(Palaeocene) in the Type Area
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The Effects of Shrinkage and Swelling Were First Recognised by Geotechnical Specialists Following the Dry Summer of 1947
C:\Documents and Settings\adixon\Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files\Content.Outlook\7NFVY2G5\08-112 revised2.doc Modelling Volume Change Potential in the London Clay L. D. Jones & R. Terrington British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham. NG12 5GG UK (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract The London Clay Formation is particularly susceptible to shrink–swell behaviour that has resulted in a long history of foundation damage due to ground movement across the outcrop. Damage has cost up to £500 million in a single year. Underlying most of the Greater London area, the London Clay Formation is of major engineering importance as it is on and within this formation that the majority of the city’s infrastructure, buildings and underground services are constructed. The Volume Change Potential of a soil is the relative change in volume to be expected with changes in soil moisture content and the subsequent shrinkage or swelling can cause major damage to structures above or below ground. Detailed statistical and spatial analyses of data across the London Clay outcrop has revealed a significant geographical trend in the volume change potential of this deposit, confirming an overall increase from west to east, but also showing subtle trends with depth. This paper describes how this analysis was carried out and shows how such assessments can yield valuable information about shrink–swell behaviour not only of the London Clay but of similar shrink– swell prone argillaceous formations elsewhere. Introduction The effects of shrinkage and swelling of clay soils, with respect to foundation and building damage, were first recognised by geotechnical specialists following the dry summer of 1947. -
A CRITICAL EVALUATION of the LOWER-MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD of the CHALK UPLANDS of NORTHWEST EUROPE Lesley
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE LOWER-MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD OF THE CHALK UPLANDS OF NORTHWEST EUROPE The Chilterns, Pegsdon, Bedfordshire (photograph L. Blundell) Lesley Blundell UCL Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD September 2019 2 I, Lesley Blundell, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed: 3 4 Abstract Our understanding of early human behaviour has always been and continues to be predicated on an archaeological record unevenly distributed in space and time. More than 80% of British Lower-Middle Palaeolithic findspots were discovered during the late 19th/early 20th centuries, the majority from lowland fluvial contexts. Within the British planning process and some academic research, the resultant findspot distributions are taken at face value, with insufficient consideration of possible bias resulting from variables operating on their creation. This leads to areas of landscape outside the river valleys being considered to have only limited archaeological potential. This thesis was conceived as an attempt to analyse the findspot data of the Lower-Middle Palaeolithic record of the Chalk uplands of southeast Britain and northern France within a framework complex enough to allow bias in the formation of findspot distribution patterns and artefact preservation/discovery opportunities to be identified and scrutinised more closely. Taking a dynamic, landscape = record approach, this research explores the potential influence of geomorphology, 19th/early 20th century industrialisation and antiquarian collecting on the creation of the Lower- Middle Palaeolithic record through the opportunities created for artefact preservation and release. -
Herne Bay (Beltinge)
BELTINGE, HERNE BAY, KENT INTRODUCTION TO BELTINGE Thank you for enrolling on our fossil hunting event. The section of coast at Beltinge provides an opportunity to explore the rocks and fossils from the Palaeocene and Eocene epochs of between 56 and 54 million years ago. Beltinge is famed for it’s fossil shark teeth and marine vertebrate remains, such as the THE GEOLOGY vertebrae of fish, palates of rays, bones and carapace of marine turtles. This site represents deposits laid down during the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs, in a warm climate. The gravel and shingle on the foreshore will The Paleocene rocks of the Thanet Formation are exposed provide you with opportunities to find the on the foreshore and in the cliffs towards Reculver. fossils, however the chances of finding shark teeth improves the further the tide goes out . The younger Paleocene and Eocene rocks overlay this and Broadly speaking, the collecting area is in the are exposed in the gently dipping strata and at Beltinge, the section of beach between the groynes, either Beltinge Fish Bed of the Upnor Formation (Paleocene) is side of the concrete steps, at the access brought down to beach level. point. The most productive area is immediately West of the car park, the Oldhaven Beds slope towards opposite the car park and for about 100 m beach level, exposing the Oldhaven Fish Bed. Fish fossils, west. There are teeth from about 24 species (particularly shark teeth, ray teeth and crushing palettes and of shark, ray and other fish to be found here, fish vertebrae) and turtle carapace are common and can be as well as the remains of crocodile and turtle. -
Redalyc.Palynology of Lower Palaeogene (Thanetian-Ypresian
Geologica Acta: an international earth science journal ISSN: 1695-6133 [email protected] Universitat de Barcelona España TRIPATHI, S.K.M.; KUMAR, M.; SRIVASTAVA, D. Palynology of Lower Palaeogene (Thanetian-Ypresian) coastal deposits from the Barmer Basin (Akli Formation, Western Rajasthan, India): Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic implications Geologica Acta: an international earth science journal, vol. 7, núm. 1-2, marzo-junio, 2009, pp. 147- 160 Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=50513109009 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Geologica Acta, Vol.7, Nos 1-2, March-June 2009, 147-160 DOI: 10.1344/105.000000275 Available online at www.geologica-acta.com Palynology of Lower Palaeogene (Thanetian-Ypresian) coastal deposits from the Barmer Basin (Akli Formation, Western Rajasthan, India): Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic implications S.K.M. TRIPATHI M. KUMAR and D. SRIVASTAVA Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany 53, University Road, Lucknow, 226007, India. Tripathi E-mail: [email protected] Kumar E-mail: [email protected] Srivastava E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The 32-m thick sedimentary succession of the Paleocene-Eocene Akli Formation (Barmer basin, Rajasthan, India), which is exposed in an open-cast lignite mine, interbed several lignite seams that alternate with fossilif- erous carbonaceous clays, green clays and widespread siderite bands and chert nodules. The palynofloral assemblages consist of spore, pollen and marine dinoflagellate cysts that indicate a Thanetian to Ypresian age. -
Early Eocene Sediments of the Western Crimean Basin, Ukraine 100 ©Geol
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt Jahr/Year: 2011 Band/Volume: 85 Autor(en)/Author(s): Khoroshilova Margarita A., Shcherbinina E. A. Artikel/Article: Sea-level changes and lithological architecture of the Paleocene - early Eocene sediments of the western Crimean basin, Ukraine 100 ©Geol. Bundesanstalt, Wien; download unter www.geologie.ac.at Berichte Geol. B.-A., 85 (ISSN 1017-8880) – CBEP 2011, Salzburg, June 5th – 8th Sea-level changes and lithological architecture of the Paleocene- early Eocene sediments of the western Crimean basin, Ukraine Margarita A. Khoroshilova1, E.A. Shcherbinina2 1 Geological Department of the Moscow State University ([email protected]) 2 Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia During the Paleogene time, sedimentary basin of the western Crimea, Ukraine was bordered by land of coarse topography, which occupied the territory of modern first range of the Crimean Mountains, on the south and by Simferopol uplift on the north and displays a wide spectrum of shallow water marine facies. Paleocene to early Eocene marine deposits are well preserved and can be studied in a number of exposures. Correlated by standard nannofossil scale, five exposures present a ~17 Ma record of sea- level fluctuations. Danian, Selandian-Thanetian and Ypresian transgressive-regressive cycles are recognized in the sections studied. Major sea-level falls corresponding to hiatuses at the Danian/Selandian and Thanetian/Ypresian boundaries appear as hard-ground surfaces. Stratigraphic range of the first hiatus is poorly understood because Danian shallow carbonates are lack in nannofossils while accumulation of Selandian marl begins at the NP6. -
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE V
GSA GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE v. 4.0 CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN MAGNETIC MAGNETIC BDY. AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE PICKS AGE . N PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE EON ERA PERIOD AGES (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) HIST HIST. ANOM. (Ma) ANOM. CHRON. CHRO HOLOCENE 1 C1 QUATER- 0.01 30 C30 66.0 541 CALABRIAN NARY PLEISTOCENE* 1.8 31 C31 MAASTRICHTIAN 252 2 C2 GELASIAN 70 CHANGHSINGIAN EDIACARAN 2.6 Lopin- 254 32 C32 72.1 635 2A C2A PIACENZIAN WUCHIAPINGIAN PLIOCENE 3.6 gian 33 260 260 3 ZANCLEAN CAPITANIAN NEOPRO- 5 C3 CAMPANIAN Guada- 265 750 CRYOGENIAN 5.3 80 C33 WORDIAN TEROZOIC 3A MESSINIAN LATE lupian 269 C3A 83.6 ROADIAN 272 850 7.2 SANTONIAN 4 KUNGURIAN C4 86.3 279 TONIAN CONIACIAN 280 4A Cisura- C4A TORTONIAN 90 89.8 1000 1000 PERMIAN ARTINSKIAN 10 5 TURONIAN lian C5 93.9 290 SAKMARIAN STENIAN 11.6 CENOMANIAN 296 SERRAVALLIAN 34 C34 ASSELIAN 299 5A 100 100 300 GZHELIAN 1200 C5A 13.8 LATE 304 KASIMOVIAN 307 1250 MESOPRO- 15 LANGHIAN ECTASIAN 5B C5B ALBIAN MIDDLE MOSCOVIAN 16.0 TEROZOIC 5C C5C 110 VANIAN 315 PENNSYL- 1400 EARLY 5D C5D MIOCENE 113 320 BASHKIRIAN 323 5E C5E NEOGENE BURDIGALIAN SERPUKHOVIAN 1500 CALYMMIAN 6 C6 APTIAN LATE 20 120 331 6A C6A 20.4 EARLY 1600 M0r 126 6B C6B AQUITANIAN M1 340 MIDDLE VISEAN MISSIS- M3 BARREMIAN SIPPIAN STATHERIAN C6C 23.0 6C 130 M5 CRETACEOUS 131 347 1750 HAUTERIVIAN 7 C7 CARBONIFEROUS EARLY TOURNAISIAN 1800 M10 134 25 7A C7A 359 8 C8 CHATTIAN VALANGINIAN M12 360 140 M14 139 FAMENNIAN OROSIRIAN 9 C9 M16 28.1 M18 BERRIASIAN 2000 PROTEROZOIC 10 C10 LATE -
Geology of London, UK
Geology of London, UK Katherine R. Royse1, Mike de Freitas2,3, William G. Burgess4, John Cosgrove5, Richard C. Ghail3, Phil Gibbard6, Chris King7, Ursula Lawrence8, Rory N. Mortimore9, Hugh Owen10, Jackie Skipper 11, 1. British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK. [email protected] 2. Imperial College London SW72AZ, UK & First Steps Ltd, Unit 17 Hurlingham Studios, London SW6 3PA, UK. 3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. 4. Department of Geological Sciences, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK. 5. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. 6. Cambridge Quaternary, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK. 7. 16A Park Road, Bridport, Dorset 8. Crossrail Ltd. 25 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5LQ, UK. 9. University of Brighton & ChalkRock Ltd, 32 Prince Edwards Road, Lewes, BN7 1BE, UK. 10. Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. 11. Geotechnical Consulting Group (GCG), 52A Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BE, UK. Abstract The population of London is around 7 million. The infrastructure to support this makes London one of the most intensively investigated areas of upper crust. however construction work in London continues to reveal the presence of unexpected ground conditions. These have been discovered in isolation and often recorded with no further work to explain them. There is a scientific, industrial and commercial need to refine the geological framework for London and its surrounding area. This paper reviews the geological setting of London as it is understood at present, and outlines the issues that current research is attempting to resolve. -
Mississippi Geology, V
THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY • • Office of Geology P. 0. Box 20307 Volume 17 Number 1 Jackson, Mississippi 39289-1307 March 1996 TOWARD A REVISION OF THE GENERALIZED STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN OF MISSISSIPPI David T . D ock ery III Mississippi Office of Geology INTRODUCTION The state's Precambrian subsurface stratigraphy is from Thomas and Osborne (1987), and the Cambrian-Permsylva The stratigraphic columns presented here are a more nian section is modified from Dockery ( 1981) . References informative revision on the state's 1981 column published as for the Cambrian-Ordovician section of the 1981 column one sheet (Dockery, 1981). This revision wasmade forafuture include Mellen (1974, 1977); this stratigraphy is also found in text on " An Overview of Mississippi's Geology" and follows Henderson ( 1991 ). the general format and stratigraphy as pub}jshed in the Corre When subdivided in oil test records, the state's Ordovi lation of Stratigraphic Units of North America (COSUNA) ciansection generally contains the Knox Dolomite, the Stones charts (see Thomas and Osborne, 1987, and Dockery, 1988). River Group (see AJberstadt and Repetski, 1989), and the The following discussion is a brief background, giving the Nashville Group, while the Silurian contains the Wayne major sources used in the chart preparations. Suggestions for Group and Brownsport Formation. The Termessee Valley improvements may be directed to the author. Autl10rity's (1977) description of a 1,326-foot core hole at their proposed Yellow Creek Nuclear Plant site in northeast em Tishomingo Catmty greatly refined the stratigraphy be PALEOZOJCSTRATJGRAPffiCUNITS tween the Lower Ordovician Knox Dolomite and the Ross Formation of Devonian age. -
International Chronostratigraphic Chart
INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART www.stratigraphy.org International Commission on Stratigraphy v 2018/08 numerical numerical numerical Eonothem numerical Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age GSSP GSSP GSSP GSSP EonothemErathem / Eon System / Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) / Eon Erathem / Era System / Period GSSA age (Ma) present ~ 145.0 358.9 ± 0.4 541.0 ±1.0 U/L Meghalayan 0.0042 Holocene M Northgrippian 0.0082 Tithonian Ediacaran L/E Greenlandian 152.1 ±0.9 ~ 635 Upper 0.0117 Famennian Neo- 0.126 Upper Kimmeridgian Cryogenian Middle 157.3 ±1.0 Upper proterozoic ~ 720 Pleistocene 0.781 372.2 ±1.6 Calabrian Oxfordian Tonian 1.80 163.5 ±1.0 Frasnian Callovian 1000 Quaternary Gelasian 166.1 ±1.2 2.58 Bathonian 382.7 ±1.6 Stenian Middle 168.3 ±1.3 Piacenzian Bajocian 170.3 ±1.4 Givetian 1200 Pliocene 3.600 Middle 387.7 ±0.8 Meso- Zanclean Aalenian proterozoic Ectasian 5.333 174.1 ±1.0 Eifelian 1400 Messinian Jurassic 393.3 ±1.2 7.246 Toarcian Devonian Calymmian Tortonian 182.7 ±0.7 Emsian 1600 11.63 Pliensbachian Statherian Lower 407.6 ±2.6 Serravallian 13.82 190.8 ±1.0 Lower 1800 Miocene Pragian 410.8 ±2.8 Proterozoic Neogene Sinemurian Langhian 15.97 Orosirian 199.3 ±0.3 Lochkovian Paleo- 2050 Burdigalian Hettangian 201.3 ±0.2 419.2 ±3.2 proterozoic 20.44 Mesozoic Rhaetian Pridoli Rhyacian Aquitanian 423.0 ±2.3 23.03 ~ 208.5 Ludfordian 2300 Cenozoic Chattian Ludlow 425.6 ±0.9 Siderian 27.82 Gorstian -
International Stratigraphic Chart
INTERNATIONAL STRATIGRAPHIC CHART ICS International Commission on Stratigraphy E o n o t h e m E o n o t h e m E o n o t h e m E o n o t h e m E r a t h e m E r a t h e m E r a t h e m E r a t h e m S e r i e s S e r i e s S e r i e s P e r i o d e r i o d P e r i o d P e r i o d E p o c h E p o c h E p o c h S y s t e m t e m S y s t e m S y s t e m t a g e S t a g e S t a g e GSSP GSSP GSSP GSSPGSSA A g e A g e A g e E o n A g e E o n A g e E o n A g e E o n A g e S y s E r a E r a E r a E r a M a M a M a M a P S 145.5 ±4.0 359.2 ±2.5 542 Q uaternary * Holocene Tithonian Famennian Ediacaran 0.0117 150.8 ±4.0 Upper 374.5 ±2.6 Neo- ~635 Upper Upper Kimmeridgian Frasnian Cryogenian ~ 155.6 385.3 ±2.6 proterozoic 850 0.126 D e v o n i a n Pleistocene “Ionian” Oxfordian Givetian Tonian 0.781 161.2 ±4.0 Middle 391.8 ±2.7 1000 Calabrian Callovian Eifelian Proterozoic Stenian 1.806 164.7 ±4.0 397.5 ±2.7 1200 J u r a s s i c Meso- Gelasian Bathonian Emsian Ectasian 2.588 Middle 167.7 ±3.5 407.0 ±2.8 proterozoic 1400 Piacenzian Bajocian Lower Pragian Calymmian Pliocene 3.600 171.6 ±3.0 411.2 ±2.8 1600 Zanclean Aalenian Lochkovian Statherian M e s o z o i c 5.332 175.6 ±2.0 P r e c a416.0 m ±2.8 b r i a n 1800 Messinian Toarcian Pridoli Orosirian N e o g e n e Paleo- 7.246 183.0 ±1.5 418.7 ±2.7 2050 Tortonian Pliensbachian Ludfordian proterozoic Rhyacian C e n o z o i c 11.608 Lower 189.6 ±1.5 Ludlow 421.3 ±2.6 2300 Serravallian Sinemurian Gorstian Siderian Miocene 13.82 196.5 ±1.0 S i l u r i a n 422.9 ±2.5 2500 Langhian Hettangian Homerian 15.97 -
FULLTEXT01.Pdf
G Model PGEOLA-885; No. of Pages 9 Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pgeola Detrital zircon U-Pb ages and source of the late Palaeocene Thanet Formation, Kent, SE England Thomas Stevens*, Yunus Baykal Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, 75236, Sweden A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: The sources of the Paleocene London Basin marine to fluviodeltaic sandstones are currently unclear. High Received 25 November 2020 analysis number detrital zircon U-Pb age investigation of an early-mid Thanetian marine sand from East Received in revised form 14 January 2021 Kent, reveals a large spread of zircon age peaks indicative of a range of primary sources. In particular, a Accepted 15 January 2021 strong Ediacaran age peak is associated with the Cadomian Orogeny, while secondary peaks represent the Available online xxx Caledonian and various Mesoproterozoic to Archean orogenies. The near absence of grains indicative of the Variscan orogeny refutes a southerly or southwesterly source from Cornubia or Armorica, while the Keywords: strong Cadomian peak points to Avalonian origin for a major component of the material. Furthermore, the Proto-Thames relatively well expressed Mesoproterozoic to Archean age components most likely require significant Provenance Thanetian additional Laurentian input. Comparison to published data shows that both Devonian Old Red Sandstone Pegwell Bay and northwesterly (Avalonia-Laurentia) derived Namurian-Westphalian Pennine Basin sandstones show Paleogene strong similarities to the Thanetian sand. -
The Stratigraphical Framework for the Palaeogene Successions of the London Basin, UK
The stratigraphical framework for the Palaeogene successions of the London Basin, UK Open Report OR/12/004 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN REPORT OR/12/004 The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used The stratigraphical framework for with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. the Palaeogene successions of the Licence No: 100017897/2012. London Basin, UK Key words Stratigraphy; Palaeogene; southern England; London Basin; Montrose Group; Lambeth Group; Thames Group; D T Aldiss Bracklesham Group. Front cover Borehole core from Borehole 404T, Jubilee Line Extension, showing pedogenically altered clays of the Lower Mottled Clay of the Reading Formation and glauconitic sands of the Upnor Formation. The white bands are calcrete, which form hard bands in this part of the Lambeth Group (Section 3.2.2.2 of this report) BGS image P581688 Bibliographical reference ALDISS, D T. 2012. The stratigraphical framework for the Palaeogene successions of the London Basin, UK. British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/12/004. 94pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. © NERC 2012.