of Human Science 12:00 noon-1:30 p.m. 1:30-3:15 p.m. Organizer: Elazar Barkan, California Institute of 27. The Cultural Construction of Science in Early Modem Technology Europe 1.·30-3: 15 p.m. Chair: John Brooks, Indiana University Organizer: Paula Findlen, University of California, Davis The Psychologist's Dilemma: 7b Subject the Self to Science-or Science to the Self: David Leary, University of Chair: Katharine Park, Wellesley College Richmond Science as "Venatio": William Eamon, New Mexico State Mind or Minds? Disciplinary Differentiation in American University Social Science at the Thm of the Century: Henrika Gift~Giving and the Scientific Enterprise: The Symbolic Kuklick, University of Pennsylvania Function of Exchange in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Primitives' Rationality: The Challenge of Pluralism: Elazar Centuries: Paula Findlen Barkan Imperial Mathematics: Squaring the Habsburg Circle: Comment: Robert J. Richards, University of Chicago William B. Ashworth, Jr., University of Missouri, Kansas City 31. Works in Progress VID: Science and the First World War Comment: Robert S. Westman, University of California, 1:30-3:15 p.m. San Diego Chair: Hamilton Cravens, Iowa State University

28. Biography in the History of the Physical and Mathematical The Politics of Eugenics in England, 1900-1920: Edward J. Sciences: The Nineteenth Century Larson, University of Georgia 1:30-3:15 p.m. Hermann Weyl's Work in Physics at the End of the First Organizer: Paul Theerman, Smithsonian Institution World War: Skuli Sigurdsson, Harvard University Chair: David Rowe, Pace University The First World War and the Emezgence of Aerodynamics as a Discipline: Takehiko Hashimoto, Johns Hopkins Biographies of Physical Scientists in the Nineteenth and University Early 'IWentieth Centuries: A Study of the Genre: Paul Theerman When Science Backed a Moral Principle: Public Health and Venereal Disease Control on the West Coast, 1910- 1920: 1bward a Biography of the Mathematician f. f. Sylvester: Nancy Moore Rockafellar, University of Washington Karen Parshall, University of Virginia Workshop on 'leaching the History of American Science: Comments &om the Classroom 2:00-3:15 p.m. pateS History of Science Soc:lety Newsletter

32. Perspectives on Nineteenth-Century French Scientific Force and the Relativity of Motion in Leibniz: Dmrlel Societies Garber, University of Chicago 3:15-5:00 p.m. Leibnizian Geology: Roger Ariew Organizer: Michael A. Osborne, University of California., Comets: Leibniz and Other Mathematicians, 1680-1720: Santa Barbara Domenico Bertoloni Meli, Oxford University Chair: Robert Nye, University of Oklahoma Science for Industry: The Societe d'Encouragement, 1801- 36. Works in Progress IX: 1\ventieth-Century Science 1939: Andrew J. Butrica, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 3:15-5:00 p.m. Rejecting Anthropology: The Societe de Biologie and the Chair: To be announced Broca Group: Elizabeth A. Williams, Oklahoma State Pei-Sung Tang and the Development of Plant Physiology in University the People's Republic of China: Paul C. L. Tang, California 'fransformist Zoology and the French Colonial Mission: State University, Long Beach The Case of the Societe Zoologique d'Acclimatation: The Origin of "Mott 'Itansitions": A Central Controversy Michael A. Osborne in Solid State Physics: James R. Hofmann, California State Comment: Roundtable with audience participation University, Fullerton Boston Symphony Hall, 1900: Science, Society; and the 33. Science and Rhetoric Problem of Aichitectural Acoustics: Emily Thompson, 3:15-5:00 p.m. Princeton University Organizer: William A. Wallace, University of Maryland, College Park Workshop on Funding for Education in the History of Science 3:15-4:30 p.m. Chair: David Gruender, Florida State University Science, Dialectics, and Rhetoric in Aristotle and Aquinas: The History of Science Society Distinguished Lecture William A. Wallace 5:30-6:30 p.m. Mathematics and Rhetoric in Plato's Cosmology: J. Patrick Introduction: Phillip R. Sloan, University of Notre Dame Polley, Rollins College Lecture: Man in Eighteenth-Century Natural History: Science, Dialectics, and Rhetoric in Copernicus and Jacques Roger, Universite de Paris Galileo: Jean D. Moss, Catholic University of America HSS Cocktail Party Comment: David Gruender 6:30-7:30p.m.

34. Science and Government in Antebellum America HSS Annual Banquet 3:15-5:00 p.m. 7:30-9:30 p.m. Organizer: Hugh R. Slatten, University of Wisconsin Graduate Student Party Chair: A. Hunter Dupree, Providence, Rhode Island 9:30-11:30 p.m. The Politics of Science: The Antebellum Smithsonian: Marc Rothenberg, Smithsonian Institution "Surreptitious Creation": Thi! Origins of the Naval Sunday, 29 October Observatory: Steven J. Dick, United States Naval Observatory 37. Biology, Medicine, and History: Perspectives on the Work and Influence of William Coleman Reform, Patronage, and Politics in American Science: 9:00-11:30a.m . Alexander Dallas Bache and the US. Coast Survey: Hugh R. Slotten Organizers: Arleen M. Tuchman, Vanderbilt University Joe D. Burchfield, Northern illinois University Comment: Ronald L. Numbers, University of Wisconsin, Madison Chair: George Basalla, University of Delaware Animal Form, Species Diversity; and Laws of Inheritance: 35. Leibniz Reflection on William Coleman's Early Research Interests: 3:15- 5:00 p.m. Arleen M. Thchman Organizer: Roger Ariew, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and William Coleman's Studies of Methodology in Nineteenth­ State University Century Physiology: Frederic L. Holmes, Yale University Chair: Mordechai Feingold, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Locating the Disease of the Masses, circa 1900: Barbara G. and State University Rosenkrantz, Harvard University Medicine and the Social Order in the Late Writings of William Coleman: Timothy Lenoir, Stanford University Sapplemellt 1989 pagc9

Continued from page 12 ume): free (SSHM members); £25 (U.K. non- Stone, Alan. Wrong Number: The Breakup of members· · an non- ATe:JT. xii + 381 pp., index. New York: Basic Sobol, Michael I. Light. x + 263 pp., illus., ers); £35 (other nonmember . Books, 1989. $21.95. figs., apps., index. Chicago/London: Univers· Stevens, Rosemary. In Sickness and in Stross, Randall E. The Stubborn Land: Ameri· ty of Chicago Press, 1987. $14.95 (paper). Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twenti· can Agriculturalists on Chinese Soil. Social History of Medicine: The Journal of he eth Century. xii + 432 pp., tables, index. New 1898-1937. xi + 272 pp., map, bib!., index. Society for the Social History of Medicine. York: Basic Books, 1989. $24.95. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of Linda Bryder and Richard Smith, Editors. Vol­ California Press, 1986. $25. ume 1, Number 1, April1988. 134 pp., paper. Stross, Randall E. Technology and Society in Published three times a year by Oxford Uni­ Twentieth Century America: An Anthology. versity Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 vi + 273 pp. Chicago: Dorsey Press, 1989. 6DP, United Kingdom. Subscription {per vol- (Paper.)

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Ad~ ------S~ture ______The block of rooms reserved for HSS registrants at the HoUclay Iuu and ~Gty ------State------Zip ______Uulverslty Centre will be held until15 September 1989. The Reitz Uulou will hold its limited nwnber of rooms for the exdusiw use of approx. time _____ a.m./p.m. Date arriving------registered graduate students through 15 Aagust 1989. After 15 August any remaining unreserved rooms at the Union will be made available to other Society Date departing------approx. time _____ a.m./p.m. participants, who may then call (904) 392-1607 to inquire about availability. page 10 History or SdeDcc Society Newsletter

Continued from page 2 lus., bibl., indexes. Bern/Stuttgart: Francke sterdam: J. C. Gieben, 1987. (Paper.) (Photo· Verlag, 1988. offset from typescript.) Heerding, A. A Company of Many Parts. Jungius, Joachim. Disputationes Hambur­ Translated by Derek S. Jordan. (The History genses: Kritische Edition. Edited by Clemens o~-~- V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken, 2.) Moller-Glauser. (Veroffentlichung der Jo­ xm + 3 71 pp., illus., tables, apps., bibl., in­ achim-Jungius-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaf· dex. Cambridge/New York/Melbourne: Cam­ ten Hamburg, 59.) liv + 677 pp., apps., bibl., bridge University Press, 1988. $49.50. index. Gottin · ck & Ruprecht, Hildreth, Martha L. Doctors, Bureaucrats, 19 . 180. and Public Health in France, 1888-1902. Kafker, Frank A.; Serena L. Kafker. T·""~,..,._ Modem European History: A Garland Serle clopedists as Individuals: A Biographical of Outstanding Dissertations.) 354 pp., figs IJ_ictiona~y of the Authors of the Encyclope- · tables, bibl. New York/London: Garland, d1e. (Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth · ertis, Lorenzo: Der dritte Kom r 1987. $55. Lorenz · · · · sc aft und Century, 257.) xxx + 430 pp., index. Oxford: MediziR in der Kunsttheorie der Friihrenais­ Hoffert, Sylvia D. Private Matters: American Voltaire Foundation at the Taylor Institution, sance. Translation and commentary by Klaus Attitudes toward Childbearing and Infant 88.$60. Nurture in the Urban North, 1800-1860. Bergdolt. ci + 584 pp., figs., bibl. Weinheim: Kahane, Ernes . re Lavoisier VCH, Acta Humaniora, 1988. DM 298. (Women in American History.) 229 pp., illus., app., bibl., index. Urbana/Chicago: Universi· et Pasteur: Biographie cordiale. Preface by Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von; Samuel ty of · · , . . . Jean Lavollay. (Collection Trans.) 200 + [iiiI Thomas Soemmerring. Goethe und Soem­ pp., bibl., index. Elbeuf-sur-Andelle: Jonas merring: Briefwechsel1784-1828. Edited by ollinger, David. In the American Province: Editeur, 1988. (Paper.) Studie~ in the History and Historiography of Manfred Wenzel. (Soemmerring-Forschun­ tzenstein, Ranee; Emilie Savage-Smith. gen, 5.) 179 pp., illus., bibl., index. Stuttgart/ Ideas. IX + 222 pp., index. Paperback edition. Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University T e Leiden Aratea: Ancient Constellations New York: Gustav · Verlag 1988. DM ·n 1'>-!edieval Manuscript. 36 pp., bibl. Malibu, 58. I Press, 1985. $12.50. Cahf.: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1988. (Paper.) Ho ohn. The Description o : olden, Janet (Editor). Infant Asylums Kemp, Martin; Jane Roberts. Leon~rdo da Hospitals: Medical Dilemmas and Develop­ Niels Bohr an e 1 osop y of Quantum Physics. ix + 235 pp., bibl., index. Oxford/ Vinci. With Philip Steadman. Introduction by ments, 1850-1920: An Anthology of Sources. E. H. Gombrich. Catalogue of an exhibition (Medical Care in the United States: The De­ New York/Toronto: Clarendon Press of Ox· ford University Press, 1987. $55. held at the Hayward Gallery by the South bate before 1940.) xxiv + 290 pp. New York/ Bank Centre, London. [x) + 246 pp., illus., ondon: Garland, 1989. $40. Horsman, Reginald. fosiah Nott of Mobile: bibl. New Haven, Conn./London: Yale Uni· Go ames. The Man with No Southerner, Physician, and Racial Theorist. versity Press in association with the South phins: An on Science. xiv (Southern Biography Series.) xiii + 348 pp., il­ Bank Centre, 1989. $29.95. + 174 pp., illus. New York: Penguin, 1988. lus., index. Baton Rouge/London: Louisiana State University Press, 1987. $35. Kirsanov, V. S. Nauchnaya revolutsia XVII $6.95, Can$9.95 (paper). veka. (Scientific Revolution in the Seven· Gregory, Bruce. Inventing Reality: Physics as Huby, Pamela; Gordon Neal (Editors). The teenth Centu . 346 . illus., index. Mos· Language. (Wiley Science Editions.) ix + 230 Criterion of Truth: Essays Written in Honor .u.Jl'-=uate stvo "Nauka,' .70. of George Kerferd Together with a Text and pp., bibl., index. New York: John Wiley & Kornberg, Arthur. For the Love of Enzyme . Sons, 1988. $18.95. Translation (with Annotations) of Ptolemy' On the Kriterion and Hegemonikon. xiv + !he O~yssey of a Biochemist. xii + 336 pp., Griffith, Jeremy. Free: The End of the Human 301 pp., indexes. Liverpool: Liverpool Unive . illus., hgs., apps., bibl., index. Cambridge, Condition: The Biological Reason Why Hu­ sity Press, 1989. £12.50. Mass./London: Harvard University Press, mans Have Had to Be Individual, Competi· 1989. $29.95. tive; Egocentric and Aggressive. 228 pp., il­ Hughes, Thomas P. American Genesis: A Century of Innovation and Technical Enthu­ Kra , · hael E.; Norman J. Vi Ed' lus., figs., index. Sydney: Centre for Technology an . 8 pp., figs., Humanity's Adulthood, 1988. (Paper.) siasm,1870-1970. xii + 529 pp., illus., index. New York: Viking, 1989. $24.95. tables, index. Durham, N .C./London: Duke Habermas, Jiirgen. On the Logic of the Social University Press, 1988. $59.75 (cloth); $17.95 Sciences. Translated by Shierry Weber Ni­ Humboldt, Alexander von. A us meinem Le­ (paper). cholsen and Jerry A. Stark. xiv + 22E) pp., in­ ben: Autobiographische Bekanntnisse. Com­ piled with commentary by Kurt-R. Biermann. Lafuente, Antonio; Manuel Selles. El observa­ dex. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. torio de Cadiz (1753-1831). 469 pp., illus., $22.50. 228 pp., illus., bibl., index. Leipzig!Jena/Ber­ lin: Urania-Verlag, 1987. DM 28. figs., tables. Madrid: Instituto de Historia y Hafemeister, D. W.; D. Schroeer (Editors). Cultura Naval, Ministerio de Defensa, 1988. Physics, Technology, and the Nuclear Arms Hutchison, Terence. Before Adam Smith: (Paper.) The Emergence of Political Economy, Race. (AlP Conference Proceedings, 104.) Lajos, Janossy. fanossy La;os (1912- 1978) es (Based on papers presented at the American 1662-1776. x + 469 pp., bibl., indexes. Ox· ford/New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988. $65. Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961) levelse. Edit­ Physical Society, Baltimore, 17 April1983.) ed by Peter Kirdly and Maria Narayne Ziegler. viii + 372 pp., illus., figs., apps. New York: Immelmann, Klaus; Colin Beer. A Dictionary xv + 148 pp., illus. Budapest: Hungarian American Institute of Physics, 1983. $36.75. of Ethology. xii + 336 pp., illus., bibl. Cam­ Academy of Sciences, 198 7. Hall, Brian Keith. The Neural Crest: Includ­ bridge, Mass./London: Harvard University Press, 1989. $35. Laurikainen, K. V. Beyond the Atom: The ing a Facsimile Reprint of The Neural Crest, Philosophical Thought of Wolfgang Pauli. xix by Sven Horstadius. viii + 303 pp., figs., bibl., Jaki, Stanley L The Savior of Science. vi + + 234 pp., illus., figs., apps., index. Berlin/ mdexes. London/New York/Tokyo: Oxford 260 pp., indexes. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Heidelberg/New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985. University Press, 1988. $60. Gateway, 1988. $10.95 (paper). $29 (paper). Hankinson, R. J. (Editor). Method, Medicine Jenkins, Reese V., et al. (Editors). The Papers Lazou, Christopher. Supercomputers and and Metaphysics: Studies in the Philosophy of Thomas A. Edison. Volume 1: The Making Their Use. xi + 263 pp., figs., app., bibl., in· of Ancient Science. (Apeiron, 21[2j.) viii + of an Inventor, February 1847-fune 1873. dex. Revised edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press 194 pp., bibl., indexes. Edmonton: Academic lxvii + 708 pp., illus., apps., bibl., index. Bal­ of Oxford University Press, 1988. $55 (cloth); Printing and Publishing, 1988. $34.95 (cloth); timore/London: Johns Hopkins University $27. er. $18.95 (paper). Press, 1989. $65. eGrande, H. E. Drifting Continents a Hardin, James. fohann Christoph Ettner: Eine Jones, Alexander. An Eleventh-Century Man­ Shifting Theories: The Modern Revolution 1 beschreibende Bibliographie. (Bibliographien ual of Arabo-Byzantine Astronomy. (Corpus Geology and Scientific Change. 313 pp., bibl., ::mr Deutschen Barockliteratur, 3.) 182 pp., il- des Astronomes Byzantins, 3.) 199 pp. Am- Sapplement 1989 page 11

index. Cambridge/New York/Melbourne: 1 Mehra, Jagdish; Helmut Rechenberg. The Ostenfeld, Erik. Ancient Greek Psychology ambridge University Press, 1988. $52.50 Historical Development of Quantum Theory, and the Modem Mind-Body Debate. 109 pp., ; $16.95 (paper). Volume V: Erwin Schrodinger and the Rise of bibl., indexes. Aarhus: Aarhus University Leichty, , · ; amela Ger- Wave Mechanics, Part 2: The Creation of Press, 1987. (Paper.) ardi. A Scientific Humanist: Essays in Honor Wave Mechanics: Early Response and Appli­ cations, 1925-1926. ix + 314 pp., bibl., index. Pargeter, William. Observations on Maniacal of Abraham Sachs. (Occasional Publications Disorders. Edited by Stanley W. Jackson. (Ta­ of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, 9.) xvi + New York/Berlin/Heidelber : Springer-Ver- la .95. vistock Classics in the History of Psychiatry.) 378 pp., figs., bibl. Philadelphia: University xi + vii + 140 pp. Reprint of 1792 edition. Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 1988. Merrill, Lynn L. The Romance of Victorian London/New York: Routledge, 1988. $37.50, $50. Natural History. xi + 288 pp., illus ., bibl., in­ Can$45.50. Lemoiae, Walewska; Maria Matilde Suarez. dex. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. $29.95. Pater, C. de {Editor). Willem Jacob 'sGrave­ BeQupecthuy: De Cumana a la Academia de sande: Welzijn, wiisbegeerte, en wetenschap. Ciencias de Paris. 166 pp., illus., bibl. Cara· (Geschiendenis van de Wijsbegeerte in Neder­ cas: Venezolano Investigaciones Cientificas, land, 13.)160 pp., illus., bibl. Baarn: Ambo, 1984.(Paper.) 1988. D£127.50 {paper). Lichtenstein, Nelson; Stephen Meyer (Edi­ Pauly, Philip J. Controlling Ufe: Jacques Loeb tors). On the Line: Essays in the History of and the Engineering Ideal in Biology. (Mono­ Auto Work. (The Working Class in American Moked, Gabriel. Particles and Ideas: Bishop graphs on the History and Philosophy of Biol­ History.) 258 pp., index. Urbana/Chicago: Berkeley's Corpuscularian Philosophy. ix + ogy.) vii + 252 pp., illus., index. New York/ University of Dlinois Press, 1989. $32.50 245 pp., apps., bibl., indexes. Oxford: Claren­ Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. (cloth); $12.95 {paper). don Press of Oxford University Press, 1988. $24.95. $55. Liebig, Justus von; Julius Eugen Schloss­ Penrose, Harald. An Ancient Air: A Biogra­ berger. Justus von Uebig und Julius Eugen Morone, Joseph G.; Edward J. Woodhouse. phy of John Stringfellow of Chard, the Victo­ Schlossberger in ihren Briefen von The Demise of Nuclear Energy? Lessons for rian Aeronautical Pioneer. 183 pp., illus., in­ 1844-1860: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Democratic Control of Technology. xii + 172 dex. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Geschichte der physiologischen Chemie in pp., figs., index. New Haven, Conn./London: Institution Press, 1989. Tiibingen. Edited by Fritz Hesse and Emil Yale University Press, 1989. $22.50 (cloth); Heuser. 84 pp., illus., index. Mannheim: Bio· $6.95 (paper). Pensivy, Michel. Jalons historiques pour une nomica-Verlag, 1988. DM 20 {paper). epistemologie de la serie infinie du bin6me. Mortensen, Viggo; Robert C. Sorensen (Edi­ (Sciences et Techniques en Perspective, 14.) Undeboom, G. A. Inleiding tot de Geschie­ tors). Free Will and Determinism. (Papers [xl + 231 + (ivl pp., apps., bibl., index. denis der Geneeskunde. 350 pp., illus., bibls., from an Interdisciplinary Research Confer­ Nantes: Universite de Nantes, Centre d'His­ index. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi, 1985. ence sponsored by the Institute on Religion in toire des Sciences et des Techniques, MacDonald, Callum. The Killing of SS Ober- an Age of Science, Department of Ethics and 1987-1988. (Paper.) ~uppenfiihrer Reinhard Heydrich. vi + 239 Philosophy of Religion, Aarhus University, and Scandinavian Seminar College, 14-17 Petruccioli, Sandro. Atomi metafore para­ .,p., illus., apps., bibl., index. New York: Mac­ dossi: Niels Bohr e la construzione di una millan, Free Press, 1989. $19.95. August 1986, Holte, Denmark.)214 pp., figs., bibl. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1987. nuova fisica. (Sonde, 16.) 327 pp., bibl., index. MacLeod, Roy; Milton Lewis (Editors). Dis­ Dkr 113, $12.50 {paper). Rome: Edizioni Theoria, 1988. L 45,000 ease, Medicine, and Empire: Perspectives on (paper). Western Medicine and the Experience of Eu­ Mulder, Gerrit Jan. The Letters from Gerrit Jan Mulder to Justus Uebig (1838--1846). Pighetti, Clelia. L'influsso scientifico di Rob­ ropean Expansion. xii + 339 pp., map, tables, ert Boyle nel tardo '600 italiano. 278 pp., bibl., index. London/New York: Routledge, Edited by H. A. M. Snelders.{Janus Supple­ ment, 9.)108 pp., apps., index. Amsterdam: apps., bibl., index. Milan: Franco Angeli, 1988. $~7/~~,riHI,W.,.~I...._- Editions Rodopi, 1986. 1988. L 25,000 {paper). Maienschein, Jane. One Hundre·rHr9rr--.J!;"" Popplestone, John A.; Marion White McPher· ploring Ufe, 1888-1988: The Marine Biolog Mulligan, William H., Jr. (Editor). A Histori­ cal Dictionary of American Industrial Lan­ son. Dictionary of Concepts in General Psy­ cal Laboratory at Woods Hole. xiv + 192 pp., chology. (Reference Sources in the Social Sci­ illus. Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 1989. guage. xii + 332 pp., app., bibl., index. New York/Westport, Conn./Landon: Greenwood ences and Humanities, 7.) xi + 380 pp., I· . ec nology Press, 198 indexes. New York/Westport, Conn./London: GreenworuiP~~~rnr.l&~~~--~ in America: A Brief History. xii + 380 pp., il- , Roderick Frazier. The Rights of Natur . lus., bibls., index. San Diego/New York/Chi­ A History of Environmental Ethics. xiii + ter, Roy (Editor). Man Masters Nature: cago: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989. $10 290 pp., figs., bibl., index. Madison: Universi­ enty-five Centuries of Science. 233 pp., (paper). ty of Wisconsin Press, 1989. llus., figs., bibl., index. New York: Geo Jbu. Jan L (Editor). A Revolution in Bio­ aziller, 1988. $19.95. Nico 0 I 0 0 aa technology. x + 227 pp., app., bibl., index. Cartesio a Leibniz: Cartesio, Cordemoy, La Pousseur, Jean-Marie. Bacon, 1561- 1626: In­ Cambridge/New York/Melbourne: Cam­ Forge, Malebranche, Leibniz. (Filosofia e venterla science. (Un Savant, Une Epoque.) bridge University Press, 1989. Scienze Umane.) 230 pp., index. Venice: Mar­ 272 pp., illus., figs., apps., bibl., index. Paris: Matthea, Mohan (Editor). Aristotle Today: silio Editori, 1987. Editions Belin, 1988. Fr 110 (paper). Essays on Aristotle's Ideal of Science. (Based Nitecki, Matthew H. {Editor). Evolutionary Proudhon, Piene-Joseph. De la justice dans la on papers originally presented at a conference Progress. (Based on papers presented at the Revolution et dans l'eglise. (Corpus des Oeu­ in Edmonton in March 1986.) viii + 196 pp., 1987 Field Museum Spring Systematics Sym­ vres de Philosophie en Langue Fran~taise.) 2 indexes. Edmonton: Academic Printing & posium.) viii + 354 pp., figs., bibls., index. volumes. 948 + iv pp. Paris: Fayard, 1988. Publishing, 1987. $34.95(clothl; $18.95 Chicago/London: University of Chicago Pyenson, Lewis. Empire of Reason: Exact Sci­ (paper). Press, 1988. $42.50 (cloth); $16.95 (paper). ences in Indonesia, 1840-1940. (Brill's Stud­ Maynard Smith, John. Did Darwin Get It Nonnoi, Giancarlo. Il pelago d'aria: Galileo, ies in Intellectual History, 13.) xvii + 194 pp., Right?: Essays on Games, Sex and Evolution. Baliani, Beeckrnan. (Biblioteca di Cultura, illus., index. Leiden/New York/Copenhagen: ,.,. + 264 pp., figs., index. New York: Chap- 359.) 114 pp., fig., index. Rome: Bulzoni Edi­ E. J. Brill, 1989. Gld 95, $47.50. .an & Hall, 1988. $22.95, Can$30 {paper). tore, 1988. L 12,000 {paper). Radder, Hans. The Material Realization of McKnight, Steven A. Sacralizing the Secular: Orfalea, Gregory; Sharif Elmusa (Editors). Science: A Philosophical View on the Experi­ The Renaissance Origins of Modernity. xi + Grape Leaves: A Century of Arab American mental Natural Sciences, Developed in Dis­ 131 pp., bibl., index. Baton Rouge/London: Poetry. xxix + 300 pp. Salt Lake City: Uni­ cussion with Habermas. viii + 204 pp., bibl., Louisiana State University Press, 1989. $25. versity of Utah Press, 1988. $29.95. index. Assen/Maastricht: Van Gorcum, 1988. D£145,000 {paper). · Resch~ Nicholas. Leibniz: An Introducti~n Quipu, 2.) (Acts of the XVII International wick: Technische U~~ersitii.t Braunschweig; to His'f'l;rilosophy. viii +,,167 t'P,, figs., bibl., Congress of History of Science, 5.) (Papers pre­ Abteilung fur Geschichte d!:r Pharrnazie und · ~ . ~ in"dext!s. Reprint of 19751 eqitidJ1. Lanham, S!!nted at the symposium "Cross Cultural der Naturwissenschaften, 1~aper.) ·.o: / ;MdJN~. Yor~/Lol).~on:_;UniversityJ»ress of Transmission of Natural Knowledge and Its Schneider, Ivo. Isaac Newton. (Beck'sche (~ Am~rica:;-1989": $11::25 "(paper). . . . Social qnplications: Latin America," XVII In­ Reihe, 514: Grosse Denker.) 194 pp., illus., .,,._ Ribera i Faig, ~stanislao. His tori a del interes ternational Congress of History of Science, 31 July-S August 1985, Berkeley, California.) bib!., index. Munich: Beck, 1988. DM 22 . anglosaj6n pOJ la geblogi~ de E.spaila. (Estu- • (paper). dios Sobre 1a Ciencia, 3.fh + · 522 pp., illus., 133 pp., figs. Col. del Valle: Sociedad Latina­ americana de Historia de las Ciencias y la . ~ tables, apps., bibls.,,indeies. Madrid: Consejo Science in Society: An Annotated Guide to : · Superior de Investigaciones C1entificas, 1988. Tecnolog£a, 1988. (Paper.) Resources. Prepared under the direction of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Rikoon, J. Sanford. Threshing in the Sanches, Francisco. That Nathing Is Known. Mid~es~. Edited by Elaine Limbrick and Douglas F. S. • Science and Technology. x + 82 pp., bib!. To­ 1820-1940: A Study of Traditional Culture ,. ronto: Wall & Thompson, 1989. (Distributed and Technological Change. (Midwestern His­ Thomson. x + 310 pp., bib!., index. Cambrid­ g~/New York/Melbourne: Cambridge Univer­ by University of Toronto Press.) $9.95 (paper). tory and Culture.)~'! +. 214 pp., illus.,.fi.gs., Sity Press, 1988. $49.50. Scribano, Maria Emanuela. Da Descartes a bibl., index. Bloomington!Indiana~lis: lndi- ana Universit 19.88. $3.5. ,~~ ' Sanchez Ron, Jose Manuel. Ciencia y socie­ Spinoza: Percorsi della teologia razionale nel dad en Espana: De la ilustraci6n a la Guerra Seicento. 302 pp., bib!., index. Milan: Franco erts, Jon H. Darwin. and the D1v1 Angeli, 1988. L 30,000 (paper). America: Protestant Intellectuals and Or Civil. (Temas de Nuestro Tiempo.) 306 pp., tables. Madrid: Ediciones el Arquero/CSIC, ic Evolution, 1859-1900, (History .of Ameri­ Shea, William R. (Editor). Revolutions in Sci­ can Thought and Culture.) xviii + 339 pp., in­ ~988. (Paper.) ence: Their Meaning and·Relevance. xi + 291 dex. Ml..dison/London: University of Schaxel, Julius. Julius Schaxel an Ernst pp., figs., bibls. Canton, Mass.: Science His- · Wisconsin Press, 1988. $26.75. Haeckel: 1906-1917. Compiled with com- tory Publications 1988. $45 ($49 outside USA Ro dre. G. W. Leibniz 1cum mentary by Erika Krausse. With a bibliogra­ phy by Doris Posselt. 139 pp., illus., tfi.bl., in· . v (Mars 1689- ars : a dynamique de la Sheets.Pyenson, Susan. Cathedrals· · Republique des Lettres: Nombreux textes in­ dex. Leipzig!Jena/Berlin: Urania-Verlag, 198~ . ence: The Development-of Colonial.Natur edits. ("Accademia Toscana di Scienze e Let­ ,PM .12. History Muselfti1s during the Late Nineteent tere "I:"a Colombaria," 90.) viii + 493 pp., i)­ Schivelbusch, WoHgang. Disenchant8d Century. xii + 144 pp., illus., figs.,·. tables, Ius., figs., indexes. Florence: Leo S. Olschki, ·Night: The Industrialization of Light: in the bib!., index. Kingston/Montreal: ueen's University Press, 1988. ·ill··· .... 1988. (Paper.) Nineteeth Century. Translated by Angela Davies. viii + 227 pp., illus., bibl., index. Rothman, Tony. Science ii la Mode: Physical Shortlan , Film: A Berkeley/Los Angeles/Lm)don: Univ~rsity of. Checklist, Survey and Research Resource. Fashiiins ~d Fictions. xii + 207 pp., figs., ta­ California Press, 1988. $22.50. (Research Publications, 9.) viii + 54 pp., il­ bles., apps.1 index. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1989. $19.95. Schleiden, Matthias Jakob. Schelling's und lus., app., bibl. Oxford: Wellcome Unit for the Hegel's Verhiiltnis zur Naturwissenscbaft: History of Medicine, 1989. £6.95 (paper). Ruderman, David B. Mabbalah, Magic, and Zum Verhiiltnis der physicalistischen Natur- .. Simon, Denis Fred) Merle Goldman (Editors). Sci en~: The Culturalpniverse of a Six­ wissenschaft zur spekulativen Naturpbiloso- , teenth-Ceqtuzy fewisb Physician. viii + 232 Science and Technologr,Jn Post-Mao China. phie. Edited by Breidbach. viii + 87 pp. pp., app., iridex.·Camffrid e, Mass./London: Olaf (Harvard Contemporary China Sefies, 5.) xv Weinheim: VCH, Acta Humaniora, 1988. DM ~ Ha • mvers~ty Press, 1 + 461 pp., figs., table, index.. Cambridge, . · 78. ~ Mass./London: Coiincil on East A6ian Stud­ uss~tt, Cynthia Ea~. SeJiual Science: The Schleucher, Kurt. Alexander von Humboldt. ies, Harvard University, 1989.(Distributed by •Vict<1rian .Construction of Womanhood. x (Preussische Kopfe.) 1671Jp., illus., bibl., in­ Harvard University Pre;;s.) $11.20 (paper). + 245 pp~ index. Calribridge, Mass./London: dex. Berlin: Stapp Verlag; 1.988. Hanlard University Press, 1989. $25. Simplicius. Simplicius on Aristotle's Physics 1· '· Schling-Brodersen, Ursula. Entwicklung und 6. Translated by David Kostan. (Ancient . j· ti Francisco R.·'Co o y desar- ~nstitutionalisierung der Agrik.ulturchemie ~ Commentators on Aristotle.) 181 pp., bib!.; rollo: Ensayos so re ciencia y tecnologia. liD 19. !ah1hundert: Leibig und die landwirt­ indexes. Ithaca,.N.Y.: Cornell University 162 pp., tables, bibl. Lima: Grade-Mosca schaftlichen Versuchsstatjonen. (Brann­ Press, 1989. $36.50. · tAzul, 1988. (Paper.) • '

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