Diseases of Wild and Cultured Shellfish in Alaska

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Diseases of Wild and Cultured Shellfish in Alaska

BIVALVE MOLLUSC VIRUSES Aquabirnavirus I. Causative Agent and Disease III. Clinical Signs Aquabirnavirus is a recent new Bivalve molluscs are generally genus in the virus family Birnaviridae. asymptomatic carriers and/or vectors of These unenveloped icosahedral (~60 these viruses. nm) viruses (over 200 isolates) contain a bi-segmented double stranded RNA IV. Transmission genome that encodes 5 proteins and Transmission is horizontal animal to have been isolated in cell culture from a animal via water. Isolates from bivalve variety of marine and freshwater fish and molluscs may also represent bioaccumu- shellfish species worldwide. There are lation from filter feeding after the virus three and possibly four serogroups (A, B, is shed into the water column from a C & D) comprising at least 16 serotypes nearby fish host. of aquabirnaviruses. Molecular testing has determined there are currently 7 V. Diagnosis genogroups. Several of these viruses oc- Detection of Aquabirnavirus is ac- curring in finfish cause disease (such as complished either by direct examination IPNV in salmonids) while those infect- of shellfish tissues with transmission ing molluscs are mostly apathogenic, al- electron microscopy (TEM) or by isolat- though some isolates have been reported ing the virus in cultures of susceptible to cause cell pathology or mortality in fish cell lines that have been inoculated stressed bivalves. Some of these viruses with contaminated or infected shellfish that are shed into the water column by tissue. Cytopathic effect (CPE) is gener- a fish host may be bioaccumulated by ally a nondescript diffuse thinning and nearby bivalve molluscs through the necrosis of infected cells. Identification filter feeding mechanism. These viral is based on serology and TEM or by agents in shellfish are most often isolated polymerase chain reaction (PCR). There from asymptomatic adult animals during are no established bivalve mollusc or routine virus screening examinations. crustacean cell lines for isolating viruses that may have a strict host specificity for II. Host Species shellfish, although there has been some Currently, aquabirnaviruses have success in culturing primary cell mono- been isolated from many different layers from certain shellfish species. fish and shellfish species including 32 families of finfish, 11 species of bivalve VI. Prognosis for Host molluscs and at least 4 species of crus- Bivalve molluscs are asymptomatic taceans. In Alaska, Aquabirnavirus carriers and/or vectors of these viruses. has been isolated in fish cell lines from asymptomatic adult littleneck clams VII. Human Health Significance and an aquabirnavirus-like agent has There are no zoonotic human health been observed by transmission electron concerns associated with aquabirnavi- microscopy in a male blue king crab ruses in shellfish. associated with an adenocarcinoma-like proliferative lesion (discussed in the crustacean section). 2 3 BIVALVE MOLLUSC VIRUSES TEM of cultured bluegill fry cell with cytoplasmic aggregate of hexagonal- shaped aquabirna-like virus particles (arrow) isolated from littleneck clams CPE in CHSE-214 cells showing areas of cell rounding and necrosis (arrow) typical of Aquabirnavirus 2 3.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Detection and Characterization of a Novel Marine Birnavirus Isolated from Asian Seabass in Singapore
Chen et al. Virology Journal (2019) 16:71 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-019-1174-0 RESEARCH Open Access Detection and characterization of a novel marine birnavirus isolated from Asian seabass in Singapore Jing Chen1†, Xinyu Toh1†, Jasmine Ong1, Yahui Wang1, Xuan-Hui Teo1, Bernett Lee2, Pui-San Wong3, Denyse Khor1, Shin-Min Chong1, Diana Chee1, Alvin Wee1, Yifan Wang1, Mee-Keun Ng1, Boon-Huan Tan3 and Taoqi Huangfu1* Abstract Background: Lates calcarifer, known as seabass in Asia and barramundi in Australia, is a widely farmed species internationally and in Southeast Asia and any disease outbreak will have a great economic impact on the aquaculture industry. Through disease investigation of Asian seabass from a coastal fish farm in 2015 in Singapore, a novel birnavirus named Lates calcarifer Birnavirus (LCBV) was detected and we sought to isolate and characterize the virus through molecular and biochemical methods. Methods: In order to propagate the novel birnavirus LCBV, the virus was inoculated into the Bluegill Fry (BF-2) cell line and similar clinical signs of disease were reproduced in an experimental fish challenge study using the virus isolate. Virus morphology was visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Biochemical analysis using chloroform and 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BUDR) sensitivity assays were employed to characterize the virus. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) was also used to obtain the virus genome for genetic and phylogenetic analyses. Results: The LCBV-infected BF-2 cell line showed cytopathic effects such as rounding and granulation of cells, localized cell death and detachment of cells observed at 3 to 5 days’ post-infection.
[Show full text]
Aquatic Animal Viruses Mediated Immune Evasion in Their Host T ∗ Fei Ke, Qi-Ya Zhang
Fish and Shellfish Immunology 86 (2019) 1096–1105 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fish and Shellfish Immunology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fsi Aquatic animal viruses mediated immune evasion in their host T ∗ Fei Ke, Qi-Ya Zhang State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Viruses are important and lethal pathogens that hamper aquatic animals. The result of the battle between host Aquatic animal virus and virus would determine the occurrence of diseases. The host will fight against virus infection with various Immune evasion responses such as innate immunity, adaptive immunity, apoptosis, and so on. On the other hand, the virus also Virus-host interactions develops numerous strategies such as immune evasion to antagonize host antiviral responses. Here, We review Virus targeted molecular and pathway the research advances on virus mediated immune evasions to host responses containing interferon response, NF- Host responses κB signaling, apoptosis, and adaptive response, which are executed by viral genes, proteins, and miRNAs from different aquatic animal viruses including Alloherpesviridae, Iridoviridae, Nimaviridae, Birnaviridae, Reoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. Thus, it will facilitate the understanding of aquatic animal virus mediated immune evasion and potentially benefit the development of novel antiviral applications. 1. Introduction Various antiviral responses have been revealed [19–22]. How they are overcome by different viruses? Here, we select twenty three strains Aquatic viruses have been an essential part of the biosphere, and of aquatic animal viruses which represent great harms to aquatic ani- also a part of human and aquatic animal lives.
[Show full text]
Origins and Evolution of the Global RNA Virome
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/451740; this version posted October 24, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Origins and Evolution of the Global RNA Virome 2 Yuri I. Wolfa, Darius Kazlauskasb,c, Jaime Iranzoa, Adriana Lucía-Sanza,d, Jens H. 3 Kuhne, Mart Krupovicc, Valerian V. Doljaf,#, Eugene V. Koonina 4 aNational Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 5 b Vilniaus universitetas biotechnologijos institutas, Vilnius, Lithuania 6 c Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 7 dCentro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain 8 eIntegrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious 9 Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA 10 fDepartment of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA 11 12 #Address correspondence to Valerian V. Dolja, [email protected] 13 14 Running title: Global RNA Virome 15 16 KEYWORDS 17 virus evolution, RNA virome, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, phylogenomics, horizontal 18 virus transfer, virus classification, virus taxonomy 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/451740; this version posted October 24, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 19 ABSTRACT 20 Viruses with RNA genomes dominate the eukaryotic virome, reaching enormous diversity in 21 animals and plants. The recent advances of metaviromics prompted us to perform a detailed 22 phylogenomic reconstruction of the evolution of the dramatically expanded global RNA virome.
[Show full text]
Finfish Diseases
SECTION 2 - FINFISH DISEASES Basic Anatomy of a Typical Bony Fish 48 SECTION 2 - FINFISH DISEASES F. 1 GENERAL TECHNIQUES 50 F.1.1 Gross Observations 50 F.1.1.1 Behaviour 50 F.1.1.2 Surface Observations 50 F.1.1.2.1 Skin and Fins 50 F.1.1.2.2 Gills 51 F.1.1.2.3 Body 52 F.1.1.3 Internal Observations 52 F.1.1.3.1 Body Cavity and Muscle 52 F.1.1.3.2 Organs 52 F.1.2 Environmental Parameters 53 F.1.3 General Procedures 53 F.1.3.1 Pre-Collection Preparation 53 F.1.3.2 Background Information 54 F.1.3.3 Sample Collection for Health Surveillance 54 F.1.3.4 Sample Collection for Disease Diagnosis 54 F.1.3.5 Live Specimen Collection for Shipping 55 F.1.3.6 Dead or Tissue Specimen Collection for Shipping 55 F.1.3.7 Preservation of Tissue Samples 56 F.1.3.8 Shipping Preserved Samples 56 F.1.4 Record-Keeping 57 F.1.4.1 Gross Observations 57 F.1.4.2 Environmental Observations 57 F.1.4.3 Stocking Records 57 F.1.5 References 57 VIRAL DISEASES OF FINFISH F.2 Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis (EHN) 59 F.3 Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) 62 F.4 Oncorhynchus masou Virus (OMV) 65 F.5 Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) 68 F.6 Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (VER) 72 F.7 Spring Viraemia of Carp (SVC) 76 F.8 Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS) 79 F.9 Lymphocystis 82 BACTERIAL DISEASE OF FINFISH F.10 Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) 86 FUNGUS ASSOCIATED DISEASE FINFISH F.11 Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) 90 ANNEXES F.AI OIE Reference Laboratories for Finfish Diseases 95 F.AII List of Regional Resource Experts for Finfish 98 Diseases in Asia-Pacific F.AIII List of Useful Diagnostic Manuals/Guides to 105 Finfish Diseases in Asia-Pacific 49 F.1 GENERAL TECHNIQUES infectious disease agent and should be sampled immediately.
[Show full text]
Fowl Adenovirus Recombinant Expressing VP2 of Infectious Bursal
Arch Virol (1998) 143: 915–930 Fowl adenovirus recombinant expressing VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus induces protective immunity against bursal disease∗ M. Sheppard∗∗,W. Werner∗∗, E. Tsatas, R. McCoy∗∗∗, S. Prowse, and M. Johnson CSIRO, Division of Animal Health, Animal Health Research Laboratory, Victoria, Australia Accepted December 18, 1997 Summary. The right hand end Nde I fragment 3 (90.8–100 map units) of the fowl adenovirus serotype 10 (FAV-10) was characterised so as to allow the location of an insertion site for recombinant vector construction. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) VP2 gene from the Australian classical strain 002/73, under the con- trol of the FAV-10 major late promoter/leader sequence (MLP/LS) was inserted into a unique Not I site that was generated at 99.5 map units. This recombinant virus was produced without deletion of any portion of the FAV-10 genome. When administered to speciﬁc pathogen free (SPF) chickens intravenously, intraperi- toneally, subcutaneously or intramuscularly, it was shown that the FAV-10/VP2 recombinant induced a serum VP2 antibody response and protected chickens against challenge with IBDV V877, an intermediate virulent classical strain. Birds were not protected when the recombinant was delivered via the conjunctival sac. Introduction Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) induces an immunosupressive disease of chickens. The primary effect of this disease is the destruction of B-lymphocytes [27] and consequently the severe impairing of the chicken to develop antibodies to other avian pathogens or vaccines [42]. Vaccinationof breeding hens sensitised by natural exposure, by live vaccine, or inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine, produces a long lasting high serum antibody response [36, 53].
[Show full text]
Tumor-Related Microbiome in the Breast Microenvironment and Breast Cancer Na Wang1,2, Tao Sun1,3, Junnan Xu1,2
Journal of Cancer 2021, Vol. 12 4841 Ivyspring International Publisher Journal of Cancer 2021; 12(16): 4841-4848. doi: 10.7150/jca.58986 Review Tumor-related Microbiome in the Breast Microenvironment and Breast Cancer Na Wang1,2, Tao Sun1,3, Junnan Xu1,2 1. Department of Breast Medicine, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China, 110042. 2. Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China, 110042. 3. Key Laboratory of Liaoning Breast Cancer Research, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. Corresponding author: Junnan Xu, Department of Breast Medicine, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, No.44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China. E-mail: [email protected]. © The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions. Received: 2021.02.03; Accepted: 2021.05.30; Published: 2021.06.11 Abstract Despite the significant progress in diagnosis and treatment over the past years in the understanding of breast cancer pathophysiology, it remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide among females. Novel technologies are needed to improve better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and to better understand the role of tumor-environment microbiome players involved in the progression of this disease. The gut environment is enriched with over 100 trillion microorganisms, which participate in metabolic diseases, obesity, and inflammation, and influence the response to therapy. In addition to the direct metabolic effects of the gut microbiome, accumulating evidence has revealed that a microbiome also exists in the breast and in breast cancer tissue.
[Show full text]
Viruses Associated with Antarctic Wildlife from Serology Based
Virus Research 243 (2018) 91–105 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virus Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/virusres Review Viruses associated with Antarctic wildlife: From serology based detection to MARK identiﬁcation of genomes using high throughput sequencing ⁎ Zoe E. Smeelea,b, David G. Ainleyc, Arvind Varsania,b,d, a The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA b School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand c HT Harvey and Associates, Los Gatos, CA 95032, USA d Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The Antarctic, sub-Antarctic islands and surrounding sea-ice provide a unique environment for the existence of Penguin organisms. Nonetheless, birds and seals of a variety of species inhabit them, particularly during their breeding Seal seasons. Early research on Antarctic wildlife health, using serology-based assays, showed exposure to viruses in Petrel the families Birnaviridae, Flaviviridae, Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae circulating in seals Sharp spined notothen (Phocidae), penguins (Spheniscidae), petrels (Procellariidae) and skuas (Stercorariidae). It is only during the last Antarctica decade or so that polymerase chain reaction-based assays have been used to characterize viruses associated with Wildlife disease Antarctic animals. Furthermore, it is only during the last ﬁve years that full/whole genomes of viruses (ade- noviruses, anelloviruses, orthomyxoviruses, a papillomavirus, paramyoviruses, polyomaviruses and a togavirus) have been sequenced using Sanger sequencing or high throughput sequencing (HTS) approaches.
[Show full text]
Birnavirus Ribonucleoprotein Assembly
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.06.240028; this version posted August 7, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Birnavirus Ribonucleoprotein Assembly 2 3 Idoia Busnadiego1,2,*, Maria T. Martín3, Diego S. Ferrero1,4, María G. Millán de la Blanca1,5, Laura 4 Broto1, Elisabeth Díaz-Beneitez1, Daniel Fuentes1, Dolores Rodríguez1, Nuria Verdaguer4, Leonor 5 Kremer3 and José F. Rodríguez1* 6 (1) Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular. Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, 7 28049, Spain (2) Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland. (3) 8 Protein Tools Unit and Department of Immunology and Oncology. Centro Nacional de 9 Biotecnología, Madrid, 28049, Spain (4) Departamento de Biologia Estructural. Institut de 10 Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain (5) Departamento de Reproducción 11 Animal. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria. Madrid, 28040, 12 Spain. 13 * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Idoia Busnadiego. Tel: +41 44 63 42620; Email: 14 [email protected]. Correspondence may also be addressed to José F. Rodríguez. 15 Email: [email protected] 16 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.06.240028; this version posted August 7, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 17 ABSTRACT 18 Birnaviruses are ancient evolutionary intermediates between double- and single- 19 stranded RNA viruses that package their dsRNA genomes as filamentous 20 ribonucleoproteins (RNP).
[Show full text]
Four Novel Picornaviruses Detected in Magellanic Penguins ( Spheniscus
Virology 560 (2021) 116–123 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/virology Four novel picornaviruses detected in Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in Chile Juliette Hayer a,*, Michelle Wille b,c, Alejandro Font d, Marcelo Gonzalez-Aravena´ d, Helene Norder e,f, Maja Malmberg a,g,** a Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden b Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia d nstituto Antartico´ Chileno, Plaza Munoz~ Gamero, 1055, Punta Arenas, Chile e Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden f Region Vastra¨ Gotaland,¨ Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Gothenburg, Sweden g Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Members of the Picornaviridae family comprise a significantburden on the poultry industry, causing diseases such Sphenisciformes as gastroenteritis and hepatitis. However, with the advent of metagenomics, a number of picornaviruses have Penguins now been revealed in apparently healthy wild birds. In this study, we identified four novel viruses belonging to Picornaviridae the family Picornaviridae in healthy Magellanic penguins, a near threatened species. All samples were subse Viral metagenomics quently screened by RT-PCR for these new viruses, and approximately 20% of the penguins were infected with at Hepatovirus least one of these viruses.
[Show full text]
Structure Unveils Relationships Between RNA Virus Polymerases
viruses Article Structure Unveils Relationships between RNA Virus Polymerases Heli A. M. Mönttinen † , Janne J. Ravantti * and Minna M. Poranen * Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikki Biocenter 1, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), 00014 Helsinki, Finland; heli.monttinen@helsinki.fi * Correspondence: janne.ravantti@helsinki.fi (J.J.R.); minna.poranen@helsinki.fi (M.M.P.); Tel.: +358-2941-59110 (M.M.P.) † Present address: Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Viikki Biocenter 2, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5), 00014 Helsinki, Finland. Abstract: RNA viruses are the fastest evolving known biological entities. Consequently, the sequence similarity between homologous viral proteins disappears quickly, limiting the usability of traditional sequence-based phylogenetic methods in the reconstruction of relationships and evolutionary history among RNA viruses. Protein structures, however, typically evolve more slowly than sequences, and structural similarity can still be evident, when no sequence similarity can be detected. Here, we used an automated structural comparison method, homologous structure finder, for comprehensive comparisons of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps). We identified a common structural core of 231 residues for all the structurally characterized viral RdRps, covering segmented and non-segmented negative-sense, positive-sense, and double-stranded RNA viruses infecting both prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts. The grouping and branching of the viral RdRps in the structure- based phylogenetic tree follow their functional differentiation. The RdRps using protein primer, RNA primer, or self-priming mechanisms have evolved independently of each other, and the RdRps cluster into two large branches based on the used transcription mechanism.
[Show full text]
Yellow Fever Virus Capsid Protein Is a Potent Suppressor of RNA Silencing That Binds Double-Stranded RNA
Yellow fever virus capsid protein is a potent suppressor of RNA silencing that binds double-stranded RNA Glady Hazitha Samuela, Michael R. Wileyb,1, Atif Badawib, Zach N. Adelmana, and Kevin M. Mylesa,2 aDepartment of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and bDepartment of Entomology, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Edited by George Dimopoulos, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Carolina Barillas-Mury October 6, 2016 (received for review January 13, 2016) Mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including yellow fever virus (YFV), Zika intermediates (RIs) produced during viral infection activate an an- virus (ZIKV), and West Nile virus (WNV), profoundly affect human tiviral defense based on RNA silencing (6). In flies, the ribonuclease health. The successful transmission of these viruses to a human host Dicer-2 (Dcr-2) recognizes dsRNA (7). Cleavage of dsRNA RIs by depends on the pathogen’s ability to overcome a potentially sterilizing Dcr-2 generates viral small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) ∼21 nt in immune response in the vector mosquito. Similar to other invertebrate length. These siRNA duplexes are incorporated into the RNA- animals and plants, the mosquito’s RNA silencing pathway comprises induced silencing complex (RISC). RISC maturation involves loading its primary antiviral defense. Although a diverse range of plant and a duplex siRNA, choosing and retaining a guide strand, and ejecting insect viruses has been found to encode suppressors of RNA silencing, the antiparallel passenger strand (8–11). The guide strand directs the mechanisms by which flaviviruses antagonize antiviral small RNA Argonaute 2 (Ago-2), an essential RISC component possessing en- pathways in disease vectors are unknown.
[Show full text]
Intragenic Recombination Influences Rotavirus Diversity and Evolution 2
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/794826; this version posted October 7, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Intragenic Recombination Influences Rotavirus Diversity and Evolution 2 3 Irene Hoxiea,b and John J. Dennehya,b,# 4 5 6 aBiology Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, Queens, NY 7 8 bThe Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 9 10 11 12 Running head: Rotavirus Recombination and Evolution 13 14 #Address correspondence to John J. Dennehy, [email protected] 15 16 Word counts 17 Abstract: 212 18 Text: excl. refs, table and figure legends 19 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/794826; this version posted October 7, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 20 Abstract 21 Because of their replication mode and segmented dsRNA genome, homologous recombination is assumed to be 22 rare in the rotaviruses. We analyzed 23,627 complete rotavirus genome sequences available in the NCBI Virus 23 Variation database and found numerous instances of homologous recombination, some of which prevailed 24 across multiple sequenced isolates. In one case, recombination may have generated a novel rotavirus VP1 25 lineage.
[Show full text]