Green Korea 2003 www.me.go.kr Green Korea 2003 Towards the harmonization of humans and nature

As the eaves in silhouette whisper our traditional beauty, the imagery opens a view of modern Korea where the past meets the future in harmony with nature.

A View of the Han River

Published by International Affairs Office, Ministry of Environment Government Complex Gwacheon, Jungangdong 1, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 427-729, Republic of Korea Ministry of Environment Tel. (822) 504-9244 Fax. (822) 504-9206 Republic of Korea

This brochure uses recycled paper. Contents

Preface ...... 2

Special Reports Environmental Vision of the Participatory Government ...... 4 Environmentally Friendly World Cup ...... 6 UNEP 8th Special Session of the Governing Council in Korea ...... 10

Major Environmental Policies Development and Promotion of Environmental Technology ...... 12 The Environmental Industry ...... 16 Environmental Education ...... 20 Preservation of the Natural Environment ...... 22 Natural Gas Bus for Clear and Clean Sky ...... 26 Water Quality Management ...... 30 Management of Drinking Water ...... 36 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) System ...... 40 International Environmental Cooperation ...... 44

Environmental Policies in 2003 ...... 48

Environmental Activities World Cup Park, the Transformation of Nanji Island ...... 58 Environmental Management of Yuhan-Kimberly ...... 62 Environmental Technology of Samsung Engineering ...... 63 DYNAMIC KOREA National Institute of Environmental Research ...... 64 CLEAN KOREA Appendices ...... 68

Green Korea 2003 / 1 Preface

Living Organisms based on the principle of precautionary, integrated, and demand-side management. For example, together with various stakeholders, our government legislated the special management acts for all four of our domestic river systems and mandated the enforcement of the total pollution load system, and designation of buffer zones. Furthermore, the Ministry of Environment has taken bold steps in developing “The Special Act on Air As much as it is difficult to make a choice in life and the inevitability of living out the conse- Quality Improvement in the Seoul Metropolitan Area”, the drastic measures to protect and improve the air quences of that choice, it can be rightly projected into the global community and into our quality of the capital region within ten years. The key features of this special act entail strengthening of collective future. precautionary air quality management mechanisms like the total maximum loading system of pollutants, emission trading system, and enhancement of low emission vehicle supply. In light of the Ministry’s efforts, the agreement was made among the stakeholders and relevant ministries to further progress the As a person with great love for nature and concern for the environment, I have developed a habit of “Special Act on Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement”, and the Ministry is now in the process of interpreting objects and occurrences with focus on their potential impact on the environment. For preparing the detailed articles of the special act for an enactment in 2003. example, when I saw the rapid diffusion of the internet, I remarked on its usefulness for raising public We also reinforced the prior environmental review system for environmental soundness of major environmental consciousness rather than worrying about the inherent abuses of the internet. development projects, and began implementing the Extended Producers Responsibility system in January Likewise, I read “The Road Not Taken” by an American poet Robert Frost (1874-1963) in an 2003 to reduce the amount of waste generated and create a resource-circulating society. environmental light. In the poem, we see the speaker wistfully remembering the time when “two roads Along with such domestic measures, Korea will contribute to global environmental efforts by diverged in a yellow wood” in his journey of life. After carefully weighing his options, he takes “the one effectively implementing the WSSD Plan of Implementation, work with our industries to reduce less traveled by” and leads a life distinct from most of his fellow men. His choice has had the force of greenhouse gas emissions. In March 2004, we will host the 8th UNEP Special Session of the Governing destiny, and as he approaches his final destination, he sighs for the missed opportunities of the other road. Council and the Global Ministerial Environment Forum in Jeju Island, a UNESCO-designated biosphere As much as the poem describes the difficulty of making a choice in life and the inevitability of living preservation area, to demonstrate our commitment to engaging in global discussions to resolve major out the consequences of that choice, it can be rightly projected into the global community and into our environmental problems. collective future. Of the two roads before us, one leads to sustainable development and the other to In Green Korea 2003, you will find a good overview of Korea’s environmental visions for the 21st material aggrandizement. On the face of it, the latter road appears more attractive with its many economic century as well as our efforts to realize environmental sustainability. I hope that this publication will fruits and technological advancements, but behind this facade lie bare mountains, debilitated ecosystems, prove useful in understanding our policies and in guiding toward sustainable environmental models. unsafe water and polluted air. It affords me much relief to see that the humanity has been foresighted Please enjoy. enough to perceive the shadow of this road and navigate our way toward sustainable development, where our children can live in harmony with nature. We observe that global communities have been striving in earnest to protect the environment since the historic 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human and Environment. Most recently, countries with different environmental, economic and social conditions put a new cornerstone for sustainable development by agreeing upon the detailed Plan of Implementation at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (26 August-4 September 2002, Johannesburg). As a witness of all these events, I am proud to be a global citizen of this era. Myeong-Sook HAN

In parallel with these international efforts toward sustainable development, the Republic of Korea has Minister of Environment been developing and implementing a wide range of policies to achieve a Symbiotic Community of All Republic of Korea

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The Republic of Korea will develop and implement various environmental policies to realize environmental Environmental Vision of the soundness, economic efficiency and social balance. Participatory Government

Preservation of a Beautiful cooperation in line with the new international envi- Natural Environment ronmental action plan created after the World Sum- mit on Sustainable Development in September 2002. Additionally, we will prepare to take on the As a priority, MOE will conduct research for greenhouse gas reduction obligation upon the the establishment of a sound, 10-year-long Master Annual Briefing on the Environmental Policies. ratification of the Kyoto Protocol and prepare Plan on Land Environment Preservation. In par- coherent negotiation strategies for the Doha Devel- allel, we will put into place a basic framework for opment Agenda of the WTO. national land environmental preservation by con- structing the National Environmental Performance In order to promote environmental cooperation The Republic of Korea is now entering the age soundness, economic efficiency and social balance Assessment Map that divides and manages the with the Asian and the Pacific region to make of full-scale democratization. and to open doors to an era of life-respecting and entire nation as either preservation or development- inroads into foreign markets, we will establish the participatory green nation. As demonstrated by the 2002 presidential pri- permitted zones. five-year Strategy for Environment Cooperation mary of the Millennium Democratic Party, the with East Asian Countries. Through the periodic World Cup soccer finals, and the 16th presidential A Healthy Living Environment A Symbiotic System between publication of Korea Environmental Policy Bulle- tin, we will share our environmental policies and election, Korean people have become a proactive through Precautionary Policies the Environment & Economy entity that can change the currents of history through achievements with other countries. participation. Their voluntary fundraising activities First of all, Korea will legislate the Special Act The Korean Government will foster the devel- Besides these efforts, Korea will also make and election campaigns, which were underpinned th on Air Quality Improvement in the Capital Region opment of environmental technologies and indus- efforts to successfully host the 8 UNEP Special by emphasis on principle and common sense, in- this year to create a clean and clear atmospheric tries with an objective of becoming one of the key Session of the Governing Council and Global duced the emergence of the Roh Moo-Hyun Gov- environment in Seoul and its vicinities to the level environmental industrial countries in the world by Ministerial Environment Forum (March 2004, ernment. of other developed countries. 2010. We will expedite clean technology deve- Jeju Island), which expects representatives from The Roh Administration stands as the Partici- Secondly, MOE will take measures necessary lopment and devise a viable solution to regional 150 countries from around the world. patory Government, borne in its very essence by to improve the quality of water supply sources in environmental problems by consolidating the Eco- people’s voluntary and active participation. The the four major domestic rivers and provide safe Technopia 21, which has been underway since ideals of the Participatory Government indicate drinking water to people. 2001 with the total investment of 1 trillion won that people are now the decisionmakers of national for 10 years. administration and that their participation is essen- Thirdly, MOE will strengthen the safety man- agement of hazardous chemicals along with waste tial to achieve reform, integration and sustainable International Environmental development. source reduction and recycling projects. Cooperation and an Efficient In the five years of the Participatory Govern- Finally, MOE will strengthen the safety manage- ment, Korea will develop and implement various ment of hazardous chemicals, which are rapidly Green Administration environmental policies to realize environmental proliferating due to the development of new tech- nologies. Korea will engage actively in environmental

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The environment has become one of the three axes of international sporting events, along with sports and culture. Environmentally Friendly World Cup Environmental Guideline on International sporting The World Cup provided a strong impetus for Events and the World Cup Environmental Improve- transforming Seoul into a green ecological city. ment Plan. By helping to build environmentally In line with this objective, the Korean Government sound stadiums along with a pleasant city landscape, created a World Cup Ecological Park in Nanji MOE contributed greatly to the success of the Island, which served as a landfill site for Seoul’s 2002 World Cup. MOE also put a launch pad for waste for 15 years since 1978. The host cities also active public participation and demonstrated the undertook “Planting Ten Million Trees of Life” spirit of “Dynamic Korea, Clean Korea.” and “Green Daegu” campaigns, while carrying out an urban afforestation project that makes use of unique local characteristics. For example, down- Improvement of Air Quality in the Host town rivers and tributaries were designed into a Cities Citizens gathered at Seoul City Hall Plaza to cheer for natural river with abundant fish and water plants. the World Cup Games. The World Cup took place in June, when the As for unsanitary landfill sites near stadiums, climate in Korea comprises high temperatures, low they were streamlined into a visibly less offensive precipitation and marked rise in ozone concentration. site, and foul facilities like Mapo Agriculture and while improving the quality of the environment Environmental Management of As such, the month of June requires particularly Fish Market, Ulsan chemical complex, and Daejeon nationwide, especially in the 10 host cities. International Sports Events intensive air quality management. livestock farm were subject to more stringent Guided by a comprehensive Environmental In face of these conditions, MOE replaced management. Master Plan from initial design to actual operation Marking a monumental leap in human civiliza- diesel-powered city buses with natural gas coun- During the World Cup soccer games (31 May- st stages, the Korean Government strove to make the tion, the 21 century is moving away from the terparts in the host and other major cities. As of 30 June), a total of 226 waste patrol teams (662 2002 World Cup an environmentally sustainable industrial society towards a dynamic digital society. June 2002, 2,046 buses were distributed for opera- persons) and 231 mobile cleaning teams (885 sporting event by implementing the following: Complementing the waves of knowledge inform- tion mostly in host cities. MOE also expanded the persons) were organized and put into force. Also construction of eco-stadiums and creation of a ation and globalization, the paradigm of sustain- ① supply of high-quality fuel to reduce air pollutants as part of an emergency clean-up system, the pleasant surrounding environment; efficient able development, which puts priority on life and ② like ozone. Through a voluntary agreement with number of waste bins in bus stations and other management and target setup on energy and water the environment, will govern the workings of the domestic oil refineries, ultra low-sulfur fuel (sulfur such public spaces grew from 16,800 to 24,500. resource saving, water quality improvement, and new society. content: 430→less than 15ppm) and low vapor Meanwhile, at some 400 street cheering venues waste reduction and recycling; ③ evaluation and The environment has become one of the three pressure gasoline (70→less than 60kPa) were sup- nationwide, citizens engaged in voluntary clean-up monitoring of environmental performance axes of international sporting events, along with plied respectively to the heavily polluted capital activities after games were over and displayed a throughout the event; and ④ partnership establish- sports and culture. Environmental friendliness region and the rest of the country starting in 1995. mature civic mind. Both national and international ment among the host organization, the government now holds key to ensuring the success of sports media alike reported on the dynamic street and citizens, with emphasis on environmental During the course of the World Cup, MOE events as much as state-of-the-art stadiums and cheering and independent clean-up activities, education and publicity. implemented air pollution source special manage- efficient event operations. ment measures, including an odd and even number complimenting Korea’s highly disciplined aware- ness on cleanliness and order. Against this backdrop, the 2002 Korea-Japan Environmental Management of vehicle operation system on the day and the day before a match. As a result, the level of particulate World Cup provided players with an optimal en- the World Cup Operation of the Environmentally vironment to compete, and impressed the world matters in Seoul in June 2002 fell by 22.2% from Friendly World Cup 3 with an image of a pleasant and environmentally In the preceding two years of the World Cup, the same month last year (81→63 m per day). advanced country. The World Cup also served as MOE carried out environmental management In August 2001, the World Cup Organizing an excellent opportunity to enhance Korea’s strategies in collaboration with civil society and Creation of a Beautiful & Clean Urban Committee called for restraints on excessive design overall environmental management capabilities, relevant government agencies in line with the Environment and distribution of advertising materials and guide

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Taking advantage of the World Cup-created image of “Dynamic Korea, Clean Korea,” MOE is executing Post World Cup Environmental Measures.

pamphlets. The Committee also took measures to stadium to take charge of waste bins and collect performance of the World Cup, the Task Force Special Measures” to bring up air quality in the prohibit smoking in spectator stands and install trash in spectator stands promptly upon the con- conducted on-site management and a series of capital region to the level of OECD member countries separate discharge bins for reusable wastes. In clusion of a game. Furthermore, MOE induced vol- precautionary initiatives. within 10 years. The natural scenery improvement addition, in order to lay the groundwork for waste- untary clean-up efforts in stadiums by introducing project that went underway in full-scale with the Starting on Day 40 (21 April), when the World less cheering culture, the Committee held informal the first ever Clean-up Time System in World Cup World Cup was expanded to the rest of the country Cup was close at hand, MOE operated the Environ- discussion forums with the Red Devils, the official history, airing Clean-up Visual Presentation on for more coordinated urban afforestation, wall mental World Cup Monitoring Office, maintaining supporters of Korea’s national soccer team. electric boards (130 times at 32 games) and re- demolition, and creation of ecological parks and a 24-hour duty system to keep track of all events cruiting Clean-up Leaders from among the pool of natural-shaped rivers. MOE plans to continue Throughout the World Cup, clean management that lead up to and take place during the World ticket holders (4,900 persons nationwide). reinforcing and further developing the success staffs (120 - 150 persons) were assigned to each Cup. Additionally, we created a Chemical Terror models of the Environmental World Cup. Counter Team (Head: Vice Minister of Environment) to prepare for the potential outbreak of chemical Secondly, we will extend the green sporting Waste Generation in Stadiums Before and After the World Cup terrors. This Team devised specific emergency culture of the World Cup, like non-smoking, countermeasures that ranged from a mock accident restraints on the use of disposable plastic balloon Before After Net Decrease (Ratio) drill to special inspection of facilities that handle sticks, and activation of Clean-up Time System to poisonous substances. Vehicles that carry such other sporting events. MOE also plans to Average Amount of substances were also prohibited from driving in institutionalize and advance the public’s voluntary 18.1 tons 10.4 tons 7.7 tons ( 42%) Solid Waste per Game stadium-surrounding routes. commitment to cleanliness and orderliness that were demonstrated at the 2002 World Cup. Post-World Cup Finally, MOE will promote the World Cup Environmental World Cup Publicity and a joint project with one of the biggest domestic Environmental Policies image of Dynamic Korea, Clean Korea to the Public Participation Programs portal sites (www.daum.net) to minimize food international community as part of our overseas waste. Not complacent with the success of the 2002 marketing strategies, and lay sound steppingstones In conjunction with 4 non-governmental orga- World Cup, which is regarded as an outstanding for domestic environmental industries to enter the Establishment of Evaluation and nizations, including the “Korea Waste Movement environmental sporting event made possible by global environmental market. Support System for the Environmental Network” and the “Local Agenda 21 National voluntary public participation and effective public- World Cup Association”, MOE drafted the “Daily Action private joint environmental measures of the last two Guidelines for Food Waste Reduction” and the “Ten years, the Korean Government is elaborating and In order to support, review and adjust World World Cup Environmental Citizen Action Guide- reproducing the World Cup environmental measures Cup environmental improvement measures in an lines” to encourage the use of public transportation with a view toward cementing people’s awareness efficient and coherent manner, MOE organized the and clean-up activities. Through sustained pub- on environmental preservation. Taking advantage World Cup Environmental Management and Eval- licity via environmental campaigns and press of the World Cup-created image of “Dynamic Korea, uation Team in December 2000. Subsequently in media, such as subway advertisements, newspapers Clean Korea,” MOE is executing Post World Cup July 2001, this Team was reorganized into a World and broadcast in Seoul, Busan, Incheon and Daegu, Environmental Measures to jump start on being an Cup Environmental Support Team, in which the MOE motivated citizens to take voluntary actions. environmentally advanced country in the 21st Organizing Committee, academic community and century. In addition, MOE launched a cyber publicity civil society each had a substantive part to play. In campaign to induce participation from e-generations, February 2002, MOE converted the Support Team, First of all, MOE expanded the natural gas bus whose major source of information is the internet. which operated on the basis of negotiations, into an supply project to replace all 20,000 diesel-powered MOE ran an Environmental World Cup Banner on action-oriented World Cup Environmental Task city buses nationwide with natural gas counterparts major homepages, disclosed the level of air quality Force with the Vice Minister of Environment as its by 2007. We also implemented the “Blue Sky 21 in the host cities on a real-time basis, and initiated head. Wholly responsible for the environmental

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Located in the southernmost part of the peninsula, Jeju Island is a tourist attraction site renowned UNEP 8th Special Session of the for its beautiful natural sceneries. Governing Council in Korea

UNESCO in December 2002. At the Special Kong. From Gimpo Airport in Seoul, 40 flights Session next year, participants will be able to depart for Jeju (60 minutes of flight time) each experience the mysteries of Jeju Island. day. The Korean Government will make thorough preparation to assure the convenience of participants Furthermore, in March 2003, a large-scale con- by operating a shuttle bus between Incheon Inter- ference center equipped with the latest technologies national Airport- Korea’s biggest international and facilities opened in Jeju. The Jeju International airport- and Gimpo Airport. Convention Center, consisting of 5 ground floors and 2 underground floors, can accommodate up to Finally, Korea is making multifaceted efforts to 6,500 persons. It has 3 big conference halls, 3 VIP successfully host the Special Session so that we rooms and various small-scale conference rooms can take part in the global environmental protection The venue for the 8th UNEP GCSS and event halls. Especially, the beautiful beach and enable participants to get involved in the Special to be held in March, 2004. stretched before the Convention Center affords Session without experiencing any inconvenience. participants with a refreshing coastal vista, making The Government established a separate taskforce their time at the Center both an enjoyment of nature to prepare for the Special Session and is in the The 8th UNEP Special Session of the Governing the Global Civil Society Forum and the High-level and in-depth discussion of global environmental process of negotiating with the UNEP Secretariat Council(GCSS) and the 5th Global Ministerial Meeting on Trade, Environment, and Sustainable issues. on such matters as conference venue, agenda topics, Environment Forum, the highest decision-making Development organized by the UNEP Division of estimated expenditure, exit and entry, and trans- body of the United Nations Environment Pro- Technology, Industry, and Economics will also In terms of flight connections, Jeju Island has portation. gramme, will be hosted by the Republic of Korea take place in connection to the Special Session. direct flights from Japan’s Tokyo, Fukuoka and in Jeju Island from 29 to 31 March, 2004. Korea’s Nagoya, and China’s Beijing, Shanghai and Hong In particular, the host venue- Jeju Island- selection as the host country was determined at the promises to make the Special Session memorable 22nd UNEP Governing Council at its headquarter for all participants. Located in the southernmost in Nairobi, Kenya, in February 2003 with the part of the peninsula, Jeju Island is a tourist at- RUSSIA active support of participating countries. traction site renowned for its beautiful natural EUROPE AMERICA After Cartagena and Malmo, this is the third sceneries. Sapporo time that the Special Session has been held outside It has a subtropical climate with four distinct of Kenya and the first to take place in Asia. At the seasons, and its mild weather in March is sure to Session, approximately 1,500 participants, including afford participants with an optimal environment Beijing KOREA government representatives from some 150 countries for the conference. As an island ensconced among Seoul Tokyo and members of international organizations and CHINA mystical volcanic features and surrounded in all Busan Osaka Nagoya NGOs, will gather to review and evaluate the state Fukuoka sides by grandeur coastal views, Jeju presents JAPAN of the global environment, review the implementa- Korea’s scenic masterpieces. In particular, Halla Shanghai Jeju tion progress of the WSSD outcomes, and discuss Mountain at the center of Jeju Island, which is the ways to contribute to the Commission on Sustainable highest peak in South Korea, is an ecological Development. They will also exchange views on treasurehouse to 7,000 different species of animals and seek effective means of addressing major and plants. In light of this ecological value, Jeju Taipei ICCICC JEJUJEJU environmental issues. Prior to the Special Session, Hong Kong INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTER SINGAPORE was designated as a Biosphere Reserve by the OCEANIA Location of the venue for the 8th GCSS High-level meeting in Korea for preparation of the 8th GCSS

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Development and Promotion of

Environmental Technology The Korean Government will invest approximately one trillion Korean won to the Eco-Technopia 21 Project.

Eco-Technopia 21 the competence of domestic envi- including Clean and Safe Air and master plan for systematic and there were 37 cases of technology objectively appraise and disclose Project ronmental technology to the ranks Satisfactory Drinking Water. efficient implementation of the transfer among enterprises, 69 cases the quality of their technical per- of advanced countries. Eco-Technopia 21 Project. of commercialization, 145 cases formance at the request of devel- In 2001, MOE invested 50 of enterprise property application opers. The System administers a Building upon the experience For 10 years starting in 2001, billion won from the national In line with this Road Map, and registration, and 837 cases of performance test through full acti- and capacity developed through the the Korean Government will invest treasury to support the develop- MOE extended support to materials scholarship presentations. More- vation of new technologies for 3-6 implementation of the G-7 Project approximately one trillion Korean ment of technologies for export, and process technology develop- over, the Project resulted in 3 months at pilot plants. Those that (1992-2001), MOE initiated Eco- won to the Eco-Technopia 21 industrialization, environmental ment in the environmental industry billion won in exports, 2.8 billion demonstrate outstanding functions Technopia 21 Project to find tech- Project with private research pollution remediation, and public sector, which can be widely used won in domestic constructions, and are designated as New Technology nological answers to environmen- institutes and enterprises slated to infrastructure necessary for inte- to foster original and cutting-edge 1.7 billion won in product sales. by the Government, which subse- tal newly emerging problems like participate. The planned tech- grated environmental management. technology as well as to mitigate quently provides various incen- dioxin and endocrine disrupters. nology development consists of In 2002, MOE devised the Tech- pollution and improve the environ- tives such as extra points to New The Project also seeks to bring up 30 core tasks across 12 areas, nology Road Map as a 10-year Promotion of ment. It is estimated that in 2003, Technology users at public project the national budget of 75 billion New Environmental biddings. won will be allocated to pro- Technology Strategic Outline of Eco-Technopia 21 moting the development of new Furthermore, MOE created an technology. Environmental Venture Fund of 13 Government MOE began operating an Envi- billion won in 2001 and 11 billion Basic Goal Investment The outcomes of the project so ronmental Technology Evaluation in 2002, and actively identified far show that as of November 2002, System for new technologies to and supported promising venture FIRST STAGE Develop sophisticated treatment technology for 195 billion won (2001-2003) environmental pollution Develop technological infrastructure for the manufacturing Change in Eco-Technopia21 Project Budget Needs of cutting-edge environmental products Secure the basis for environmental hazard assessment Develop technology for environmental pollution monitoring Invest 1.6 Trillion Won in 10 Years (government 1 trillion won, private sector 600 billion)

Develop mid-term strategic environmental technology 440 billion won SECOND STAGE 70 billion (2004-2007) Develop technology for environmental hazard assessment Develop integrated environmental monitoring component and systems technology

Private Investment 10-Year Master Plan for Develop key future environmental technology 365 billion won THIRD STAGE 30 billion Eco-Technopia 21 (2008-2010) Develop advanced technology for pollution prevention 110 billion Develop original environmental hazard assessment technology MOE Investment 50 billion Develop nano-environmental pollutant monitoring technology 2001 2010 Current Exchange Rate : US$1.00 = approx. 1,200won

12 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 13 Major Environmental Policies

In tandem with decentralization and pursuit of a science and technology-oriented society, MOE plans to foster Proportion of Investment Budget for Priority Strategic Programs Local Environmental Technology Development Centers.

Risk Assessment & Risk Management Clean and Safe Air Yeosu in Dec 8 1998, more have nities are keenly interested in the tion and pursuit of a science and 9.04% 16.89% been built in 2000, followed by 5 resolution of local environmental technology-oriented society, MOE in 2001 and 1 in 2002, putting the problems. Up until 2002, these plans to expand government Environmentally Friendly Waste International Environmental total at 16 in major universities of Centers carried out 487 research financial support among others, in Resource Reutilization Agreement Response 14 cities and provinces across the projects to address specific local order to foster Local Environ- 14.87% 7.51% country. The responsibilities of problems, in addition to forming a mental Technology Development each center include identification technical support expert pool (1,437 Centers into a focal point for auto- Advanced Sewage and of local environmental pollution, persons) that offers consulting nomous environmental manage- Environmentally Friendly Material Wastewater Treatment development of enviromental tech- services to enterprises over 951 ment initiatives and researches by 12.41% 7.16% nology, environmental education occasions. Environmental edu- industries, research institutes and and technical support to enterprises cation programs are also being academia. Highly Satisfactory Drinking Water Environmentally Friendly Processing coping with environmental man- administered, including courses agement problems, and dissemi- for environmental managers and 11.67% 6.91% nation of new environmental tech- citizens and joint seminars among 9.04% Soil and Underground Water Ecosystem Restoration & Management nologies. industries, research institutes and Restoration & Management academic communities. 6.69% 6.84% The outcomes of the Centers’ work indicate that local commu- In tandem with decentraliza- companies. MOE also instituted a made notable contribution to mental technologies. Venture Nurture Center at the environmental improvement and National Institute of Environmental industry growth by developing Operation of Regional Research to assist venture activities instrumental environmental tech- of those at the frontier of environ- nology are identified and rewarded Environmental mental technology development. with an Environmental Technol- Technology ogy Award. MOE launched the National Development Centers Environmental Technology Infor- In 2003, MOE plans to revise mation System in 2000 to effec- the relevant laws and lay the legal With local universities at the tively publicize innovative tech- framework for the acceleration of center, administrative agencies, nologies, facilitate information development and diffusion of new research institutes, industries and exchange and encourage creative eco-technologies. Among others, non-governmental organizations technology development efforts. the Act will mandate public insti- have established a cooperative Through the Information System, tutes to deploy new technology mechanism and designated Re- MOE has been providing infor- when environmental facilities are gional Environmental Technology mation on the latest technology being installed. Development Centers to collec- tively counter unique local envi- via some 2,500 databases. Each The Act will also place “ET” ronmental problems. year, presentation and exhibition labels on new eco-technologies, on new environmental technol- which indicate that they are at the Since the establishment of the ogies are held, and persons who forefront of innovative environ- first two Centers in Ulsan and Development of Clean Energy Technology.

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The Environmental Industry Environmental Technology has been classified as a value-added industry with bright prospects.

(Monetary Unit:￦100,000,000) The Environmental visions of environmental laws. Technology has been classified Market in Korea This growth in number was as a value-added industry with A Scope of the Environmental Market in Korea achieved by strengthening per- bright prospects, along with Succeeding the 1990s, Korea missible standards on air and Information Technology and Category 1998 1999 2000 2001 unveiled a gradual development water pollutions, as well as cor- Biotechnology. Notably, in other of the environmental industry in porate efforts in making marked developed countries like the US Environmental Expenditure 72,461 80,231 83,114 92,521 accordance with growths in public investments for environmental and Japan, Environmental Tech- protection. nology serves as a major global awareness and governmental Growth rate in comparison to a previous year (%) -13.9 10.7 3.6 11.3 business strategic tool, supported efforts toward environmental pro- Based on the facts of 2001, by extensive efforts to foster tection. Although an economic the environmental protection Environmental Expenditure rate in GDP (%) 1.6 1.66 1.59 1.70 further technological enhance- downfall in East Asia caused a expenditure on water and land ments. shrink in the market, Korea’s (47.7%) ranks the top, followed Source: Korea Bank, Environmental Protection Expenditure Estimation Results (2002.12) environmental industry diligently by waste (34.3%), air (14.5%), In step with this global trend, sought for ways of constant im- and noise & vibrations, etc. (3.5%) Korea established the Planning at advancing the Environmental 21st century; ② Expansion of those measures by developing a provements. As a result, by 2001, respectively. team of Environmental Tech- Technology to the level of other investments in basic environ- concrete legal framework while a growth rate of the environmen- nology Development in collabo- developed countries by 2010. In mental facilities as well as in assisting the national environ- tal protection expenditure was ration of the Ministries of Envi- efforts to accomplish the aimed environmentally friendly pro- mental technology’s entry to the restored to 11.3%, the growth rate Strategies for the ronment, Finance and Economy, growth, the government is pre- duction-consumption patterns; foreign market. before the economic downfall. Environmental and Industry and Resources. paring a concrete developmental ③ Fostering of environmental Industry More concretely, the govern- Since 1990, a growing number Furthermore, Korea has estab- framework, which entails three businesses prospected to well ment is undertaking the Environ- of environmental corporations, Development lished and is implementing the primary measures: ① Develop- serve the future environmental mental Technology Development reaching 12,167 presently, are Strategies for Environmental ment of the cutting-edge Envi- demands. To that end, the Gov- Project for the next generation- complying with direct super- In recent years, Environmental Technology Development, aimed ronmental Technology for the ernment will strategically support primarily focusing on precau-

A Tape-Cutting Ceremony at the Inter- national Exhibition on Environmental Technologies (ENVEX) 2003. A View of the ENVEX 2003.

16 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 17 Major Environmental Policies

The MOE is undertaking the Environmental Technology Development Project for the next generation- primarily focusing on precautionary and clean technologies.

cycle. Established in 1995, the Financial Supports ernmental agencies, the Ministry Environmentally friendly Com- for Expanding of Environment will actively tionary and clean technologies - market. performing efficient international pany Designation System has foster a cultivation of the envi- underpinned by 10-year invest- In July 2003, Minister Han marketing activities. Also, MOE awarded 137 companies by 2003; Environmental ronmental industry and its entry ment totaling of over US $800 and Minister Xie met in the State has been hosting environmental also, the Environmentally friendly Investments to the foreign market, which in million. Environmental Protection Admin- trainings and seminars, inviting Company Network was estab- turn will spur the Nation’s eco- participations of government In July 2001, Korea estab- istration of PRC in a united effort lished in May 2001 to promote A taxation support system nomic growth. To that end, officials and buyers from South- lished the Korea Environmental to enhance further environmental exemplary cases of outstanding has been underway as means to Korea will take the lead in the east Asian countries. In the time Technology Exhibition Center in cooperation. The agreed actions sustainable business perfor- help induce exemptions on in- efforts to sustain and protect the to come, MOE also plans to Beijing, China, to foster a bridge brought by the meeting include mances. come tax, corporate tax, and environment as a responsible develop the One-Stop Business member of the international between the environmental in- taking concrete steps to develop The Business Environmental tariffs applied to environmental Center to cultivate an expanded community. dustries in Korea and the business environmental flagship projects Report Guideline continuously protec-tion expenditures. using Korea’s Economic De- market for Korea’s environmental market in China. The center assists corporations in carrying In addition, lowered long-term velopment Cooperation Fund industry by hosting business ac- exhibits environmental technol- out environmentally friendly interest rates have been assisting (EDCF), and annual co-hosting of tivities such as the Korea-China- ogies of sixteen Korean com- managements, while the products further developments of environ- the Korea-China Environmental Japan Environmental Industry panies and provides a collection of Eco-Label labeling were grad- mental protection facilities and Industry Investment Forum. Round Table. of Chinese market research. In ually expanded, reaching 577 technologies. accordance with the successful In continuous efforts, private The Korean government gives kinds by June 2003. In addition, operation of the exhibition center, and public sectors are working priorities to a successful imple- 16 product categories and 130 Sustaining a Sound US $2 billion of exports were together in carrying out the mentation of environmental pol- products have been certified by achieved by twenty environmen- Environment Industry Coopera- icies seeking to establish a sound the Environmental Declaration of Environmental tal companies in Korea, brightly tion Association to vigorously market for the environmental Products (EDP) Program, which Industry forecasting a further growth of serve environmental industries industry while promoting an measures environmental impacts of business activities in the Chinese entering the foreign market while environmentally friendly business a product throughout its lifecycle. In hands with relevant gov-

A business talk with foreign investers on On-site briefing at the ENVEX 2003. Environmental Technology.

18 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 19 Major Environmental Policies

Environmental Education

Those individuals should realize the significance of the environment and take responsibility for their actions.

In order to accomplish a sus- Environmental the adoption of environmental awareness on the environment in environment to practice an envi- containing environmental experi- tainable society with a successful Education subjects in academic curriculum. daily life. We also provide state ronment-minded life and increase ment equipments as well as other settlement of the environmental Since 1985, we have been con- subsidies to the local goverments their awareness on the environ- environmental education tools and policies, individuals of the society in School Curricula ducting a project aimed at desig- and educational agencies at mu- ment. materials, including outstanding should have environmentally nicipal and provincial levels books and environment-related nating and operating a total of 141 MOE also undertakes publicity friendly life patterns. Further- MOE tries to encourage more respectively, as means to support publications. This bus will be pilot environmental elementary, activities through the MOE website more, those individuals should middle and high schools to choose the outstanding learn-by-expe- used to offer visual and audio middle and high schools every two (www.me.go.kr) and shares infor- realize the significance of the environment-related subjects aimed rience programs approved by the education on environmental pre- years. These efforts seek to help mation on environmental education environment and take responsi- at widening environmental educa- government. servation to kindergarten children, students gain right views about by holding workshops on “Environ- bility for their actions. tion opportunities for the youth. the environment and regularly primary and secondary school We are also improving education- mental Education and Publicity In an effort to enhance the practice environmental conserva- Activating Publicity students, farmers and fishers as al conditions including teaching Mission” (Nov-Dec 2002). public’s environmental awareness, tion, as well as develop and dis- well as housewives and soldiers. materials and tools designed to Groups for Environ- For greater effectiveness, MOE the MOE has prepared academic seminate model cases to schools. The bus will also serve as a enhance the quality of environ- mental Education carries out environmental educa- and social education programs to computer information center, mo- mental education. tion campaigns in partnership with provide structured environmental Enhancing the Front- MOE expanded the “Environ- bile environmental library, and To assist teachers in environ- local groups in a given region. education. The academic program mental Education and Publicity laboratory for environmental ex- mental education, MOE has been line Experiential consists of environmental educa- Group” consisting of seniors, periments like measuring water publishing various reports, includ- tion for students, and environmental Environmental activists, leaders and experts in Operating Vehicles pollution level using biological ing the “Performance and Evalu- guidance education that offers Education Programs environment by increasing its indicators. This specially design- ation Criteria for Environmental for Environmental teaching strategies to the instruc- members from 220 to 320. This ed bus administers both mobile Subjects in Secondary Schools.” Education tors. The social program consists MOE offers a learn-by-expe- growth aimed to encourage adults environmental education and on- We also plan to continue cooper- of the professional education for rience forum for the youth to who had few opportunities to get site ecological lessons. ating with relevant agencies and MOE will design a special bus the governmental conservation understand and increase their the systematic education on the education for the citizens. foster a popular support base for

Environmental education to foster The MOE develops and disseminates the early development of model cases to operate for pilot environmental awareness. environmental school programs.

20 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 21 Major Environmental Policies

Preservation of the Natural Environment Baek-du Mt. Range is important also for its value as a habitat for most of the 564 kinds of wild animalspecies found in this country.

Natural & More than half of the entire Baek-du Mt. Range Geographical Korean landmass consists of forests Preservation portation of wild animals and plants as well as their In order to preserve the Baek-du Mountain Range, (65.4%). The central region has population diffusion. MOE has been developing efficient management Characteristics well-developed deciduous forests, measures since 2000. We plan to prevent ecosystem Baek-du Mt. Range is important also for its value while the southern region and Baek-du Mt. Range is a 1,400 degradation by reinforcing the standards for alteration as a habitat for most of the 564 kinds of wild animal Located in the northeastern part eastern and western coastal areas km-long chain of mountains that of land use purposes, environmental impact assess- species found in this country. It consists of needle- of Asia, Korea consists of a 1,000km- have flourishing evergreen broad- extends from Mt. Baek-du in North ment, and prior environmental performance review. long peninsula and some 3,200 leaved trees. In the southernmost Korea past Mt. Songni in Chung- leaf trees in the cold zones and deciduous broad- islands. Topographically, Korea’s leaved trees in the temperate zones. Due to its unique region and southern islands, sub- cheong Buk-do to Mt. Jiri in South Preservation Measures for DMZ eastern side is high and steeply tropical and temperate evergreen Korea. It is a symbol of the na- geographical and topographical characteristics, sloped and its western side low, trees proliferate. tional spirit and a treasure trove indigenous northern and southern plant zones cross & Transboundary Areas while its southern coastal area of our rich nature and cultural over in Baek-du, rendering it useful as an index for Korea is also home to diverse forms a gentle slope. heritage. habitat environment. biological organisms. As of 2002, Transboundary areas, including the Demilitarized In terms of climate, Korea has 18,052 animal and 8,271 plant The Baek-du Mt. Range- the Zone (DMZ) and the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) cold dry winters and hot wet sum- species have been identified and backbone for the Korean peninsula- that emerged out of the Korean War (1950-1953), mers with temperate monsoon recorded. Among the 1,440 species offers an optimal habitat for wild have come to nurture outstanding bio-diversity by seasons. Our average annual of vertebrates, 905 are fish, 41 am- animals and plants due to its rug- limiting human interference. rainfall records 1,283mm, which is phibians and reptiles, 394 birds, ged features that make human Since the historic North-South Korea Summit in 1.3 times greater than the world’s and 100 mammals. 11,853 species access difficult. With its con- 2000, interchange and cooperation between the two average, but due to Korea’s high are classified as insects. There are tinuous linkage of grasslands and Koreas increased and public interest in the trans- population density, yearly per also 1,625 different types of fungi, wetlands in high mountains, the boundary area climbed through the enforcement of capita rainfall is 3,000 tons, only 736 protophytes and 11,167 pro- Baekdu Mountain Range plays a the Act for Supporting the Transboundary Area. 10% of the world’s average (34,000 caryotes. critical role in ecosystem main- Along with this trend, the potential of development tons). tenance by facilitating the trans- projects to adversely impact the environment became highlighted. The Korean Government plans to have the DMZ designated as a UNESCO Transboundary Biosphere Reserve to promote systematic preservation of rare

The Korean peninsula offers an optimal habitat for MOE has designated ecosystem preservation zones, wild animals and plants. wetland protection zones, and special islands.

22 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 23 Major Environmental Policies

Wetland protection zones consist of areas with a primitive state of nature that offer good habitats for rare and endangered wild animals and plants. species in the zone. It will be which is located at the point of that preservation was more benefi- divided into core (preservation), convergence between Dong and cial than the dam construction. buffer, and transitional (sustain- Seo Rivers, is vulnerable to dam- Subsequently, the Government 2 able use) zones and managed with age from recurrent floods. In designated the Dong River Area degraded areas, MOE builds parks (76,503km ) in Korea, in- lands speckled with volcanoes, 2 different strategies. Once the 1999, there was a three-day long as an ecosystem preservation zone pollution buffer facilities and cluding 20 national parks (6,473km ) parasitic volcanoes, and lava caves, 2 Reserve is officially designated, it torrential rainfall over (393mm), and developed comprehensive carries out pollution remediation and 128 special islands (9.2km ), where no humans dwell, or where will pave the way for effective injuring and taking the lives of 31 measures for environmental man- projects. including Dokdo Island. they do, are confined to limited preservation and management of people and inflicting an economic agement of this area, including places. These islands are sys- the ecological axis that connects damage of 148.5 billion won. the means to improve the living Ecosystem Preservation Wetland Protection Zone tematically protected to preserve the east and the west of the Korean This flood triggered a heated conditions for local residents. Zone fossils, rare or endangered fauna ’ peninsula. The designation will debate on the need for a dam and flora, and Korea s indigenous Ecosystem preservation zones Wetland protection zones con- also contribute to securing peace- construction in Dong River. species. Protection of include areas that have been clas- sist of areas with a primitive state ful relations between North and The debate sparked a sharp Ecologically sified as first rate in terms of their of nature that offer good habitats For five years between 1998 and South Korea and evolve into an conflict among local residents, ecosystem and naturality degree. or migratory routes for rare and 2000, MOE conducted a natural ecological area symbolizing world Outstanding Areas local governments, and environ- These zones also encompass areas endangered wild animals and environment survey in desert peace. plants. As of the end of 2002, mental organizations, which held In order to protect and pre- with abundant biodiversity as well islands around the country and there were 9 wetland protection different views about the proposed serve areas with outstanding eco- as habitats and migratory routes designated 128 ecologically valu- zones (81.3km2) in Korea. Seven Protecting Dong dam construction. In September systems, MOE has designated for endangered or protected ani- able islands as special islands. In zones (44.482km2) including Nak- River 1999, the Korean Government ecosystem preservation zones, mals and plants. As of the end of these islands, construction and dong River estuary, were de- organized a “Public-Private Joint wetland protection zones, and 2002, there are 20 ecosystem expansion of buildings and alter- signated by the Minister of Dong River is a 51km-long Survey Team to Review the special islands. In these zones, preservation zones around the ation of land use purposes are Environment, while the two snaking stream that runs from Soundness of Dam Construction.” construction and alteration of land country (191.7km2): 10 zones strictly prohibited, and violators others (36.828km2), including Jeongsun Province to Yeongwol After extensive studies and opin- use purposes are restricted to designated by the Government are penalized and ordered to Muan Tidal Flat, were designated Province. Yeongwol Province, ion polls, the Team concluded prevent degradation. For already (154.083km2) and the other 10 restore the land to its original designated by cities and provinces by the Minister of Maritime conditions. (37.629km2). Affairs and Fisheries. In addition, Korea designates Internationally, Yong Swamp Remediation of 2 areas with either exceptional na- (1.06km ) of Mt. Dae-am and Woopo Degraded Areas 2 tural ecosystems or particularly Swamp (8.54km ) in Chang-nyeong are registered as Ramsar sites as In order to remediate degraded fragile ecosystems as Special areas, MOE is implementing tech- Natural Ecosystem Protection per the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance espe- nology development projects in Zones. Currently, the special the fields of ecosystem preserva- protection zones comprise of cially as Waterfowl Habitat. Also, 2 tion and restoration. As part of Mt. Jiri ecosystem preservation Mt. Seorak (3,932km ) and Jeju Island’s Mt. Halla, Jungsangan and the Eco-Technopia 21 Project, zone, Yong Swamp ecosystem MOE is promoting technology Seogwipo marine parks (831km2) preservation zone in Mt. Dae-am, development for natural environ- entire water surface of Woopo are designated as UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. mental restoration in 6 fields, Swamp ecosystem preservation including the recovery of river zone, and Mujechi Swamp Special Islands ecological functions (2001-2004, ecosystem preservation zone. 975 million won). Finally, there are 73 natural Special islands are scenic is- Protection of Ecologically Outstanding Areas.

24 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 25 Major Environmental Policies

Natural Gas Bus for The need to develop and supply low-emission Clear and Clean Sky vehicles that can dramatically reduce vehicular emissions came to the fore.

gation. mobiles. Consequently, the need which record the highest operation to develop and supply low-emis- frequency and pollution contribu- Until recently, strengthening of It is easy to see natural gas process and is supplied through any smoke, result in 70% reduc- sion vehicles that can fundamen- tion in large cities. By 2007, we vehicle emission standards and buses in operation throughout pipelines for use in power genera- tion in ozone (O3) and NOx, and tally and dramatically reduce will have all 20,000 diesel city on-road inspections have been the many cities these days. As low- tion, industries and households. register substantial decrease in vehicular emissions came to the buses replaced with natural gas major regulatory tools for emis- emission vehicles, natural gas noise. fore. buses. Starting in 2003, we have sion gas reduction. However, buses are essential to our en- Natural Gas Vehicle been replacing large-scale diesel these tools have proven to be The Government began ex- deavor to create a clean urban Natural Gas Vehicle vehicles like garbage trucks with Natural gas vehicles were first limited in their ability to produce ecuting the natural gas bus dis- environment. natural gas counterparts to replace introduced in the 1930s when Supply in Korea desired reduction effects due to a tribution project as a means to a total of 800 trucks by 2010. Italy and Russia reconstructed steep rise in the number of auto- reduce emissions from city buses, Natural Gas the engines of diesel vehicles to The number of automobiles in consume overproduced natural Korea rose from 3.4 million in Natural gas, a compound of gas. However, after two oil crises 1990 to 10 million in 1997 and up Status of Natural Gas Bus Distribution, April 2003 low-grade hydrocarbons extracted in the 1970s, countries supplied to 13.5 million in June 2002, a from the sea floor or underground natural gas vehicles as a means to fourfold increase from 1990. Par- Other Local petroleum deposit, refers to com- save energy. In the 1990s, the use ticularly, greater than half the Total Seoul Busan Daegu Incheon Gwangju Daejeon Ulsan Gyeonggi Governments bustible gas with methane (CH4) of natural gas was actively number of cars nationwide are as its main element. When it is promoted to reduce emission concentrated in 7 major cities refrigerated to -162 for trans- gases from large-scale diesel including Seoul, and account for Plan 5,000 1,672 164 463 355 277 375 211 813 670 portation or storage, it condenses vehicles and thereby solve vehicle- considerable proportion of air into 1/600 of its normal volume generated pollution problems. pollution. In light of these facts, Operation 3,074 962 102 325 319 210 269 110 511 265 and turns into colorless liquid the Government needs to pro- natural gas (LNG). LNG subse- As opposed to diesel buses, mptly undertake strategic vehicle quently undergoes vaporization natural gas buses do not produce management for pollution miti- Financial Support for and natural gas buses (3.10 billion difference of diesel and natural the Supply of Natural won). gas at 115 won per liter. Mean- while, assorted incentives are Gas Buses In addition to subsidizing the being offered at the national level additional cost, several local gov- for the operation of natural gas In order to efficiently replace ernments accelerate the diffusion buses, including the exemption of and supply natural gas buses, it is of natural gas buses by providing both smoke and vehicular emis- necessary to provide financial loans for the remaining purchase sion gas inspections. support for bus purchase and con- cost. As an incentive for the pur- struction of natural gas supply chase of natural gas buses, the Support for the Supply Government exempts value-added infrastructure. For city bus com- of Natural Gas Buses panies that purchase natural gas tax, acquisition tax and Environ- buses, MOE subsidizes 2.25 million ment Improvement Charges. Operation of natural gas buses won from both national and local Starting in 2002, Korea has also is executed jointly by relevant government sources to account for been subsidizing the fuel price of ministries and agencies. The de- Supply of the Natural Gas Vehicles. the difference in the price of diesel natural gas to maintain the cost

26 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 27 Major Environmental Policies

For the optimal diffusion of natural gas buses, it is important to construct sound infrastructure for natural gas refueling stations.

velopment and supply of natural agencies is essential for the suc- to residential building construc- gas buses are coordinated by cessful diffusion of natural gas tion standards to facilitate the in- MOE, while the price and safety buses. stallation of refueling stations in through the enforcement ordinance project for small-scale fueling cles range from large city buses of natural gas is managed by the cities by abridging the safety dis- MOE laid the institutional ba- in local governments beginning in devices and LCNG fueling sta- that were first distributed in 2,000 Ministry of Commerce, Industry tance from such protected build- July 2003. In June 2003, the leg- tions that are operated in devel- to middle-sized buses and low and Energy. The siting of refuel- sis for the expedited diffusion of ings as public housing complexes. natural gas buses by revising the islation process of the Special Act oped countries to diversify the floor buses (buses for handicap ing stations is overseen by the Moreover, with cooperation of on Air Quality Improvement in variety of fueling station. people). Especially in 2003, Ministry of Construction and Air Quality Preservation Act in April 1999 and adding an amend- the Ministry of Planning and Bud- the capital region began, mandat- Korea supplied natural gas Transportation and financial get and the Ministry of Finance ing producers to manufacture a Publicity garbage trucks whose safety and support and tax reduction are ment to replace city buses with natural gas buses. After consult- and Economy, MOE extended tax set proportion of low- and zero- Reinforcement economic efficiency were proven administered by the Ministry of support by securing necessary emissions vehicles. The Special through demonstration projects. Planning and Budget as well as by ing with the Ministry of Construc- budget and exempting value- Act also obligates certain public Despite the fact that the There are also plans to renovate the Ministry of Finance and Eco- tion and Transportation, MOE added tax. agencies to purchase natural gas majority of people already use commercial vehicles operated by nomy. For actual operation of revised a relevant statute in April vehicles to effectively mitigate air natural gas for heating and cook- some city gas companies into na- natural gas buses and administra- 1999 to legalize the installation of In order to expand the supply pollution in the capital region. ing in households, many people tural gas vehicles. Furthermore, tive support, local governments refueling stations in the bus park- of natural gas buses, MOE revised express concern over the safety of in addition to developing and are in charge. In light of this role ing lots of residential, industrial, the Air Quality Preservation Act Refueling Station natural gas buses just because of diffusing LNG vehicles, Korea division, mutual cooperation and development-restricted areas. in December 2002 to obligate the MOE also revised the act relating purchase of natural gas vehicles Infrastructure its compressed use of fuel. also designs and produces diverse between relevant ministries and engines and small to mid-sized Against this backdrop, MOE Expansion vehicles. secured evidence attesting to the For the optimal promotion of safety of natural gas containers natural gas buses, it is important through a flame test in 700 and to construct sound infrastructure fall test from 30m up in the air. for natural gas refueling stations. Also, as a result of publicity However, in order for bus indus- through TVs and subways, and tries to install fixed stations (1 sta- distribution of various publicity tion for 100 buses), 991.5m2 of materials on the safety of natural extra area is necessary, rendering gas including of pamphlets the acquisition of appropriate (20,000 copies), people’s aware- tract of land difficult. ness regarding the pleasantness and safety of natural gas changed To cope with this scarcity of as shown by the results of public refueling stations, Korea intro- polls. duced mobile stations in October 2001. Currently, 45 of these sta- Diversification tions (96 vehicles) are fueling some 1,000 natural gas buses na- of Natural Gas tionwide. In addition, our Govern- Vehicle Types ment is reviewing the feasibility of conducting a demonstration The types of natural gas vehi- Natural Gas Refueling Station

28 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 29 Major Environmental Policies

Water Quality Management

Ensure coexistence and prosperity for both upstream and downstream areas.

Comprehensive tion load management system, ment Committees, a representa- projects and support NGOs’ mon- their own whether they should principle, and the aforementioned itoring of water quality. Also, the implement the system in keeping Watershed Management Commit- Water Improvement designation of riparian buffer tive decision-making body aimed zones and land purchase of water at efficiently managing each water- committees allow local residents with local environmental circum- tees determine the water use charge Measures for the source areas. Also, in order to shed. The Watershed Manage- and NGOs to participate in deter- stances, thus striking a balance per ton every two years. mining major policies on water- between environmental conserva- Major Rivers ensure coexistence and prosperity ment Committees are established The water use charge for 2003 shed management for optimal re- tion and development. Hence, for both upstream and downstream as public corporations at each is 100 won per ton for the Nak- flection of their opinions. local administrations including MOE completed the landmark areas, we applied user-pays prin- watershed, and are chaired by the dong River watershed, and 120 Gwang-ju City governing the project of establishing water man- ciple, and imposed water use Minister of Environment and In addition, aimed at overseeing won for the Han River, Geum Paldang Lake watershed plans to agement measures for four major charges to raise funds for water- consist of relevant mayors, pro- the task of managing watersheds, River, and Yeongsan River water- establish and implement a basic rivers in the country, after holding shed management, thereby sup- vincial governors, the president of we operate the Watershed Policy sheds. In 2003, Han River expects plan for the total pollution load 420 discussions with affected porting residents who are restricted Korea Water Resources Corpora- Division at the Water Quality to collect 263.4 billion won, Nak- system in collaboration with residents, local governments, and in exercising their rights to use tion, and heads of other water- Management Bureau at MOE, as dong River 165.1 billion won, MOE. relevant experts during five years land and properties at water related institutes. well as Watershed Management Geum River 54.3 billion won, and sources areas. This was called the from 1998 to 2002. Enacted and Water Management Commit- Bureau at regional environmental Towards this end, in 2002, we Yeongsan River 48.5 billion won. enforced were special laws per- Watershed Management System. offices consisting of Watershed formulated basic guidelines on tees establish comprehensive Using the collected water use taining to the Han River water- Planning Section, Water Source total pollution load management plans for reducing pollutants and charges, the Watershed Manage- shed in August 1999, and the Reshaping of Watershed Management Section, and Local including the documenting of key improving water quality. They ment Committees manage water- other three river watersheds in Management Organization Cooperation Section. We also pollutants and target water quality. also deal with matters related to shed management funds, and July 2002. operate Total Water Pollution We are now preparing to establish imposing and collecting water use provide support for local admin- Local administrations govern- Quantity Section at the National the water quality target at down- Through special measures and charges as well as operation and istrations in upstream areas to ing upstream and downstream Institute of Environmental Re- stream points at watersheds by laws for the four rivers, MOE management of funds. They also construct and operate basic envi- areas in the four river watersheds search to address technological dividing the three river water- introduced strong precautionary handle the purchase of land, es- ronmental facilities to improve and major water sources estab- matters such as water modelling. sheds into unit watersheds for policies focusing on total pollu- tablish plans for resident support the quality of water and protect lished the Watershed Manage- total pollution load management. Additionally, the River Envi- water sources, as well as assist ronmental Research Laboratories residents and purchase land in have been established at each Water Use Charges & riparian buffer zones. watershed to conduct basic envi- Watershed Management In case of the Han River water- ronmental surveys, collect infor- Funds shed, MOE raised 743 billion won mation, and conduct R&D. MOE introduced the water use from 1999 to 2002 and invested charges system to make up for 198.2 billion won in supporting Total Pollution Load losses incurred by upstream res- residents, 71.6 billion in purchas- Management System idents due to land use regula- ing land, 187 billion won in con- tions, to facilitate the construction structing basic environmental Regarding the total pollution of basic environmental facilities, facilities like sewage disposal and load system, MOE allows local and to ensure water saving. This treatment plants, and 104.5 billion administrations to determine on system is based on the user-pays won in operating basic environ- Establishing water management measures for four major rivers.

30 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 31 Major Environmental Policies

MOE plans to gradually purchase land in riparian buffer zones, and creates riparian buffer forests.

mental facilities. Nakdong River watershed, 287km2; Committees, thus strictly restrict- for the Geum River watershed, ing pollution sources. MOE like- Designation of Riparian 373km2; and for the Yeongsan River wise pushes to create habitats for the pollution load of non-point cial measures, only to end up with agement measures for non-point Buffer Zones watershed, 222km2 were designated. creatures, wetlands, bio-embank- sources in the four major rivers, stopgap measures such as creating sources, whereby the best man- ments and forestry, and restore non-point sources constitute 22- water plant belts near rivers. agement practices are employed, Pollutants created in areas near Purchase of Land vibrant ecosystems. 37% of pollution in terms of BOD preventive measures are featured rivers flow directly into rivers Non-point sources concern all level. If T-N and T-P are included to counter the occurrence of non- without undergoing purification Under the land purchase sys- areas such as urban planning, road Management of in the analysis, the proportion of point sources by type in agricul- process, thus degrading the quality tem, in case a person who owns construction, and use of agricul- non-point sources is estimated to tural land, cities, forestry, and of the water. Hence, MOE set land and buildings in water source Non-Point Sources tural land, but have yet to be trans- be higher. roads. Likewise, under the certain areas around the rivers as protection areas, riparian buffer lated into action. Likewise, roads, Non-point source is defined as project, MOE will present steps to riparian buffer zones to restrict zones, or areas vulnerable to water water-drainage and agricultural a pollution source that emits Notably, in case of Paldang prevent the flow of non-point the construction of restaurants, quality deterioration, wishes to roads, which consider only safety pollutants during rainfall into Lake, the water source for 20 mil- sources into rivers and lakes, to lodging facilities, bathhouses, sell them, the buyer is required to and convenience for cultivation, unspecified wide areas such as lion people in the capital region, decrease non-point sources, and factories, and livestock sheds. consult in advance with the Water- allow water to flow directly into cities, roads, agricultural land, the non-point source load repre- also to reduce non-point sources shed Management Committee rivers without filtering pollutants. Aiming to recover the eco- and forests. Its concept contrasts sents 44.5% of total water pollu- after they flow into public water- before buying them. This system Also, since roadsides, parking system in riparian buffer zones with sewage from living and tion. However, MOE has thus far sheds. helps to diffuse conflicts over lots, residential areas and flower- and prevent water pollution by industrial wastes. Non-point pursued water improvement mea- infringement on private properties beds are higher than roads, they non-point sources, MOE plans to sources, represented by sediments sures focused on point sources due to regulations, as well as the cannot be used as space to filter Recovering Polluted gradually purchase land in ripar- consisting of dust piled over the such as sewage disposal and treat- creation of rampant pollution non-point source pollutants. ian buffer zones, and to create watershed, pollutants and che- ment plants and sewage pipeline Rivers to sources. riparian buffer forests. For the mical substances, are forced by renovation. MOE published and Thus, in cooperation with the Natural-type Rivers Han River watershed, 191km2 of In case the buyer wishes to re- storm water to flow into rivers, distributed a guidebook on Non- Ministry of Construction and point Source Management, and land in the Namhan River, Buk- sell the purchased land or change thus degrading water quality. Transportation and the Ministry In the past, people perceived han River and Gyeongan River its use to other than a forest or a took measures for non-point of Agriculture and Forestry, MOE Actually, according to the of streams merely as “waterways.” watersheds were designated as green belt, he is required to con- sources in the four rivers in spe- is preparing comprehensive man- results of a survey conducted on Consequently, they made streams riparian buffer zones; for the sult the Watershed Management

The Ratio of Non-Point Source by Watershed (Unit : %)

Watershed Living Industry Livestock Non-Point source

Han River 41 11 20 28

Nakdong River 54 17 4 25

Geum River 44 6 28 22

Yeongsan River 38 5 20 37

32 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 33 Major Environmental Policies

Sewage Treatment Measures

straight and created concrete em- creating natural rivers that can ambitiously pushing to turn the Sewage generated in urban areas flows curred by and enhancing the participation of bankments to ensure the smooth perform natural purification func- Cheonggye Stream located at the into central sewage treatment plants. How- local residents, who are the actual beneficia- flow of water. Sometimes people tion, water-friendly function, and very heart of the city into a na- ever, if sewage generated in residential, ries of the water resource conservation policy practiced such environmentally ecological function. tural waterway. The Cheong-gye agricultural, maritime and other remote areas but regarding themselves as disadvantaged by unfriendly activities as the use of Stream is currently covered and is flows to central sewage treatment plants, this the policy. From 1987 to 2002, MOE in- is not cost-efficient. To address this problem, rivers as parking lots or reclama- used as a road and a commercial It is essential for residents to continue vested 542.5 billion won in gov- a system of designating ancillary sewage tion into roads, leading to the de- district. Seoul set aside 12 trillion their active efforts to ensure the effective ernment budgets and converted treatment-required areas was introduced struction of freshwater ecosystems won for executing the project. operation of installed sewage treatment 157 waterways into environment- in 1999. and water pollution. facilities. Likewise, it is important for the friendly waterways. A typical After consultations with local residents, MOE is endeavoring to con- government to offer technological and ad- example of these efforts is found mayors and provincial governors, MOE des- vert these rivers into natural-type ministrative support in order to optimally in the An-yang Stream passing ignates areas where water needs to be pro- rivers to protect the habitat for maintain and manage relevant facilities. through the capital region. In the tected (i.e., water resource protection zones, aquatic animals and plants, and to past, this stream was ecologically riparian buffer zones, and natural park zones) By the end of 2002, 43 cities and counties create a pleasant river environ- 2 dead, with only sewage flowing. as ancillary sewage treatment-required zones. (1,221km ) were designated as ancillary sewage ment. MOE started this project in Now, fish are active in the stream, Likewise, under the system, restaurants, lodg- treatment measures-required areas, and 30.3 1986, but 5 or 6 years ago, we and children can play there. ing establishments, and tourist lodging estab- billion won in national funds were granted to slightly modified the project and lishments that discharge a large quantity of 2,807 establishments to install sewage treat- have been carrying out natural- With this case taken as a good sewage or highly concentrated sewage must ment facilities. The year 2003 will see con- type river purification projects by model, Seoul City Government is install sewage treatment facilities. tinuing expansion of sewage treatment mea- sures-required areas and relevant support. Also, in these zones, existing pollution sources are required to install sewage treat- ment facilities. Subsidies of 50% of the cost will be provided, thus lessening the cost in-

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Management of Drinking Water The MOE plans to supply safe and clean tap water by strengthening the management of overall tap water production and supply system.

Management cities, 204 eups and 619 myeons). criteria. Based on results from by strengthening the management on the Reinforcement of Tap Management of various research projects, the water of overall water treatment pro- Water Quality that consist of 18 of Drinking Water On the other hand, a growing Natural Mineral quality criteria was amended on duction and water supply system, short- and long-term projects in number of people use water puri- nine occasions. including raw water treatment collaboration with relevant Water All organisms consist of water. fiers at home or drink mineral plants and emergency supply ministries. Water accounts for 70% of the water. As of December 2001, 71 MOE likewise established networks. To this end, MOE is Natural mineral water is de- human body, and we drink some 2 natural water firms sold 140 tons drinking water quality criteria implementing the Joint Measures fined as underground water or liters of water each day to cir- of water per year, and over 3 mil- pertaining to some 55 substances culate blood and maintain healthy lion water purifiers were supplied. in July 2002, and we continue to functions within the body. The Nearly 300,000 people use 1,800 monitor it. In particular, on Tap Water Quality Reinforcement Measures government implemented various public drinking water facilities August 1, 2002, an advanced man- measures, aimed at expanding the daily, including natural springs agement system was established drinking water supply and en- operating in mountaineering trails, for the removal of viruses and Water Quality Monitoring suring its stability. However, in temples, resorts, and sports park pathogenic microorganisms to the recent years, the need for cleaner, facilities in areas near cities, as safe level by reinforcing filtering safer water has been increasing Management of Management of designated by mayors and pro- and disinfection processes. Management of raw water along with the improvement of vincial governors. The need for water treatment plants water supply system people’s living conditions and managing these facilities is be- Comprehensive income levels. coming ever more pronounced. Measures for Status of Facilities Obligatory construction of sewage Check on disinfection abilities with medium Support for improving indoor tap Criteria for the Quality Improving the and waste disposal and treatment scale water treatment plants water pipes of Water facilities Reinforce the responsibility of local As of the end of December Quality of Tap Water Corrective measures including administrations regarding the management 2001, 87.8% of the Korean pop- Korea enacted a law pertaining inspection and management of of water treatment plants ulation received drinking water to waterworks in 1963, and for- The Korean Government plans sewage treatment facilities Evaluation of the status of the operation of from 905 water supply areas (82 mulated 29-point drinking water to servies safe and clean tap water medium-scale water treatment plants Provide technological assistance in preci- sion check on vulnerable water treatment plants The Use Status of Drinking Water Supply Facilities Boost local administrations’ ability to (as of the end of 2001) examine viruses Reinforce standard for tap water quality

Temporary Exclusive Small-scale Kinds of Facilities Total Waterworks Others waterworks waterworks supply facilities Water-receiving 48,289 42,402 2,033 269 719 2,866 Pursue water improvement Introduce authorized system of tap water Renovate superannuated water population(1,000) measures for the 4 major river safety management treatment plants and water supply watersheds Real-time disclosure of the information on pipes nationwide Diversify water source Use ratio(%) 100 87.8 4.2 0.6 1.5 5.9 water treatment plants and water quality (e-waterworks and sewerage system)

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eruptive water from rocks that is the government amended the Act water facilities, mayors and pro- clean and is physically processed on Drinking Water Management, vincial governors are required to to preserve its natural state. requiring the manufacturers under- conduct water quality examina- go quality inspection on their tion four times or more per year. With the enactment of the Act water purifiers by designated Notably, the examination should on Drinking Water Management inspection agencies. To this end, be done every month in the sum- on January 5, 1995, domestic sales a strict quality inspection standard mer, when the water quality is of natural mineral water was on water purifiers has been es- least likely to meet the require- permitted. The Government tablished. ments so as to ensure its safety. requires natural mineral water suppliers to submit environmental In addition, each site is as- Joint Drinking Water impact investigation reports as signed with an identification Facilities well as mandate relevant manu- number and effectively main- facturers to conduct thorough tained by keeping a report card. In view of the lack of legal checks on water. This aims to For prompt and accurate water basis for the management of prevent underground water pol- quality testing, inspection ca- spring water sites, the Govern- lution and exhaustion due to un- pabilities of local clinics have ment administered only nominal restricted development, and at the been boosted. Finally, a regular inspections on the quality of same time ensure the quality of “Water Spring Cleaning Day” has water, twice a year. However, water. been designated to induce volun- with the increase in the number of tary participation of the residents. Water Purifiers users, the Government legislated the Act on the Drinking Water Management and managed these The management of water sites since 1 May 1995. purifiers had been left to manu- facturers until August 1997 when Regarding public drinking

Supply safe drinking water.

38 / Ministry of Environment Major Environmental Policies

Extended Producer Responsibility

(EPR) System The EPR system seeks to encourage producers to conduct environment-friendly activities throughout the entire product lifecycle.

Introduction of reusability and recyclability. long- term recycling objectives. commissioning the work to rele- and collects corresponding charges MOE plans to gradually expand vant businesses. on relevant producers. the list. Extended Producer The EPR system seeks to en- Second, in accordance with courage producers to conduct Fourth, individual producers Responsibility MOE’s guidelines, each local Recycling-required environment-friendly activities administration announces the under the system perform their Producers’ System throughout the entire product life- actual quantity of recyclable re- recycling obligations and submit Mandatory Recycling Producers & cycle, from design and manufac- sources by target item and the reports on the results. Exemption of their Under the current mass produc- Items ture to distribution, consumption quantity of wastes to be sorted tion and consumption system, the Lastly, MOE confirms and Obligations and disposal of products. It es- out and collected. MOE thereby government and consumers alone reviews their reports of recycling The initial list of EPR target tablishes a resource-recycling takes recycling circumstances into cannot assume the full responsi- performance so as to ascertain items will include the target items In the framework of the EPR economic and social system by account, calculates the mandatory bility for establishing a resources- whether or not their obligations of the abrogated Waste Deposit system, producers include raw promoting reduction, reuse, and recycling quantity by product recycling society through reducing have been appropriately fulfilled, System (enforced since 1993) as material producers, manufacturers recycling of wastes. and packaging materials every and recycling wastes. Thus, MOE and where inappropriate, imposes well as a few additional items, and of products & packaging materials year, and announces the results reinforced the producers’ respon- Procedures of after consultations with relevant sibility to make them select reus- ministries. Mandatory EPR-target Items able and recyclable materials and the EPR System improve their design process and Third, each producer bound Details of implementing the manufacturing structure. MOE by the EPR system must submit Products TV, air conditioners, washing machines, and other home appliances, EPR system are divided into five Items under the tires, lubricants, fluorescent bulbs, batteries, etc. likewise introduced the Extended their recycling plans for approval categories as follows. existing charges Producer Responsibility (EPR) from MOE. Likewise, individual deposit system Packaging paper pack, metal cans, glass bottles, PET bottles (foods, liquors, system in January 2003 and have First, MOE establishes basic producers must determine whether materials cosmetics, detergents, some medicines, etc.) been implementing it thereafter plans for recycling resources every they form a cooperative associa- aiming at fundamentally reducing five years, and sets the target re- tion to fulfill their obligations or mobile devices, audio products, and computers plastic packaging Products wastes as well as enhancing their cyclability rate, and mid- and individually practice recycling by materials (foods, medicines, liquors, Items newly listed Packaging detergents, cosmetics, and styrofoam buffer materials (electronics materials products)

Fluorescent bulbs will be listed on the mandatory recycling category in 2004 and mobile devices and audio products in 2005.

as well as distributors and sellers. design and layout of products and general products (lubricants, tires, Because it is practically impossi- packaging materials in the market electronic goods, batteries, etc.), ble to divide the responsibilities are the major responsible parties as well as manufacturers and im- of producers in the market in an who bear the recycling obligation. porters of those products using uniform manner, the Korean Under the EPR system by the packaging materials in the case of Government is executing the major responsible party system, packaging materials (paper packs, Major Responsible Party system. producers with recycling obliga- metal cans, glass bottles, and That is, those producers who have tions comprise products manufac- plastic packaging materials), not Establishing a resource-recycling economic the de facto right of choice to turers and importers in the case of their end users. However, in case and social system.

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Cooperation with and Support for Environmental NGOs

Status of Environmental NGOs Strengthening Cooperation with Environmental NGOs of supporting dishes, containers, required producer fails to achieve out and discharge recyclable re- Along with the rise in public interest in the en- etc. used for agricultural, fisheries his mandatory recycling quantity, sources, and support recycling vironment and the trend toward diversification, the In line with the ever-increasing activities of and livestock products whose he will face recycling charges businesses, we have introduced a number of non-governmental organizations is grow- NGOs, the Government enacted a law to support producers are unspecified and with the amount set at below new marking system, namely, a ing. Especially in view of the complex nature of en- non-profit NGOs which went into effect on 12 April numerous, the manufactures of 130% of actual recycling costs separate discharge system. vironmental problems, and government efforts alone 2000. This paved the way for NGOs to launch vol- the vessels and packaging mate- and varying according to their often prove insufficient, the role of NGOs in untary activities and contribute to public activities. rials are obligated to recycle. performance. The recycling costs dealing with environmental problems is becoming MOE allows greater participation by NGOs and are adjusted every year for infla- increasingly important. reflects their opinions when formulating major Mandatory Recycling tion. Environmental NGOs play a great role in en- policies. Quantity & Recycling Also, if a producer outper- hancing public awareness of environmental issues In addition, MOE holds various environment and organizing environmental conservation move- theme-inspired events through Water Day, Earth Charges forms his recycling quota, he can reserve and use the credit for the ments. They also reduce conflicts among relevant Day and Environment Day jointly with environ- excess performance during the parties in implementing environmental policies mental NGOs, aimed to raise public awareness and The EPR system requires pro- next two years. Hence, this system through persuasion and dialogue for securing pol- participation in practicing environmental conserva- ducers to calculate and announce reduces the producers’ risk arising itical rationality in policies. Also, the NGOs play tion activities. their yearly mandatory recycling from economic situations. an important role as a mediator, as they help people quantity by item. In calculating understand the government’s policies and take the Financial Support for Environmental the quantity, producers are allowed In addition, sales outlets are initiative in voluntarily practicing policies, as well NGOs to comprehensively consider required to collect disused elec- as providing feedback to the government regarding the roll-out quantity, the quantity Regarding the Government’s financial support tronic appliances such as TVs, public concerns. to be sorted and collected, the refrigerators, washing machines, for NGOs, the Ministry of Government Administra- As of the end of 2002, environmental NGOs are recycling performance, and other computers, and mobile phones, tion and Home Affairs (MOGAHA) oversees the 552 bodies included 227 bodies as approved by the recycling factors. Once the man- aimed at establishing a cost- matter in accordance with the law pertaining to Korea Environmental Preservation Association and datory recycling quantity is cal- efficient collection system. Like- supporting non-profit NGOs, and MOE offers the Government, 258 non-approved bodies, and 67 culated, individual producers’ wise, when a consumer requests, financial support to individual projects through non-exclusive environmental bodies. mandatory recycling quantity will the seller must collect disused governmental subsidies. automatically be determined in electronic goods and packaging proportion to their market share. materials of products. On the other hand, if a recycling- To spur each household to sort

Performence of NGOs to stop the Dong River Dam constuction. Exhibition of recycling products.

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International

Environmental Cooperation The Tripartite Environment Ministers’ Meeting has been held for a regular discussion of major environmental issues in Northeast Asia.

Environmental al bodies like the Northeast Asia Tripartite Environ- Korea, China and Japan organized storm mitigation project. Fruitfully, marine resources as well as to Cooperation Conference on Environmental ment Ministers’ environmental industry round- a project on the “Prevention and establish mid- to long-term Stra- Cooperation (NEAC) and the tables to boost environmental Control of Dust and Sandstorms tegic Action Plan. in Northeast Asia Northeast Asian Subregional Meeting (TEMM) industry cooperation, launched a in Northeast Asia” was launched The Korean government Programme of Environmental freshwater pollution prevention in January 2003 by Korea, China, oversaw the development of the Northeast Asia, in which Cooperation (NEASPEC) were First held in January 1999 and project, and executed the “Eco- Japan and Mongolia in conjunction Strategic Action Plan, which was Korea, China, Japan, Mongolia formed. In particular, based on annually thereafter, TEMM has logical Environment Restoration with UNEP, ESCAP, ADB (Asian the final outcome of this project, and Russia are located, is a geo- the cooperative experience of the been organized as the only mini- Project in Inner Mongolia” with Development Bank), and the based on the results of project graphically close region that falls 1990s, Korea spearheaded the sterial environment meeting in emphasis on capacity-building. secretariat of UNCCD (UN Con- components performed by each under the same environmental institution of the Tripartite En- Northeast Asia held on a regular vention to Combat Desertification). country: Environmental Informa- influence. Due to rapid economic Based on the experience of vironment Ministers’ Meeting basis, and identifies long-term Slated to end in June 2004, this tion System by China, Awareness growth of the countries in the these activities, the three countries Among Korea, China, and Japan visions for regional environmen- Project will put forth tools for the Raising Program by Mongolia, region, environmental problems agreed to join hands in combating (TEMM) for a regular discussion tal cooperation and carries out establishment of an institutional Transboundary Diagnostic Analy- became exacerbated and such dust storms (or yellow sand), of major environmental issues in concrete cooperative projects. groundwork, demonstration project sis by Russia, and Regional Water transboundary threats like acid which have surfaced as the biggest Northeast Asia. on desertification prevention, and Survey by North Korea. rain and marine contamination The initial focus of TEMM environmental problem in the dust storm monitoring and early substantially increased. Additionally, since the first projects was on strengthening the region, at TEMM4 held in Seoul The Strategic Action Program warning system networks. Environment Ministers’ Meeting sense of environmental community in April 2002. Considering that consists of 46 projects, including These problems have high- between Korea and Vietnam in among the three countries through dust storms originate from China new and expanded designation of lighted the need for joint counter- 2000, cooperation with Southeast joint education of environmental and Mongolia and take time to Tumen River Basin ecosystem protection areas, wet- measures, and environmental Asian countries has been steadily officials, tripartite networking of reach Korea and Japan, the lands conservation, monitoring cooperation in the region has ex- Environmental increasing through environmental environmental educational organi- Ministers also agreed to establish and information sharing for water panded considerably since the Preservation Project preservation programs, environ- zations, and maintenance of the a tripartite dust storm monitoring quality protection, ecotourism and 1990s. Many multilateral agree- mental industry exchange, and the TEMM website (www.temm.org). network to have China report the promotion of environmental con- ments were concluded and region- The Tumen River Basin Envi- Knowledge Partnership program. In line with these activities, monitoring results to Korea and sciousness, standardization of ronmental Preservation Project Japan and to organize seminars, environmental impact assessment (TumenNET) was implemented as joint research, and other capacity- techniques, and sharing of envi- a subproject in the environmental building projects to boost the ronmental information among the segment of the Tumen River Area capability of government officials participating countries. (www. Development Project (TRADP), and residents to effectively deal tumennet.org). which began in 1995 by UNDP with dust storms and desertifica- (United Nations Development This project engaged not only tion. Programme) and the River’s the Korean Government but also Furthermore, the Ministers neighboring countries. The Envi- our leading research institutes, requested UNEP (United Nations ronmental Preservation Project local governments and the civil Environment Programme), UN was carried out from August 2000 society. The civil society fittingly ESCAP (Economic and Social to December 2002 by North and made use of the project to awaken Commission for Asia and the South Korea, China, Russia, and people to the importance of pre- Pacific) and other international serving the environment in Tumen Participation in the UN Commission Mongolia to analyze the factors on Sustainable Development. bodies to participate in the dust that threaten bio-diversity and River basin.

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Korea maintains close cooperation with many international environmental organizations. Bilateral Cooperation mental industries and technologies. mit on Sustainable Development with Northeast Asian The forum served as an opportune (WSSD), the Climate Change venue for the industries of the two Convention, and the Stockholm Countries countries to forge a partnership. Convention on Persistent Organic Global Asia, including dust storm pre- eration with UNEP, that range Pollutants. It also laid the ground- vention project, GEF has proven from the secondment of MOE Environmental cooperation Environmental cooperation Environmental work for close partnership in the to achieve not only global envi- officials to the trust fund contri- with China began in full force with Japan began in earnest with ASEM Environment Ministers Conservation Efforts ronmental preservation but also bution. Among others, we hosted with the establishment of the the conclusion of the Korea-Japan Meeting and multilateral coopera- regional preservation. the main event of the 1997 World Korea-China Environmental Co- Environmental Cooperation tion bodies of Northeast Asia. There are about 220 interna- Environment Day in Seoul and Agreement, which followed the In terms of sustainable devel- operation Agreement in October tional environmental conventions collaborated with the UNEP mis- bilateral summit of January 1992. In addition to China and Japan, opment, Korea participated in the 1993. On the basis of this agree- in the areas of air, water quality, sions to help prevent dust storms Since 1994, the Joint Committee Korea established an environmental World Summit on Sustainable ment, the Joint Committee on waste and the natural environment. in Northeast Asia. Development in Johannesburg, Korea-China Environmental Co- on Korea-Japan Environmental cooperation agreement with Russia Korea has joined 45 of these con- South Africa from August to Korea also seeks to forge a operation was held annually in Cooperation has been taking place in 1994 for collaboration in select ventions, including the Conven- September 2002, and helped to strong partnership with UN re- alternate turns starting in 1994. annually on an alternate basis to research areas like the protection tion on Climate Change, Con- th widen the scope of discussion on gional bodies and international At the 8 meeting held in Novem- introduce environmental policies of transboundary migratory birds. vention on Biological Diversity, this critical issue. In addition to financial organizations with spe- ber in Hainan, China, the Joint of each country and discuss ways With Mongolia, we organized Montreal Protocol on Substances the Government delegation, var- cial expertise in environmental Committee authorized 16 bilateral to cooperate on global environ- the Korea-Mongolia Environment that Deplete the Ozone Layer, ious members of the National management like ESCAP and the cooperation projects and dis- mental issues. The Joint Commit- Ministers” Meeting in Tokyo, Convention on International Trade Assembly, Local Agenda 21, and World Bank. Our Government cussed the state of Northeast tee also reviews the implementa- Japan, in September 2000 and es- in Endangered Species of Wild NGOs attended the WSSD. has been working with the World Asian environmental cooperation tion progress of cooperation tablished an environmental agree- Fauna and Flora, and the Conven- Bank since 2001 to implement the as well as their major domestic projects and adopts new projects. ment for major areas of interest. tion to Combat Desertification At the Summit, Korea’s efforts environmental policies. Knowledge Partnership project, th Currently, discussions on dust etc., as a means to contribute to to implement Agenda 21 in the At the 7 meeting held in which aims to share our experi- storm survey and research and the the global environmental conser- areas of poverty eradication and In July 2002, the “Korea-China Tokyo, Japan, the Joint Commit- ence in environmental manage- development of Mongolia’s water vation effort. sanitation, which constitute the Environmental Industry Invest- tee authorized 27 cooperation ment to East Asian countries with resources are underway. crux of sustainable development, ment Forum” was organized in projects and agreed to strengthen In particular, we ratified the similar development patterns. were highly evaluated in the China to introduce our environ- cooperation for the World Sum- Kyoto Protocol of the Climate Agenda 21 Implementation Report As a priority, Korea and the Change Convention in November announced by the United Nations. World Bank will work for envi- 2002 to fight against climate ronmental management of small change, which gives rise to un- and medium enterprises and usual climactic events and global Cooperation with industrial complexes in China, warming. International integrated watershed management Additionally, since the estab- Organizations of Lake Laguna in the Philippines, lishment of the Global Environ- and environmental management ment Facility (GEF), Korea has Korea maintains close coop- of a traditional village in Vietnam. been making contributions to eration with many international financially support global envi- environmental organizations to ronmental preservation projects exchange information and to play of the developing countries. By our part in the global environ- extending considerable financial mental preservation. Notably, we aid to the projects of Northeast promote various forms of coop- Support for the environmental capacity-building of developing countries.

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Environmental Policies in 2003

MOE will also establish sound criteria for sustainable land use and prevention of future reckless development.

ting the dissemination of superior surveys, and other experiential boundary areas, to conserve and With the goal of constructing that arose in the course of rapid 50 billion won for developing new environmental technologies. environmental education programs. management the whole land in a a “Life-respecting, Sustainable economic expansion and reckless next-generation core environmen- An environmental industries dev- systematic manner. Green Nation,” MOE is striving to development. We will also estab- tal technologies by boosting R&D elopment consultative committee realize sustainable development lish sound criteria for sustainable investment in the environmental Nature comprised of environmental firms through the partnership with the land use and prevention of future division. Conservation of Special and experts is also planned. Conservation public and implementation of reckless development. To this Nature Environmental To fully execute the Eco-2 Areas precautionary policies. We will end, we will devise land environ- To promote an environmental- Project, which aims to link envi- MOE will systematically dev- also execute the Eco-2 Project to ment performance assessment ly-friendly industry, MOE will elop a Land Environmental Per- ronmental preservation and in- MOE has been managing eco- harmonize environmental preser- techniques and standards, design expand environmentally marked formance Assessment Map and dustrial development, Korea will logically outstanding areas like vation and economic development, land environment performance products, and encourage public divide the nation into either a continuously implement the Eco- transboundary areas, demilitarized while faithfully carrying out our assessment map, and introduce agencies to purchase and use more preservation zone or a develop- Technopia 21 for the development zones, and the Baekdu mountain responsibilities as a member of the strategic environmental im- of these products. ment-permitted zone. For develop- of the latest environmental tech- range as special purpose zones the international community. pact assessment. ment projects, we will positively nologies; and keeping with the that range from ecosystem pre- Partnerships aimed at consider the introduction of the trend toward decentralization, we servation zones, unique islands, Development of Environ- a Sustainable Society Strategic Environmental Assess- Major Environmental will expand our support for the 16 and national parks. mental Technologies & ment system to review the envi- Policies regional environmental technology To prepare a basic framework Industries ronmental performance of these A system is being developed centers to boost regional environ- for implementing sustainable en- projects at their planning stages. to conserve special ecological mental management capabilities. vironmental policies, a study on National Land A supplementary budget for This system helps to establish a zones, conserve and efficiently establishing comprehensive na- Conservation Measures handling new environmental de- Towards this end, an intern- precautionary land environment manage national parks in line tional environmental plans (2003- mands will be allocated. In 2001, ship program linking industries, preservation scheme. Additionally, with ever increasing demands for 2004) has been commissioned. To MOE plans to effectively ad- 76 billion won was offered in schools and research institutes areas with outstanding scenic leisure activities, and reinforce encourage local administrations to dress environmental problems conducting 24 projects including will reinforce incentives promo- beauty will be designated and measures for conserving and man- implement environment-friendly protected as a “natural scene pre- aging scenic beauty. Government policies and boost public partici- servation zone.” policy will give priority to con- pation in environmental activities, servation over development, and a Local Action campaign was Structuring of establish a system of sustainable launched. Reinforcing partner- Environmental conservation and land use. ships with industries, the campaign Conservation Base will encourage them to voluntarily Promoting South-North comply with environmental man- In line with the nationwide Cooperation for Biosphere agement regulations. environmental survey, MOE is Reserves To enhance awareness on en- developing a nationwide eco- vironmental conservation, support system network involving three With Je-ju Island designated will be provided for model envi- core axes, namely: Baek-du as a biosphere reserve, MOE is ronmental conservation schools, Mt. range (the country’s back- planning to: have the DMZ as well as for flatland ecological bone mountain ridge), coastal designated as a UNESCO trans- Co-existence between human beings exploration, nature environmental regions and islands, and trans- boundary biosphere reserve, and nature.

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reinforce cooperation in conserv- zones to protect and responsibly given its latency and invisibility, ing the South-North natural en- use natural ecosystems, excellent soil pollution has received less The Local Action campaign will encourage vironment, protect migratory scenic beauty and cultural legacies, attention, compared with other them to voluntarily comply with birds, and step up international thus conserving the natural envi- environmental problems such as environmental management regulations. cooperation efforts in conserving ronment and improving people’s water and air pollution. the natural environment, thus posi- leisure and recreation activities. In this regard, since 1987, the tively coping with ever shifting They are grouped into National Korean Government has been ulated Seoul metropolitan area. cleaning trucks with natural gas ment of indoor air quality. global circumstances. Parks, Provincial Parks, and County operating about 1,500 (number of The aim is to improve the quality trucks starting in 2003. Parks. local administrations: 2,000) soil of air to that of advanced nations Reducing Offensive Odors Structuring a Scientific As of April 2003, our natural measurement networks across the within ten years. This law will Improving the Quality of System for the Natural parks numbered at 73 (total acre- nation, and recovering polluted include total pollution load man- Air in Underground Living Offensive odor emanates from Environment age of 7,664km2), representing soil in affected areas. agement in industries, gradual Space diverse and mixed sources and has 4.8% of the country’s total land, emissions reduction, public the characteristics of appearing As part of our efforts to con- Also, agreements have been consisting of land acreage cover- agencies’ mandatory use of low- In December 1996, a law on and disappearing locally, in an in- solidate the natural environmental signed with five oil refineries (co- ing 4,786km2 and marine acreage pollution cars, attachment of improving the quality of air in stant manner. In order to prevent preservation activities on a scien- vering over 90% of the total oil 2,858km2. Of these, national pollution-reduction device to cars, underground living space was offensive odor, MOE is legislating tific basis, MOE plans to establish being distributed in the country) parks numbered 20, provincial and other measures to reduce car passed. Furthermore, work treat- an Act on Odor Prevention that a comprehensive natural environ- to encourage them to play a lead- parks 22, and county parks 31. pollution. ment guidelines on underground aims to designate special odor ment GIS database and utilization ing role in this matter. living space were established in management zones. MOE also system, and develop ecosystem Conserving Providing Natural Gas- March 1998. The exact methods closely manages and maintains a preservation and restoration tech- Soil Environment Conservation of Powered Cars of testing the quality of air in database of odor-generating fa- nologies while fostering relevant Atmosphere underground space were finalized cilities, fuel and raw materials for industries. We will also launch Soil, together with water and To improve the quality of air in May 1998, thus laying the basis processing, as well as specific long-term national ecological air, is a fundamental factor for all in large cities, the government has for managing the quality of air in areas affected by odor generation. research studies and improve the Enacting a Special Law for organisms, including humans. been promoting the use of natural underground living space. As for small-scale businsses, cooperation fund for ecosystem Air Quality Improvement gas-powered buses by replacing MOE implements a policy to re- preservation. With rapid industrialization in the Capital Region The law obligates the managers the existing light diesel buses duce odor sources through tech- since the 1960s, the country has of subway stations and under- with gas-powered vehicles since nology support. Designating Natural Parks seen soil polluted by many kinds The Korean Government pro- ground shopping centers to estab- 2000. of hazardous substances through poses legislation to improve the lish an autonomous inspection Reducing Dust Natural parks are designated as air, water and waste. However, quality of air in the densely pop- Government initiatives have system on the state of ventilation seen: the condition of charging devices and the operation of air Dust may combine with sul- stations being improved, in- purification facilities. These furous acid gases in air to cause creased number of mobile fueling managers are also mandated to respiratory diseases and reduced stations, and subsidies on the comply with underground air visibility. Starting in 1984, total difference in fuel prices. quality standards. suspended particles (TSP) levels Thus, as of April 2003, a fleet For sites with poor manage- were measured in major cities in of 3,073 CNG-powered buses ment records, the Government Korea. However, from 1995, TSP existed. The budget increased to administers frequent inspections. measurement devices were grad- 65.5 billion won in 2003, up 20 With people increasing their con- ually replaced with PM10 mea- billion won from 45.5 billion won cern for the quality of air in under- surement devices. Fine dust par- in 2002. Together with these ground space and indoor space ticles (PM10) are said to have measures, there has been an addi- alike, MOE is lobbying to expand more adverse effects on human tional 2.4 billion won earmarked and amend the current law into a Establishment of the special protection health. This change was com- areas for nature preservation. (for 80 units) to replace diesel comprehensive law on manage- pleted in January 2001, paving the

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way for a system of managing measures mandate the enforce- and the necessity of saving water. Mid and long-term measures such as replacing old water pipes, will boost people’s fine dust particles. ment of the total pollution load A water saving community home- confidence in water management. system, designation of riparian page was established, where or- In the case of Seoul, PM10 posted buffer zones for development dinary people interested in water 78 m3 in 1995, 68 m3 in 1997, restrictions in upstream regions, conservation could participate. 66 m3 in 1999, 71 m3 in 2001, 3 and the imposition of water use and 76 m in 2002, not showing Improvement of waterworks 2 fees in lower stream regions. In term projects such as: original with the drinking water criteria, 4,992km of sewerage pipes, con- any improvement. This is attrib- facilities in vulnerable areas, re- particular, we plan to firmly water management reinforcement, relevant waterworks firms are sequently increasing the sewerage utable to a growing number of quired investment of 71.9 billion ground the total pollution load construction of water purifica- required to immediately notify the spread rate to 76% and sewerage cars. won in developing 43 water re- system and devise strategies for tion facilities operation man- affected residents, thus increasing pipes spread rate to 72%. sources in islands, 112 billion Also, the dust pollution level non-point sources, which con- agement system, and supply people’s confidence in tap water. won in installing 78 waterworks 201 sewage treatment plants in major cities peaks in dry winter stitute the major cause of water system improvement. facilities in rural areas, and 126.4 Mid and long-term measures were installed with a daily and spring, and seasons in 2001, quality deterioration. billion won in adding 16 water- August 2002 saw the introduc- such as improving the quality of capacity of 19,595 tons by 2002, and the overall pollution level works facilities in medium and tion of a water purification treat- water at source and replacing old increasing the sewerage spread posted a higher than usual figure Safe & Sanitary small cities, thus expanding the ment criteria designed to reinforce water pipes, will boost people’s rate to 75%. 1996. The year 2002 in the spring due to dust storms. Water Supply supply of waterworks from 87.8% filtering and disinfection of water confidence in water management. saw the ad-dition of 21,103km of in 2002 to 88.5% in 2003. purification treatment processes sewerage pipes, and renovation or and remove viruses and pathogenic repair of 5,512km-long pipes thus Special Measures for Demand-Side Water Expansion of Sewerage microorganisms. This action is increasing the spread rate to 68%. the Four Major Management Management of Drinking Facilities the second of its kind after the Water Quality MOE plans to invest 5.2969 Rivers United States. The drinking water In commemoration of the UN This year, an investment of trillion won in adding 291 sewage management criteria expanded 1.667 trillion won (for 420 plants) MOE established special pre- International Year of Freshwater, The government is pushing treatment plants by 2005, thus in- check items from 47 to 55. This has been earmarked for installing cautionary measures for water water saving devices, facilities for ahead with comprehensive rein- creasing the sewerage spread rate measure has been in place since sewage treatment facilities; thus quality protection in the four using rain water, and reusing tap forcement measures for tap water to 80%. 3.0212 trillion won has July 2002. building 56 sewage treatment major domestic river systems after water were promoted. Various quality management (established been allocated for constructing and plants, and 1.107 trillion won in 420 discussions and negotiations public media such as TV ads and in May 2001) aimed at ensuring Also, in case faults occur in renovating 12,279km of sewerage the project for renovating sewerage with local residents, environmental publicity booklets aimed to dis- the supply of clean, safe water. water purification processes or the pipes by 2005 thus increasing the pipes, thus adding and renovating organizations and experts. These seminate the importance of water These include 18 short and long- quality of tap water fails to comply spread rate to 80%.

Structuring of Resources-Recycling Society

Reinforcement of Wastes Recycling System

The policies focus on reducing the generation of wastes funda- mentally and drastically. The Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system means recycling is considered from the outset of the World cup fountain in the Han River.

52 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 53 Environmental Policies in 2003

With toxicity of chemical substances and their exposure to humans and the environment in view, basic planning stage, necessitating religious and civic bodies the able aggregate production network a risk evaluation system needs to be designed. improvement of product design practice of food waste reduction program and build a large-scale and manufacturing processes. can be promoted. production and distribution com- plex for renewable aggregates. Also, by designating and ob- Reduction of Food Waste and secure data necessary for will also launch the development stances. MOE will identify their serving the “No Food Garbage evaluating the risk, additional of emissions calculation methods properties, risks, treatment facil- Day” every month, society’s aware- Management of Given the nature of Korea’s items such as toxicity on fishes for non-point sources. ities and site-specific response ness of reducing foods wastes is Chemical Substances and stimulus nature will be added scenarios and establish a compre- food culture, food waste contains In order to assess the harm of increased, and local administra- to data submitted for testing the hensive information system for much liquid, thus making it diffi- dioxin and endocrine disruptors, tions, restaurants, and ordinary Introduction of Chemicals risk of new chemical substances, the safe handling of accident- cult to incinerate, and causing research projects will be pursued people are encouraged to join the Risk Assessment System and reinforce data for physical caution substances. The identified water pollution when buried. such as surveying their status in campaign. and chemical properties. information will be provided to Hence, steps must be taken to the environment, their impact on reduce the generation of food With toxicity of chemical sub- police stations, fire stations, and Expansion of the Management of Dioxin & human and the environment, and waste. plans to develop and dis- stances and their exposure to other emergency response insti- Recycling of Construction Endocrine Disruptors developing test methods. seminate food waste reduction humans and the environment in tutes. Waste view, a risk evaluation system programs aimed at fundamentally Establishment of Furthermore, exclusive teams needs to be designed. Such a MOE has been carrying out a reducing them. a Chemicals Accident at local environmental adminis- To promote the reduction and system must evaluate the effect dioxin measurement project on Response System trations will investigate the effects The Korean Government will recycling of construction waste, of chemical substances on the the industrial sector since 2001. of substances leaked during acci- promote an environment-friendly MOE carries out a demonstration human body and the environment In 2003, MOE plans to apply the MOE will designate chemical dents on neighboring residents food culture (for example, table project for using renewable aggre- and establish appropriate manage- dioxin measurement project on substances that have the potential and environment and taking setting with appropriate amount gates in road construction and ment measures. Towards this iron and steel, nonferrous metals, to cause accidents or result in follow-up measures to reinforce of foods) by expanding voluntary- installation of sewage treatment end, R&D projects to select target and nonmetal minerals manufac- extensive damage when accidents secondary response functions. based agreements with local gov- facilities. MOE is also reviewing substances and develop evalua- turing industries and develop a occur as accident-caution sub- ernments, food businesses, and the feasibility of introducing the tion methods are being developed. dioxin emissions inventory. MOE NGOs. By providing relevant renewable aggregates quality Fulfilling Chemicals- In order to identify overall programs suitable for various certification system. Moreover, related International toxicity of chemical substances, groups in cooperation with women, MOE plans to develop a renew- Agreements

The Korean Government will continuously seek to lay the groundwork for fulfilling interna- tional agreements and reinforcing internal cooperation system aimed at ensuring safe management of chemicals. Regarding the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) agree- ment on import and export control of hazardous substances, detailed provisions on export and import procedures will be formulated. This will mean the actual imple- Establishment of resource recycling society. mentation of the system, offering

54 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 55 Environmental Policies in 2003

education and launching publicity The ministry has earmarked The Ministry Budget for the The concept of sustainable development was often activities for businesses in che- 1.3816 trillion won in budgets for year 2003 has been supplemented thought of in relation only to the environment. micals exports and imports. 2003. This compares with 1.4336 to supply clean water, improve trillion won for 2002, down 3.6% the quality of air in big cities, and Also, basic data will be secured, or 52 billion won. augment infrastructure. This is to fulfill the Stockholm Conven- achieved by recycling wastes and tion on Persistent Organic Pollu- If this budget is added to the treating them safely, advancing drinking water problems in agri- support the project for supplying plants, excretions treatment plants, tants (POPs), and investigate the budget transferred to local govern- environmental technologies, cultural areas and islands, in which clean water, including measures and livestock wastes treatment emission quantity of dioxin and ments by the Ministry of Home conserving and managing bio most households rely on under- for improving the quality of water plants. The renovation of sewage the status of products and wastes Affairs and Government Admini- resources systematically, and ground water, wells, and simplified in the four large rivers. Funding pipes and purification of polluted containing PCB, etc. Based on stration for the construction of preventing unrestricted develop- waterworks due to their limited will be provided for expanding rivers will also continue. the results, we plan to draft re- sewage treatment facilities, re- ment of land. To cope positively access to tap water supply system. basic water environmental faci- ports on national obligations in- novation of sewage pipelines, with new environmental demands, lities such as sewage treatment cluding the reduction of dioxin contaminated streams purifica- Second, we will continue to and provide support for interna- emission in accord with the Stock- tion, and other water quality tional environmental cooperation holm convention. improvement projects, the total such as in global environmental Status of Funding Support for Rural Areas and Islands (Unit: 100 million won) 2003 budget stands at 2.9653 problems are the overall objec- trillion won, up 3.6% or 102.4 2003 Expenditures tives. billion won from 2.8629 trillion Description 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 on Environmental won in 2002. First of all, we markedly ex- Projects panded the investment to resolve Total 334 379 425 621 838 1,063

Rural areas 213 226 238 332 480 560

MOE’s Budget for 2002 ~ 2003 (Unit: million won) Islands 121 153 187 289 358 503

Description 2002 Budget % 2003 Budget % In 2003, 31.46 million won plastic items, structure the 65.6 billion in 2003. In tandem Total 1,433,576 100.0 1,381,650 100.0 was allocated to environmental system of recycling plastic items with this measure, MOE allocated improvement special budgets, and and used fluorescent bulbs, es- additional 2.4 billion won to Waterworks management 329,591 23.0 243,284 17.6 1.5837 trillion won in grants for tablish recycling centers of elec- replace diesel cleaning trucks local administrations totaling tronic products, and require public with natural gas counterparts. Water conservation and 332,228 23.2 314,645 22.8 1.8983 trillion won in improving agencies to prioritize the buying Sewerage management the quality of water. This figure of recycled products, thus aug- Wastes management 288,907 20.1 308,557 22.3 is up 7.8% from 1.7615 trillion menting the recycling infrastruc- won in 2002. ture. Environmental research and technology development 192,853 13.4 181,323 13.1 Third, MOE will increase in- Finally, MOE will bring up vestments in recycling wastes. In our investment for the distribution Nature conservation 86,088 6.0 91,347 6.6 2003, MOE plans to: conti- of natural gas buses for the im- nuously expand hygienic wastes provement of urban air quality. Atmosphere conservation 63,932 4.5 85,593 6.2 treatment facilities, augment The amount of government in- budgets in promoting the recycling vestment on this project increased Management and others 139,977 9.8 156,901 11.4 of food waste and disposable from 45.5 billion won in 2002 to

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World Cup Park, the Transformation of Nanji Island The Nanji island revives from the dark side of rapid growth in the 1970s into the environment-friendly park.

Nanji Island in the The Shadow of Seoul upon each other. Consequently, went through the following pro- treatment plant, the purified growth. A 50cm-thick-soil was Past in Nanji Island the level of contamination in Nanji cesses: leachate is discharged into Han placed on top of the landfill, and Island was significantly higher River with no more condition of waterproof cover was installed on than the newly constructed Sudo- Gas Extraction & contamination. A daily amount of the top. The drainage layer, the Nanji Island is a delta created Seoul is a megalopolis of more kwon Landfill Site and landfill Treatment treated leachate reaches 1,860 layers of base soil, and top soil by the Nanji tributary, which con- than 10 million people. Starting sites of advanced countries, which tons. In order to examine the were placed in 30cm depth re- verges with its main stream, Han in March 1978, Nanji Island was employ sanitary methods. As waste decays, poisonous ground water condition, the water spectively. Then lawn grass and River, near Haengju Mountain gradually filled with the dregs of gases such as methane and car- quality is checked every month by small trees were planted. Fortress. Before being singled development and material pros- bonic acid are generated, not only two monitoring wells. out as a repository of waste in perity, which accompanied Seoul’s Reviving Nanji Island polluting the air but also causing 1978, Nanji Island was a low- rapid expansion from urbaniza- World Cup Park fire or explosion. In order to Slope Stabilization lying flatland producing peanuts tion and industrialization. In 15 The revival of Nanji Island prevent those incidents from and millets. years, 92 million m3 of waste was from the dark side of rapid growth The World Cup Park consists occurring, 106 landfill gas extrac- To prevent the landslide of the landfilled in 72 million m3 of land in the 1970s into the environment- of four parks- Peace, Sky, Sunset, Just a few decades ago, it was tion wells have been inserted and landfill slope, the inclination was in Nanji Island, forming two 90 friendly park is significant in many and Nanji Stream Parks. a treasure trove of natural eco- the extracted gas is transported readjusted and geo cells were in- meter-high waste mountains of ways. It provided green space for systems, covered in a panoply of through the gas collection pipe. stalled. Cherry trees, paulownias, stench and contamination. the pubic and stabilized the land. Pyeonghwa Park (Peace Park) various flowers. With its thickly- Located near the Sangam World After the treatment process at the silk trees, peach trees, winter grown reeds and abundant aquatic Waste landfill in Nanji Island Cup Stadium, it also symbolized LFG utilization facility, the meth- jasmines, apple trees, which As the representative park of animals and plants for bird feed, was conducted in an unsanitary Korea’s commitment to host an ane gas from the landfill is uti- transferred with soil when the the World Cup Park, Pyeonghwa Nanji Island also served as an ex- manner, heaping all forms of environmentally friendly sporting lized as the energy source for slope was covered with soil, Park was installed at the flat land cellent wintering place for flocks waste- from household waste to event. The revival of Nanji island heating and cooling purposes at began to grow. However, they of 446,000m2 between World Cup of swans and spotbill ducks. construction and industrial waste- and the creation of the World Cup the nearby apartment complexes could not grow well because of Stadium and Gangbuk Riverside and the World Cup Stadium. the environmental condition of Driveway. To commemorate the the landfill. Thus, grass and trees first World Cup Games in the 21st Leachate Treatment were planted to make the slope century, Pyeonghwa park was de- less steep and to prevent land- signed to symbolize the harmony A 6,017km-long vertical slide. and peace of the world. It will be leach-ate barrier was installed to used as the Eco-education, rest prevent the leachate from leaking Top-soil Leveling & Soil- and exercise facilities for the resi- out and contaminating the Han Recovering dents. River, and nearby ground water and soil. The leachate is collected Top-soil recovering, or cov- In the park, there is a Hope through 31 leachate collection ering soil on top of the waste Forest, which was made in part of wells in-stalled within the barrier mountain, was done to block the the “Planting 10 Million Trees of at an interval of 200m. After the penetration of rain water into the Life” project. With a vision in pri-mary treatment at the leachate landfill, to control the landfill gas landscaping World Cup Stadium, treatment site and the secondary emission, and to make an ap- many citizens participated in Transformation from a landfill site to a treatment at the Nanji sewage propriate environment for plant planting trees in springs of 1999 pleasant public space park.

58 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 59 Environmental Activities

The World Cup Park consists of four parks- and 2000. While keeping this ju mountain fortress in the west. However, at the golf course of Peace, Sky, Sunset, and Nanji Stream Parks. area of commemoration, rest Noeul Park, a minimum amount Located at 98m sea level, Ha- facilities were installed. Instead of chemicals and fertilizers are neul Park has a good condition for of benches, 40 straw mats were used for a long-term soil improve- wind power generation, for there placed for picnicking families. ment. Instead of fertilizers, mi- are no obstacles around, and the crobes are mixed with water when good-quality soil and sand onto 50,000 small trees like the junipers World Cup. The second largest wind speed from the Han-River Haneul Park (Sky Park) sprinkling, and the sturdy grass the dead Nanji stream, and daily were planted around. Another of 13 Hangang Parks, Han River- reaches an average of 3-4 m/sec. that survives the draught was supplying 5,000 tons of water pride of Nanjicheon Park is nature side Park (Nanji Area) consists of Clean energy generated by the Haneul Park, the highest ele- chosen to minimize sprinkling. from the Nanji Lake at Pyeong- observation facility of 2,314m2 natural environment preservation five wind power generators is vation in the World Cup Park, With the golf course taking up to hwa Park, the river has revived: that shows the ecosystem of Nanji areas including the ecological used for the street lamps and the was made into a grassland on 57% of the park area, the rest will with reeds and willow trees grow- Island including the wild flowers. swamp, and the facilities for visitor center in the park. the 2nd Landfill. Located close to be developed into the amenities ing along the river, its ecosystem activities such as sightseeing boat the upstream of the Han-River, has been recovered without dark Han Riverside Park wharf, archery range, yacht basin Noeul Park (Sunset Park) for citizens such as exercise Haneul Park of 192,000m2 has traces of the past. camping site and playgrounds. facilities. Ecology observation 2 the poorest soil among other 777,000m area of Nanji island For many reasons, a golf course park and the Wild Flower Garden Along the naturally restored parks. It was artificially built as waterside where Nanji Island ad- emerged as the most practical and will also raise the stability of the river, you can enjoy in-line skating a result of the Landfill Recovery joins the Han River is Han River- realistic choice for developing the soil and will be the nest for wild and cycling. Furthermore, ponds Project with no appropriate na- side Park (Nanji Area). While 1st Landfill Site of 340,000m2. animals. and stepping stones were in- tural succession. Accordingly this preserving the nature of the river- No flat land is required, rather the stalled along the riverside prome- park can show how nature starts side, the park provides wide space rough terrain of the landfill and Nanjicheon Park nade. About 2,000 tall trees like its life in the deserted field. for leisure and efficiently support- its subsidence are better for the (Nanji Stream Park) pine trees and meatasequoias and ed the facilities for 2002 FIFA From the highest point of Ha- golf course. While the subsidence neul Park, you can have a magni- of the ground continues, the golf Flowing into the Han River ficent view of Seoul: Mt. Bukhan course helps the stabilization pro- via the north of Nanji Island, Nan- in the north, Mt. Namsan and the cess. It usually requires lots of ji stream was severely polluted 63 Building in the east, the Han- agricultural chemicals in order to because of the waste and leachate River in the south and the Haeng- maintain the golf course. from the landfill. By covering

The wind power generators at Haneul Park. Transformation from a landfill site to the environment-friendly parks.

60 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 61 Environmental Activities

Environmental Management of Environmental technology of Yuhan-Kimberly Samsung Engineering

Yuhan-Kimberly, established in 1970, is a Forest Cultivation Fund Established in January 1970, Samsung Engi- Environmental Facilities leading domestic company that produces and neering has successfully undertaken over 2,000 supplies articles of daily necessity such as toilet Until April 2003, Yuhan-Kimberly contributed plant-building projects as the first engineering Samsung Engineering values the environment as papers, tissues, diapers and sanitary napkins, as a total of 4.43 billion won over 83 times to the company in Korea. Notably, since late 1980’s, a fundamental component for a balanced human well as environmental protection products like oil Forest Cultivation Fund and planted 20.09 million it has expanded fields of business beyond a tradi- life; thereby it aims to make every possible effort in absorbents and non-woven fabric. trees in approximately 81 million square meters in tional stronghold of petrochemicals, refining, environmental protection, as an in-house environ- state-owned lands. It has also cultivated natural gas plants. It has developed leading industrial mental specialist within the Samsung group.In the Environmental Management forests and carried out blight prevention projects. facilities, seeking to serve electronics, textile, water treatment area, Samsung Engineering suc- System and food productions as well as administerial and cessfully developed advanced treatment processes Cultivation of Nature Friendly sports activities; and it also developed energy/ for industrial waste water (semiconductor, dying, Educational Environment The Yuhan-Kimberly Environmental Man- railway sectors such as power generation, gas paper, petrochemical etc.), raw/pure water, and nitrogen and phosphorus suitable for domestic agement Structure is supported by four pillars- Yunhan-Kimberly has been making efforts to production facilities, pipelines, railway/high-speed sewage. The company is also actively participating “Quality Management System,”“High Performance grow forests in schools for a nature-friendly edu- train base. The company further expanded its in a privatization of the environmental sector as Organization,”“Vision Sharing Management” and cational environment. In 1998, it began desig- territory towards the environmental sectors such as well, by undertaking Social Overhead Capital “Environmental Management System.” Success- nating demonstration schools in conjunction with sewerage/waste water treatment, raw/pure water Operation and Maintenance (SOC O&M) projects fully operating the Environmental Management the civil organization called “Forest of Life,” treatment, air pollution control/waste disposal jointly with advanced foreign players. In waste Structure outlined below, the chief executive of providing consulting services for school forest treatment. To that end, Samsung Engineering has treatment and air pollution prevention facilities, Yuhan-Kimberly, who also serves as its chief development, donating trees and assisting in the become a driving force of the Korean industry Samsung Engineering retains a wide range of tech- environmental administrator, led all production development of educational programs on forests. underpinned by profound experiences. nologies such as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) plants to receive ISO 14001 certification and to Presently, the Forest of Life has designated 189 and industrial waste incineration, waste water sludge become designated as an environmental friendly demonstration schools nationwide, and it plans to incineration, landfill, dioxin, denitrification, desul- company. continually expand the forest-growing project. furization, and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Environmental Partnership Starting in 1988, Yuhan-Kimberly has been etc. In collaboration, the company has become a running an annual “Green Camp” for high school comprehensive environmental solution provider, Yuhan-Kimberly has been conducting a cam- students nationwide during summer breaks. So catering to any demands of clients through out- paign on “Keeping Korea Clean and Green” since far, this Camp has produced 2,165 students from standing technological expertise and extensive 1984 to plant trees and nurture forests. 380 schools over 20 sessions. experiences.

Tree Planting Experience for Proprietary Technologies Newlyweds - SM Process Yuhan-Kimberly has been planting Biofilm Reactor System for Nutrient Removal trees with newlywed couples since 1985 with the recognition that planting - BIOFILL Process trees is tantamount to providing future High Rate Biological System for Organics generations with a better, more re- Nutrient Removal sourceful life. By 2002, 106 thousand - PADDO Process saplings were planted in state-owned 5-Stage BNR Process using Step Feed System lands by some 6,500 couples. and dPAO

62 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 63 Environmental Activities

National Institute of Environmental Research

The NIER was established in 1978 to resolve complex and ever diversifying environmental problems.

The National Institute of Envi- agement of hazardous chemicals dangered wild animals and plants ronmental Research (NIER) was (POPs, EDCs, PBTs,iocides, B etc.) under protection; establishes of research on Volatile Organic studies on the efficient use of gases and noise and assess the established in 1978 to resolve Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) Research of environmental Compounds (VOCs) generated waste such as recycling of waste quality of domestically produced complex and ever progressing environmental risk assessment epidemiology which is related from vehicles batteries. and imported fuel. environmental problems. NIER with the adverse effects of envi- system; and conducts natural envi- Proposes concrete means of began with 6 teams in one depart- ronmental pollutants on human ronment survey in inland wetlands, Water Environment improving the environment and Environment Research ment, but now includes 6 depart- health natural caves and uninhabited Research Department Laboratory for Major Rivers ments, 23 divisions, 5 laboratories islands enhancing the performance of Standardizes measurement and and 4 centers, employing 250 staff waste treatment facilities like analysis technoloy, internalizes Policy support for waterquality Carries out research studies on members. Air Quality Research incinerators and landfill facilities. quality control of measurement consevation by promoting re- the characteristics of water pollu- Department Provides support for policies NIER’s major functions include and analysis and certifies analysis search on integrated water quality and develop effective treatment tants and assessment of respective survey, research and technology assessment, water environment self-purification capacity of four Operates the Center for Chemi- Operates the National Atmosphe- technology on the proper manage- development for environmental information system and evalua- cals Safety Management which is ric Environment Data Center; ment of hazardous wastes. major river watersheds. policy support, formulation and tion methods for the combined collection, analysis and distribu- establish a database on air pol- Investigates the properties and revision of environmental pollu- sewage and wastewater treatment tion of integrated information lution emission sources; develop Environmental Training control substances that cause tion standards and fair testing system of environmental facilities related to anti-chemical terrorism air pollution management pro- Department abnormal odor and taste; develop methods, joint research on the and chemical accidents grams and predict the level of Arrange foundation of safe biological index and conduct re- global environment, environmen- air pollution; support the for- drink- The Environmental Training search on water polluting micro- tal research information manage- Biodiversity Research mulation of scientific air policies ing water supply in terms con- Department offers educational organisms. ment, and administration of envi- Department like the creation of a geographic tinuous drinking water monitor- courses for officials and citizens. Under the coordination of the ronmental education and training. information system ing, standard analysis method of The Biodiversity Research The Department also executes protozoan oocysts and its control NIER, the Northeast Asian Centre Examines photochemical pollu- the joint environmental education Environment Risk Department develops means of for Environmental Data and Train- tion phenomenon and high con- in water treatment system, and program among Korea, China Research Department restoring endangered species as ing (NEACEDT), a cooperative centration ozone generation; QA/QC management program and Japan, and offers training to well as wild animals and plants; institution among six countries in compute atmospheric environ- on bacteria category of drinking participants from various devel- Risk assessment and generation investigates the distribution and Northeast Asia- North and South mental capacity; and conduct water oping countries in Asia with a of scientific data for sound man- ecological characteristics of en- Korea, China, Japan, Mongolia view toward facilitating cross- Establishment of target water and Russia- surveys the state of national environmental informa- quality of watershed, guidelines environmental monitoring in each tion exchange and technology for the total load management country to help improve the re- cooperation. and water system boundary by gional environment. watershed Motor Vehicle Emission The Korea-China Environ- Waste Research Research Laboratory mental Science and Technology Department Exchange Center promotes the Conducts research on ways to exchange of environmental experts Innovates recycling policy on mitigate emissions from mobile between China and Korea and the waste plastics; provide technical pollution sources. Environmental Technology Ven- A view of the National Institute of support for food waste reduction Performs tasks relating to environ- ture Incubator provides support Environmental Research. and reuse; carry out research mental certification on emission for the growth of environmental

64 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 65 Environmental Activities

industries and practical deploy- air quality materials in each China, DPRK, Mongolia, the ROK, ment of new technologies. country. and the Russian Federation. This project aims to assist Tumen Area Furthermore, NIER partici- countries to move away from International pated in various projects involving NIER aims to improve the felt environment and realize different methods of data collec- international environmental orga- a harmonious community of living organisms by Environmental tion and analysis for watershed researches based on science and technology. nizations. NIER played a sub- management and establish har- Research stantial role in the UNDP-GEF monized analytical methods in Cooperation environmental protection project regards to water quality for en- for Tumen River and Northeast hanced water management effi- ops programs like a cyber English for endocrine disruptors using management of environmental NIER has been promoting Asia and the UNEP-GEF environ- ciency. conversation course that can en- biomarkers. information. As underpinning international environmental re- mental assessment project on per- hance the quality of education. strategies, we will carry out search cooperation and education- sistent toxic chemicals in Central In a specialized workshop to We regularly invite environmen- Future Plans investigative research on each al training since its establishment and Northeast Asia. be conducted on October 13th to tal officials from Korea, China environmental field, as well as in order to strengthen global re- the 24th, 2003 in Incheon, by the “The Train-ing Workshop and Japan for capacity-building, NIER aims to improve the felt research on the improvement of search partnerships, especially in NIER, in collaboration with the Project on Quality Assurance and provide environmental training to environment and realize a harmo- the felt environment and sustain- the Northeast Asian region. As a Ministry of Environment (MOE), Quality Control (QA/QC) in Water officials from 9 Asian countries, nious community of living orga- able land development. NIER follow-up to the TEMM Among both organizations will share Analysis for the Tumen Member and offer human resource devel- nisms by conducting environmen- will also establish the basis for Korea, China and Japan, we carried Korean experiences and know-how Countries” is a part of the joint opment course for officials from tal improvement research based advanced environmental research out 3 projects in the areas of long- and technology in QA/ QC in water ROK Government and the United 12 countries as per the Korea- on science and technology. Some and take an initiative in environ- range transboundary air pollution, analysis. Nations Development Programme Japan environmental cooperation of the tools to this end include mental improvement research in lake water quality control, and (UNDP) ongoing efforts to sup- NIER also contributed to the project agreement. scientific assessment of actual Northeast Asia, while enhancing homepage mainte-nance, etc. port Northeast Asian (NEA) co- UNEP-GEF development project conditions, application of envi- the expertise and practicality of environmental education. NIER also worked with neigh- operation, the Ministry of Science for national biosafety framework Programme of Work ronmental technology, prediction boring countries to protect the and Technology (MOST) and the and the forest ecosystem restora- and monitoring of future pollu- There are currently 31 investi- environment of Northeast Asia by ROK Office of the UNDP signed tion project in the Southeast Asia tion, and systematic use and gative research projects underway launching cooperation projects, a new regional cooperation project tropical regions initiated by the in 2003. 7 projects in the area of including the Korea-Japan sym- in March, 2003. Korea-ASEAN Fund. air, including the development of posium on the joint research pro- th This 4 project, which is fully In the area of environmental hazardous air pollutant emissions ject on endocrine disruptors, the funded by the ROK, under its com- education training, NIER offers reduction system; 11 projects in expert meeting on air quality of mitment to the Tumen River Area 55 training programs, including the area of water environment, the six countries in the NEACEDT, Development Project, includes the environmental administrative including the development of and collection and comparison of following Northeast Asian countries: management courses, and it devel- diagnostic program for linkage treatment among basic environ- mental facilities; 5 projects in the area of biodiversity, including research on value appraisal and management techniques for bio- logical genetic resources; 4 pro- jects in the area of waste, includ- ing landfill environmental pol- lution assessment technique and the development of soil purifica- tion technology; and 4 projects in the area of environmental risk, NIER will also establish the basis for including studies on environ- advanced environmental research. mental risk assessment technique

66 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 67 68 Appendices O / Ministry of Environment PRESIDENT MINISTER PRIME MINISTER rganization of the MOE

Presidential Commission on Public Information Office Water Quality Improvement Sustainable Development Planning Commission VICE MINISTER Korea Environment Institute

Director-General for Inspector Director-General for International Cooperation

Audit & Inspection Office International Affairs Office

Central Environment Inspection Planning Team Global Environment Office

Deputy Minister Director-General for Director-General for Director-General for Director-General for Director-General for Director-General for Director for for Planning and Environmental Air Quality Water Quality Water Supply and Waste Management Nature Conservation General Services Management Policy Management Management Sewerage and Recycling

Planning and Budget Policy Coordination Nature Policy Air Quality Policy Water Quality Policy Water Supply and Waste Management Policy General Affairs Sewerage Policy Administrative Environment Economy Ecosytem Conservation Air Pollution Control Watershed Policy Municipal Waste Civil Affairs Management Water Supply Management Management Environmental Education National Parks Automotive Pollution Industrial Wastewater Human Resources Legal Affairs & Civil Relations Control Control Sewerage Industrial Waste Management Soil Conservation Management Environmental Data National Environmental Noise, Vibration & Dust Domestic Wastewater Purchase & Accounting and Information Conservation Control Resource Recycling

Environmental Impact Chemicals Management Assessment

Environmental Technology

Basin Environmental Office Regional Environmental Office National Environmental Dispute National Institute of Environmental Resolution Commission (NEDRC) Research (NIER) Han Nakdong Geum Yeongsan Gyeongin Wonju Daegu Jeonju River River River River Regional Regional Regional Regional

Korea Resources Recover & Environmental Management Corporation National Parks Authority Sudokwon Landfill Site Management Reutilization Corporation (KORECO) (EMC) (NPA) Corporation (SLC) P M International Cooperation Office Office of the Inspector-General Environmental Policy Bureau Nature Conservation Bureau MOE Sewage Treatment Bureau ersonnel of MOE( 401 ajor Functions of the MOE(Central Offices) Public Information Office Waste Management and and Management Office Management Bureau Management Bureau Water Supply and Recycling Bureau Organizations Water Quality Air Quality Planning NEDRC 21 NIER 256 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · River Basin Environmental Office( Han Conducting public campaigns Establishing information networks for legal and the environmental affairs improving Examining and assessing major tasks Budget planning & managing the organization and staffs Collaborative efforts for the global environmental lssues International environmental cooperation Auditing environmental activities Managing waste treatment facilities and hazardous chemical substances Supporting waste reduction and the recycling industry Establishing basic and comprehensive plans for waste reduction, recyling treatment Managing drinking water Maintaining and managing water supply sewage treatment facilities Establishing basic water conservation plans Developing basic policy on water supply and sewage Planning and managing environmental facilities Managing wastewater Establishing basic water preservation plans Reducing noise pollution, vibration and dust Encouraging the use of low-pollution fuel Reducing and preventing vehicular pollution Establishing air quality improvement plans Preventing land degradation Managing National Parks Ecosystem conservation Conducting environmental impact assessments Developing environmental technology including pollution prevention Supporting environmental education and groups Establishing mid and long-term plans for environmental conservation the data processing system 71 1,349 Nakdong 128 Affiliated Organizations ( ) Geum 96 Yeongsan Major Functions 111 406 ) 948 Gyeongin Regional Environmental Office( ) 87 Wonju 62 re oe 2003 / Korea Green Daegu 78 Jeonju 265 38 ) 69 Appendices

Personnel of related Institues (2,787) Environmental Activities of other Central Governmental Bodies

KORECO EMC NPA SLC 1,165 746 662 214 Governmental Bodies Environmental Activities

Major Functions of the MOE ( Subsidiary Organizations ) Ministry of Science & Technology ·Coordination of nuclear safety controls ·Establishment and implementation of preventive measures for radioactivity

Organizations Major Functions

National Environmental ·Resolving environmental disputes Developing Measures to reduce agricultural and forestry pollution Disputes Resolution Commission Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry · ·Investigating/evaluating environmental damage and identifying causal relationships ·Planning and technical guidance on the development of agricultural water (NEDRC)

·Establishing environmental research plans and collecting and managing information ·Studying environmental impacts and ecosystem conservation ·Import/export of toxic substances and implementation of import restrictions on industrial National Institute of ·Developing and studying technologies for preventing air pollution, noise and vibration waste Environmental Research ·Developing and studying water pollution prevention technology Ministry of Commerce, ·Allocation and management of industrial sites (NIER) ·Developing and studying waste management technology Industry & Energy ·Supply of low sulfur oil ·Educating and training environmental officials, engineers and managers working in the ·Research & Development of new and alternative energy resources private sector ·Management of nuclear power generators and disposal/treatment of nuclear waste

·Establishing, implementing and managing major water policies for Han River Watershed Han(Geum, Nakdong, Yeongsan) ·Collecting water-use charges and conducting projects to support residents River Basin ·Formulation and coordination of comprehensive plans for national land use ·Monitoring activities that pollute Han River Watershed Environmental Office ·Designation of areas subject to the National Land Use and Management Act ·Guiding and supervising pollution emitting industries Ministry of Construction ·Establishment and coordination of a comprehensive plan for water resource & Transportation development ·Management of rivers, reclamations and use of rivers and lakes ·Type approval and performance tests of motor vehicles ·Establishing and implementing measures for environmental conservation by affected area Gyeongin(Wonju, Daegu, jeonju) ·Guiding and supervising pollution emitting industries Regional Environmental Office ·Consulting on environmental impact assessments and end-of-pipe management ·Developing Countermeasures against occupational diseases and improvement of Ministry of Labor ·Managing and recycling specified waste working conditions ·Measuring, examining and analysing on pollutants

Korea Resources Recovery ·Collecting and purchasing recyclables Designation, protection and management of national monuments, which include rare Ministry of Culture and Tourism · and Reutilization Corporation ·Establishing and operating waste recycling facilities plants and animals (KORECO) ·Securing technologies to reduce waste generation and expand recycling

·Implementing diverse projects for preventing pollution Environmental Management ·Protection of marine resources ·Supporting and examining basic environmental facilities with technology Corporation (EMC) Ministry of Maritime ·Reclamation and ocean management ·Commissioning for operating national and municipal environmental facilities Affairs and Fisheries ·Developing countermeasures on coastal water pollution ·Supervision and prevention of marine pollution

·Protecting natural resources in Nation Parks National Parks Authority (NPA) ·Maintaining and managing facilities in Nation Parks ·Implementing projects regarding Nation Parks The Office of Forestry ·Formulation of basic forestry plan ·Protection and oversight of forests

·Managing waste from the Seoul metropolitan area Sudokwon Landfill Site ·Waste recycling Agriculture Promotion Management Corporation (SLC) ·Improvement of agricultural land and guidance on soil improvement ·Promoting the reuse of landfills Administration

70 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 71 Appendices

Environmental Laws Environment-related Laws under the Authority of other Ministries

1960 (7 laws) 1970s∼1980s 1990s - 2002(35 laws) Date of Enactment (10 laws) Fields Laws Water Supply Act 1961.12.31

Sewerage System Act 1966.08.03 Nuclear Damage Compensation Act, Road Traffic Act, Act on the Promotion of the Development and Use of Atomic Energy Act, Act relating to Protection of Birds, Mammals and Hunting (1967.3.30) 1983.12.30 Air Alternative Energy, Energy Use Rationalization Act, Waste Clean Act (1961.12.30) Waste Management Act (1986.12.31) 1991.03.08 Act on the Control, etc. of Manufacture of Specific Integrated Energy Supply Act, Substances for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Petroleum Business Act, Act relating to Toxic and Hazardous Substance (1963.12.13) Toxic Chemicals Control Act 1996.08.01

Natural Park Act 1968.01.04 Groundwater Act, Prevention of Marine Pollution Act, Compound Waste Treatment Corporation Act 1979.12.28 Specific Multi-Purpose Dams Act, River Act, Public Waters Reclamation Act, Water Public Waters Reclamationt Act, Korea Resource Recovery and Reutilization Corporation Act 1993.12.27 Small River Maintenance Act, Aggregate Picking Act, Public Waters Management Act, Environmental Pollution Prevention Corporation Act 1983.05.21 Local Grant Act Environmental Management Corporation Act 1993.12.27 Noise Road Traffic Act School Health Act Basic Environmental Policy Act 1990.08.01 Air Quality Preservation Act 1990.08.01 Water Quality Preservation Act 1990.08.01 Framework Act on the National Land, Act relating to Water Resources in Han River and Community National Land Planning and Utilization Act, Building Act, Support 1999.02.08 Act on the Promotion of a New Airport Construction Urban park Act, Special Act on Nakdong River’s Watershed Management 2000.01.14 in Seoul Metropolitan Area, Urban Development Act, Special Act on Geum River’s Watershed Management Industrial Placement and Factory 2002.01.14 General Laws Housing Site Development Promotion Act, Construction Act, Special Act on Yeongsan and Seomjin River’s Watershed New Harbor Construction Promotion Act, 2002.01.14 Management Industrial Sites and Development Act, International Conference Industry Promotion Act, Act relating to Air Qualities in Underground Space 1996.12.30 Special Act on Jeju-Do Development, Act on the Acquisition of Land, etc, for Public Works Seoul Metropolitan Area Readjustment Noise and Vibration Control Act 1990.08.01 and the Compensation Therefor Planning Act. Environmental Dispute and Settlement Act 1990.08.01 Acts relating to Punishment for Environmental Crime 1991.05.31 Natural Environment Preservation Act Agrochemicals Control Act, 1991.12.31 Act on the Special Measures for Development of Farmland Act, Act relating to the Special Accounting for Environmental Agricultural and fishing Villages, Improvement 1994.01.05 Agriculture Plant Protection Act, Act on the Prevention of and Countermeasures Social Pollution Environment Rearrangement of Agricultural and Act relating to Environmental Technology Support and Prevention Act Preservation Act against Agricultural and Fishery Disasters Development 1994.12.22 Fishing Villages Act. (1963.11.5) (1977.12.31) Drinking Water Management Act 1995.01.05 Livestock Special Act on the Ecosystem Preservation of Islands such as Dairy Promotion Act, Grassland Act Livestock Industry Act Dokdo Islands 1997.12.13 Wetland Preservation Act 1999.02.08 Fisheries Act, Fisheries·Harbors Fishery Harbors Act Act relating to Environmental Improvement Charges 1991.12.31 Harbor Act Environmental Impact Assessment Act on Environment, Transportation and Natural Disaster 1999.12.31 Forestries Work against Land Erosion or Collapse Act Forestry Act Soil Environment Preservation Act 1995.01.05 Act relating to the Treatment of Sewage, Night Soil and Livestock 1991.03.08 Wastewater Act on Special Measures for the Deregulation of Foreign Trade Act, Act relating to Promotion of Resources Saving and Reutilization 1992.12.08 Corporate-Activities, Miniing Safety Act, Act on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Protection of Cultural Properties Act, 1992.12.08 Tourism Promotion Act, Wastes and their Disposal Others Act on the Promotion of the Conversion into Mining Industry Act, Act Promotion of Waste Treatment Facilities and Local Environment-Friendly Management, 1992.01.05 Inland-Water Fisheries Development Community Science and Technology Promotion Act, Promotion Act Act relating to the Establishment and Operation of Sudokwon Punishiment of Minor Offenses Act 2000.01.21 Landfill Site Management Corporation

72 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 73 Appendices

Designation of National Parks (Apr. 2003) Environmental Standards

Order of Date of Name Province Area( ) Remarks Designation Designation General Area Specific Area Relevant Legislation

Land 3,825km2, Sea 2,649km2 Basic Environmental Policy Act, Water (6.5% of Total Water quality standard (river, lake, underground water, marine Total 20 Locations 6,473 Quality Preservation Act, Act Relating to National Territory) Water Quality water), Drinking water standard, Treated water standard, the Treatment of Sewage, Nightsoil, and Discharged wastewater standard Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do, Livestock Wastewater Mt. Jiri 440 1967.12.29 1 Gyeongsangnam-do Air quality standard, Allowed emission standard, Emission Entrusted to Basic Environment Policy Act 2 Gyeongju Gyeongsangbuk-do 138 1968.12.31 Air Quality standards for newly manufactured automobiles Gyeongsangbuk-do Air Quality Preservation Act and for those in operation

3 Mt.Gyeryong Chungcheongnam-do 61 1968.12.31 Allowed noise & vibration standard from factories, Noise standard for automobiles (new and used automobiles), Noise & Vibration Basic Environment Policy Act Jeollanam-do, 344km2 (Entrusted to Odong Domestic noise & vibration regulation standard, Noise & Noise & Vibration Control Act 4 Hanryehaesang 510 1968.12.31 Gyeongsangnam-do Island and Jeollanam-do) vibration limit on transportation (roads and railways)

5 Mt. Seorak Gangwon-do 373 1970. 03.24 Warning standard and countermeasure standard on soil Soil and Toxic pollution, Pollution standard on limiting harvest of Soil Environment Preservation Act, Toxic Chemicals agricultural and forestry products, Standards on toxic Chemical Control Act Chungcheongbuk-do, 6 Mt. Songni 283 1970. 03.24 Gyeongsangbuk-do chemicals

7 Mt. Halla Jeju-do 149 1970. 03.24 Entrusted to Jeju-do

8 Mt. Naejang Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do 76 1971.10.13

Gyeongsangnam-do, 9 80 1972.10.13 Major Environment Related Companies (2002) Mt. Gaya Gyeongsangbuk-do

Jeollabuk-do, 10 Mt. Deogyu 219 1975. 02. 01 Gyeongsangnam-do Type of companies Number Type of companies Number

11 Mt. Odae Gangwon-do 299 1975. 02. 01 Total 12,301 Environmental inspection 13

12 Mt. Juwang Gyeongsangbuk-do 106 1976. 03.30

Environmental pollution prevention facilities 988 Nightsoil collection and transportation 768 Taean 13 Chungcheongnam-do 329 1978.10.20 290km2 is sea Seaside

Dadohae Pollution measurement 153 Nightsoil sanitation and cleaning 1,093 14 Jeollanam-do 2,345 1981.12.23 2,002km2 is sea Marine

Nightsoil treatment facility construction and 15 Mt. Bukhan Seoul, Gyeonggi-do 78 1983.04.02 Wastewater treatment 60 sewage / livestock treatment facility construction 1,897

16 Mt. Chiak Gangwon-do 182 1984.12.31 Waste treatment (collection, transportation) 2,655 Purifier manufacturing 68

Chungcheongbuk-do, 17 Mt. Worak 285 1984.12.31 Gyeongsangbuk-do Waste treatment (primary, secondary) 677 Waste disposal at sea 17 Chungcheongbuk-do, 18 Mt. Sobaek 321 1987.12.14 Gyeongsangbuk-do Waste recycling / treatment 2,941 Vehicle inspection 838 (licensing, reporting) 19 Mt. Wolchul Jeollanam-do 41 1988. 06.11

Environmental impact assessment 139 Inspection of measurement equipment 4 20 Byeonsan Peninsula Jeollabuk-do 157 1988. 06.11 9km2 is sea

74 / Ministry of Environment Green Korea 2003 / 75 Appendices

Protection of National Ecosystems (2002) ey environmental performance indicators Surface Date for K Region Location Reason for Designation Area( ) Designation for the Government of the People (1998-2002 ) Habitats for Nakdong Estuary Busan-si, Saha-gu 34.20 1989.03.10 migratory birds

Jeollanam-do Gurye-gun, Mt.Jiri Virgin forest 20.20 1989.12.29 (Simwon and Pia Valley)

Gangwon-do, Inje-gun Mt.Daeam Mountainous wetland 1.06 1989.12.29 (Yong swamp)

Woopo swamp Largest natrual wetland Gyeongsangnam-do, Changnyeong-gun 8.54 1997.07.26 1997 2001

Moojechi swamp Mountainous wetland Ulsan-si, Uliju-gun 0.18 1998.12.31 Air Quality

Seomjin River Habitats for the otter Gurye-gun Jeollanam-do 1.83 2001.12.01 Level of SO2 (ppm, Seoul) ...... 0.017 0.005

Habitats for the orange Gosan peak Hampyeong-gun Gangwon-do 8.78 2002.05.01 Level of NO2 (ppm, Seoul) ...... 0.032 0.036* whiskered bat, the otter Concentration of PM (㎍/m2, Seoul) ...... 78 76* Dong River Splendid scenery Yeongwol-gun Gangwon-do 64.97 2002.08.09

Sinduri Unique topography Taean-gun Chungcheongnam-do 0.64 2002.10.09 sand dune Water Quality Sea area Stock of Coral, seaweeds Seogwipo-si Jeju-do 13.68 2002.11.05 nearby is. Mun Water Quality (% of Level II quality and better) ...... 86% 91%

Han River Water Quality (BOD, ppm) ...... 1.5 1.4*

Water Supply and Sanitation Soil Pollution Levels (2002 / 2001 / 2000) Water Supply Connection Rate ...... Unit : mg /kg 84.7% 87.8%

Natural ...... Annual Yearly Average Warning Level for Sanitation Connection Rate 60.9% 73.2% Composition agricultural areas 2000 2002 2001 Standard Water Conservation (milion ton) ...... - 412* Cd 0.086 0.147 0.181 0.135 1.500 Cu 3.792 5.300 4.839 3.995 50.000 As 0.152 0.256 0.300 0.560 6.000 Waste Management Hg 0.051 0.071 0.044 0.085 4.000 Per capita generation ...... 1.05kg 1.01kg Pb 5.989 6.503 5.932 5.375 100.000 Household Waste Management Ct+6 0.011 0.028 0.019 - 4.000 - Landfill ...... PCB N.D N.D N.D - - 63.8% 43.3% - Recycling ...... CN 0.010 0.020 0.025 - 2.000 29.1% 43.1%

Organic - Incineration ...... 7.1% 13.6% N.D N.D N.D - 10.000 Phosphorous Indusrial Waste Management Phenol N.D N.D N.D - 4.000 - Recycling ...... 63.8% 74.8% Oil 0.002 1.008 1.298 - - - Incineration, landfill and others ...... 36.2% 25.2% N.D = Not Detected

2002 data used 76 / Ministry of Environment