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Antiviral Medicinal Plants of Veterinary Importance: a Literature Review

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Antiviral Medicinal Plants of Veterinary Importance: a Literature Review Zitterl-Eglseer K., Marschik T. Antiviral Medicinal Plants of Veterinary Importance: A Literature Review COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the College of Integrative Veterinary Therapies pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Published online: 2020-08-10 Reviews Antiviral Medicinal Plants of Veterinary Importance: A Literature Review Authors Karin Zitterl-Eglseer 1 , Tatiana Marschik 2 Affiliations ABSTRACT 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Com- Viruses have a high mutation rate, and, thus, there is a contin- pounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary ual emergence of new antiviral-resistant strains. Therefore, it Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, becomes imperative to explore and develop new antiviral Austria compounds continually. The search for pharmacological sub- 2 Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, De- stances of plant origin that are effective against animal vi- partment for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, ruses, which have a high mortality rate or cause large eco- University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria nomic losses, has garnered interest in the last few decades. This systematic review compiles 130 plant species that exhibit Key words antiviral activity on 37 different virus species causing serious antiviral, plant, animal, herb, Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae diseases in animals. The kind of extract, fraction, or com- pound exhibiting the antiviral activity and the design of the received January 31, 2020 trial were particularly considered for review. The literature re- accepted after revision July 21, 2020 vealed details regarding plant species exhibiting antiviral ac- Bibliography tivities against pathogenic animal virus species of the follow- – DOI https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1224-6115 ing families Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, published online | Planta Med © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Parvoviridae, Poxviridae, Nimaviridae, Coronaviridae, Reoviridae, – Stuttgart · New York | ISSN 0032‑0943 and Rhabdoviridae that cause infections, among others, in poultry, cattle, pigs, horses, shrimps, and fish. Overall, Correspondence 30 plant species exhibited activity against various influenza Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Karin Zitterl-Eglseer viruses, most of them causing avian influenza. Furthermore, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Com- 30 plant species were noted to be active against Newcastle pounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public disease virus. In addition, regarding the pathogens most fre- Health, University of Veterinary Medicine quently investigated, this review provides a compilation of Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria 20 plant species active against bovine herpesvirus, 16 against Phone: + 431250773105, Fax: + 431250773190 fowlpox virus, 12 against white spot syndrome virus in marine [email protected] shrimps, and 10 against suide herpesvirus. Nevertheless, some plant extracts, particularly their compounds, are prom- Supporting information available online at ising candidates for the development of new antiviral rem- http://www.thieme-connect.de/products edies, which are urgently required. Introduction In the underdeveloped regions of the world, herbal medicines still play a crucial role in the treatment of sick animals because of Viruses are unavoidable intracellular parasites that use the hostʼs the lack of educated veterinarians and financial resources, as well cellular machinery to survive and multiply [1], often leading to seri- as the low availability of modern pharmaceuticals [3, 4]. There- ous diseases in both animals and humans. Antiviral drug resistance fore, medicinal plants and products have been used since ancient is an increasing concern in the immunocompromised patient pop- times in ethnomedicine and ethnoveterinary medicine [3], often ulation, where ongoing viral replication and prolonged drug expo- without knowledge of the pathogen or the mode of action of the sure result in the emergence of resistant strains [2]. The ever-in- remedies. Nevertheless, the search for plant substances effective creasing need for antiviral drugs is even more pronounced present- against animal viruses that cause high mortality or significant eco- ly owing to unsatisfying and limited treatment modalities. Hence, nomic losses has garnered interest in the last few decades. medicinal plants with their diversified secondary plant compounds Domesticated animals, particularly pigs, poultry, and horses, have promising potential to provide a solution regarding this. and more recently, dogs and cats, have been noted to experience Zitterl-Eglseer K, Marschik T. Antiviral Medicinal Plants … Planta Med Reviews The second half of the 20th century discovered the antiviral ac- ABBREVIATIONS tivities of some vegetable tannins and flavonoids [6, 7], such as AMPV avian metapneumovirus (Pneumoviridae) the polyphenols of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) [8] and triter- AcNPV Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus penoids like dammaradienol and ursonic acid [9]. The antiviral ac- (Baculoviridae) tivity of flavonoids was soon determined to be effective against ARV avian reovirus = avian orthoreovirus (Reoviridae) adenoviruses, Rous sarcoma virus, Sindbis virus, pseudorabies AIV avian influenza virus (Orthomyxoviridae) virus [10, 11], severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus BCV bovine coronavirus (Coronaviridae) (SARS‑CoV), respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza A virus BoHV-1 bovine herpesvirus type 1 (Herpesviridae) H1N1 [12]. Epigallocatechin gallate, a compound of tea (Camellia BoHV-2 bovine herpesvirus type 2 (Herpesviridae) sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Theaceae), has exhibited a broad range of ac- BoHV-5 bovine herpesvirus type 5 (Herpesviridae) tivity against DNA and RNA viruses [13]. Several plant species, BPXV buffalopox virus (Poxviridae) such as Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (Ericaceae), Vitis vinifera L. BRV bovine rotavirus (Reoviridae) (Vitaceae), and Cinnamomum species (Lauraceae), contain procy- BQCV black queen cell virus in honeybee (Dicistroviridae) anidins that were shown to inhibit the replication of influenza A BVDV bovine viral diarrhea virus (Flaviviridae) virus at various stages of the life cycle [14]. However, bioavailabil- EAV equine arteritis virus (Arteriviridae) ity and bioefficacy studies of polyphenols in humans revealed a EDSV egg drop syndrome virus (Flaviviridae) wide variability of the data of different polyphenols after inges- EHSV equine herpes simplex virus (Herpesviridae) tion. Gallic acid and isoflavones are the most well-absorbed poly- FWPV fowlpox virus (Poxviridae) phenols, followed by catechins, flavanones, and quercetin gluco- GPV goose parvovirus (Parvoviridae) sides, but with different kinetics. The least absorption was found GTPV goat poxvirus (Poxviridae) for proanthocyanidins, galloylated tea catechins, and anthocya- IBDV infectious bursal disease virus (Birnaviridae) nins [15]. But these data cannot be directly transferred to animals. IBV avian infectious bronchitis virus (Coronaviridae) Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenolic compounds has to IHNV infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus be studied in each animal species separately. (Rhabdoviridae) Prominent modes of action against viruses are inhibition of vi- ILTV infectious laryngotracheitis virus (Herpesviridae) ral entry and its replication in the host cell via different mecha- KHV koi herpesvirus (Alloherpesviridae) nisms. Some of these plant compounds could inhibit cellular re- NDV Newcastle disease virus (Paramyxoviridae) ceptor kinases, thereby interfering with cellular signal transduc- OMV oncorhynchus masou virus (Herpesviridae) tion [1]. The challenges of drug treatment involve low efficiencies, PPMV-1 paramyxovirus type 1 (Paramyxoviridae) cytotoxic effects, and development of viral resistance against PPV porcine parvovirus (Parvoviridae) them. PRRSV porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome Over the last decade, the antiviral activity of several biological virus (Arteriviridae) substances could be proven in vitro because of new testing meth- RABV rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) ods. Even though several studies exist regarding the antiviral ac- RPV Rinderpest virus (Paramyxoviridae) tivities of plant extracts against human viruses, mainly HIV and SIV swine influenza virus (Orthomyxoviridae) herpesviruses [16–18], similar studies concerning animal viruses SuHV-1 suide herpesvirus type 1 (Herpesviridae) are scarce. Therefore, the objective of this review was to survey VHSV viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus plant species with activities against viruses causing serious dis- (Rhabdoviridae) eases, particularly those with high infection rates leading to a high WHV woodchuck hepatitis virus (Hepadnaviridae) mortality or large economic losses. The review primarily focused WNV West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae) on the kind of extract, fraction, or isolated substance of a specific WSSV white spot syndrome virus in marine shrimp plantpartandthedesignofthetrialconducted. (Nimaviridae) YHV yellow head virus in shrimp (Roniviridae) Methods The methods of this systematic review were based on the recom- mendations of
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