Indigenous food ingredients for complementary food formulations to combat infant malnutrition in Benin: a review

Chadare, F. J., Madode, Y. E., Fanou-Fogny, N., Kindossi, J. M., Ayosso, J. O. G., Honfo, S. H., ... Hounhouigan, D. J.

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Chadare, F. J., Madode, Y. E., Fanou-Fogny, N., Kindossi, J. M., Ayosso, J. O. G., Honfo, S. H., ... Hounhouigan, D. J. (2018). Indigenous food ingredients for complementary food formulations to combat infant malnutrition in Benin: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(2), 439-455. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8568 439 a leading to a diversity in Janvier M 11,12 a AP Polycarpe Kayodé, a,c a Correspondence to: FJ Chadare,ulté Laboratoire des de Sciences Agronomiques, Sciences UniversitéAbomey-Calavi, des d’Abomey-Calavi Benin. E-mail: Aliments, (LSA/FSA/UAC), [email protected] Fac- Laboratoire de Sciences desUniversité d’Abomey-Calavi (LSA/FSA/UAC), Aliments, Abomey-Calavi, Benin Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Ecole des Sciences etproduits Techniques Agricoles, de Université Nationale Conservation d’Agriculture (ESTCTPA/UNA), etBénin Sakété, de Transformation des Laboratoire de Biomathématiquesd’Abomey-Calavi (Labef/UAC), Abomey-Calavi, et Benin d’Estimations Forestières, Université Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University (FQD/WU), Wageningen, The Netherlands In Benin, as in most developing countries, low-income groups c a ∗ d b inventory and screening of available resources consumedcommunities to by enable local the selection of the mostfor suitable designing products appropriate nutritional food formulae. remain dependent onresources available to indigenous ensureaccording plant their to and agro-ecological food zones, animal security. These resources vary diet and nutritional profiles. Onplementary the foods available one in hand, the commercial country, com- especially infant flour, Nadia Fanou-Fogny, a S Hermann Honfo, a ) were adequate as sources of nutrients for complementary infant foods. Based and D Joseph Hounhouigan Yann E Madode, d Parkia biglobosa a,b* , Clearly, the use of local food resources 8 4,7 Malnutrition of infant and young children : 439–455 www.soci.org © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry 98 1–6 Juvencio OG Ayosso, The basic step for achieving such a goal is the a 2018; 9,10 local food resource; infant food; standards; nutritional value; Benin

Adansonia digitata

In the West African subregion, where infant and child malnutri- Flora J Chadare, tion remains important among both urban and ruralimprovements communities, in thefoods processing and of ensuring traditional theirpriorities. complementary Home adequate fortification with nutritional multiple micronutrients powder valuehas are been set recommended as for as reducing malnutrition an and micronutrientpopulations efficient deficiencies food-based among depending approach approach on has plant-based notin diets. poor been However, and sufficientlyimprovements this rural could experimented, be settings. especially available achieved More foods that by complement sustainable each other wisely in andpattern a combining way of that indigenous the locally nutrients new createdrequirements for by infants. this combination can meet the results mainly fromabsence poor or inadequacy feeding in practicescomplementary macronutrients feeding. and such micronutrients of as complete J Sci Food Agric INTRODUCTION Infant and young child malnutritioncern is in a developing major countries. public The health contributionmalnutrition con- of in early infant childhood morbidity andstrated mortality worldwide. has been demon- Keywords: This paper reviews indigenous Beninese food resources asdevelop potential affordable ingredients formulations for for complementary low-income infant foods householdswere with in the selected each aim agro-ecological to on zone of theirproducts the documented country. from Potential nutritional home ingredients gardens value. orcompiled The collected selected data from reveal foods natural vegetation that encompassOnly and the 347 a 50 food distribution animals, few resources, either of animal domesticated namelyextended. the ingredients or 297 A available are from plant food high the obtainable wild. resources variation inresources, The but was northern was processing unbalanced Benin. observed techniques between were Most infoods agro-ecological reported resources energy ( to zones. are reduce and seasonal, their nutrient but presence in contents. their meals. Antinutritional availability In may factors general, be ingredients were from identified local tree in some Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article. Anita R Linnemann Abstract on this review, localselected foods for for each the agro-ecological developmentcomplementary zone. of infant foods. The complementary approach food used© formulas 2017 is for Society exemplary of Beninese Chemical for infants Industry other and sub-Saharan children African may countries be in need of infant malnutrition in Benin: a review complementary food formulations to combat (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/jsfa.8568 Indigenous food ingredients for Review Received: 25 February 2017 Revised: 7 July 2017 Accepted article published: 21 July 2017 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 12 September 2017 for infant andencouraged. young children’s food formulations is strongly Kindossi, et al. : 439–455 98 2018; J Sci Food Agric Agro-ecological zones of Benin. I, Extreme Northern; II, North Plant resources were either cultivated (on farmland or home Figure 1. cotton zone; III, South BorgouBenin crop cotton zone; zone; VI, IV, Clayey earth West zone; Atacora VII,zone. Depression zone; zone; V, VIII, Source: Fishering Central UNDP, MEPN-Benin:Benin United Climate Change Nations Adaptation National Climate Action ProgramJanuary Change (PANA-BENIN), 2008, Map; Cotonou, Benin. RESULTS Diversity and distribution of potential ingredients in complementary foods A total of 347 food resources wereing compiled in to a agro-ecological database accord- zonesment). (see Papers have supporting reported on information herbs, trees, docu- bushes,cryptogams; creepers, and and on mammals, fish/aquatics, mollusks andas insects potential ingredients in complementary foods in Benin.shows Figure 2 the diversity andfood resources morphological in each characteristics agro-ecological zone. ofresources The diversity in these of the food countryVIII, decreases the country’s from fishery the zone) to south theSimilar extreme (245 distributions north in were (34 observed in zone Zone in I). ton zones II zone), (the III Northern (the cot- zones IV food-producing (Western zone Atacora zone) and of V (the SouthernAnimal Southern cotton food Borgou), zone). resources, in mammalsable and in agro-ecological mollusks zone VI were (Tray only zone),in and avail- edible zone insects only IV (Westernreported Atacora from zone); depressions (agro-ecological aquatic zones foodfishery VI zones resources and (agro-ecological were VII) zone and VIII). gardens) or harvestedriversides, from roadsides forests, or savannahs,the mountains. most shallow consumed Fruits plant areas, and partsseeds/kernels (9%), (43%), flowers fruit (4%), followed whole by plants pulp (3%), leaves rootstubers (3%) (31%), were (3%) and (Fig. 3). As fordomesticated plants, species animal or resources hunted/collected in were the also wild from from forests, except www.soci.org FJ Chadare 14 © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry dry flour) or protein content 1 However, a scheme of the over- Moreover, commercial weaning − 13 11,19 Most of cereal-based complementary 13 were used as benchmarks for comparing 14 Thus the basic information required for devel- dry weight). The validity of the component values 13,15–18 dry flour). Most of the complementary foods are poor 1 − 1 − and reference nutrient intake values of amino acids, vita- 14 oping a framework formote actions and that support are appropriatehood needed is feeding to increasingly available. practices protect, pro- in early child- in animal protein andespecially fat, with vitamin very A low and micronutrient iron. contents, wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa Data collection The review focusedable on plant in and Beninnationwide. animal Information with food gathered included potential resources distributionphological avail- for per type, mor- use seasonal availability, asagro-ecological consumption forms complementary zones across food (Fig. 1)geted food components and included macronutrients, minerals, food amino componentand value. fatty Tar- acids,components vitamins were and reported antinutritionalor in factors. kcal kg international The standard food units (g METHODOLOGY Strategy for searching information A web searchthe was websites conductedAbomey-Calavi), of for IITA (International peer-reviewedculture), relevant Institute papers IRD institutions (Institut of on libraries) de Tropical and (UAC through Recherche Agri- of (University online pour Science, databases Scopus, le of such Scienceof Développement) as Direct 1046 and studies AGORA, GoogleOctober were Web 2015. Scholar. explored A within total the period from May to are often cereal based. mins and minerals and discussing the ten mostenergy suitable and food resources, nutrients providers as of potential ingredientsfood formulations. for complementary for energy density (4000 kcal kg all potential of theand documented child food resources malnutrition toreview is is tackle to still infant provide an lacking.potentially overview be The of used local for aim food complementary resourcesfocus of food on that their formulations, distribution, the can with nutritional values a and present availability across agro-ecological zones of Benin. (150 g kg foods fail to meet the Codex Alimentarius standards, foods are not often affordableand for are most not of distributed the in urbanOn rural populations the areas other because of hand, theirto many high assess, studies price. among have others, been ethnobotanicalcal and knowledge, distribution, are geographi- seasonal conducted availability, nutrienttional value content of and resources nutri- traditionallyin used Benin. by Those studies local reported communities numerousas local important edible sources resources ofand vitamins, protein. minerals, fibers, carbohydrates Data quality The built database was siftedingredients and were potential complementary selected food based ontional their factor nutrient contents. and Foodstudied antinutri- and ingredients mostly known that as conventional are were notsidered. already or hardly The con- widely recommended macronutrientflour component of infant could not bestudy. checked as this went beyond the scope of this

440 441 , , ) ., sp 11,22 and )and Potamo- Adansonia Thus these Gomphrena Parkia biglo- Vernonia , Emilia sonchi- , , 16,17 Parkia biglobosa and Chromolaena odorata Scomberomorus tritor Ruspolia differens Adansonia digitata , Cricetomys gambianus , Mammals (e.g. ) included flour enriched Aquatic Bush Creeper Cryptogam Herb Insects Mammal Mollusk Tree Consumption forms varied wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa 29,30 12,20 Sesamum radiatum , etc. were dried, pounded and ) were important protein sources , Emilia praetermissa Morphological types Morphological , Despite the diversity of leaves, their Vitellaria paradoxa Gynandropsis gynandia 25,26 Celosia trigyna , , In northern Benin, where vegetable dry- 12,20,21 (347) Benin Homemade foods based on mollusks (e.g. 23,24 roots and seeds. sp.) were fermented, smoked, fried or cooked Celosia laxa 27,28 Thryonomys swinderianus Emilia coccinea (245) Archachatina marginata , , Apart from insects and fish that were roasted or Zone VIII sp., 30,31 spp., Macrotermes bellicosus Macrosphyra longistyla Ceratotheca sesamoides , , (189) Zone VII Heliotropium indicum ). However, accessibility of tubers and roots was predominant , in sauces. Leaves Leaves were abundantly availablescarce in during the dry the season. rainy season and with snail, sauce and skewer-snail. dried, all other animals, includingwith mammals, water were and either sometimes cooked couldbeusedinsaucesandstews. further fried or smoked, so that they anddryleafpowder. Animal food resources Aquatic food resources such as fish (e.g. Pseudotholithus fresh in sauces. much between resources. For instance, fermented seeds were used aschildren condiment over for 12 months stew old. and soup consumed by ing is a common practice, leaves of species such as digitata Cleome viscosa folia and edible insects including grasshoppertermites ( ( choerus porcus use (fresh or dried) was limited to the preparation of sauces leaves are commonly available in all seasons, fresh or dried. Other plant food resources Apart from fruits and leaves, other plantable food resources throughout were the avail- year (e.g. Achatina Amaranthus globosa sieved for use when the fresh material is scarce. bosa in the rainy season and in the dry season for Ceiba pentandra (212) Zone VI )or (209) Zone V 4% Flowers Adansonia (209) 1% Aril Zone IV and 31% 1% Leaves Bark Artocarpus altilis (158) Zone III ) were available only 1% Sap (141) Zone II 0% Tamarindus indica Spices (34) Zone I 43% 3% ), energy food (e.g. In the eight agro-ecological zones fruits 0 Syzygium guineense : 439–455 © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

75 25 50

100

20 , Fruits/pulp e p y t l a c g o l o h p r o m r e p e g a t n e c r e P i 0% 98 bulb Whole plant 2018; 1% Grain 3% Distribution of selected edible resources according to con- Tubers Distribution of local food resources selected as potential ingredients in complementary foods among morphological types per agro-ecological ). 9% Lannea barteri Dialium guineense Seeds/kernel 3% Roots during 1–4 months. J Sci Food Agric Availability of food resources and traditional uses Fruit and fruit pulp Fruits were generally available year-round, although some(e.g. species fields, fallows or the sea. Unlike plants,not animal food seasonal resources were except foravailable in insects the and rainy mollusks,for season. their which Mammals muscles, and were whereas the mollusks only wholeinsects were body was used of consumed (see aquatic supporting species information and document). sumed organs in Benin.(seeds/kernel, Proportions grain, of tubers, local roots, pulp, resources flowers,sap, organs leaves, aril, fruits, consumed bark bulbs, and spice, whole plant) in Benin. Source: Microsoft Excel 2010. Figure 3. zone in Benin. Themollusk graph and presents tree) for the each proportion agro-ecological zone of (ZAE food I, ZAE resources II, morphological ZAE types III, ZAE (aquatic, IV, bush, ZAE V, creeper, ZAE cryptogam, VI, ZAE herb, VII insects, and mammal, ZAE VIII). Source: Microsoft Excel 2010. Figure 2. Potential of indigenous foods in the formulation of infant foods www.soci.org in beverage preparations (e.g. digitata were consumed raw, boiled, roasted and(e.g. as juice, either as snacks 1 1 47 C. − − DW 18,40 24,32 DW) DW) et al. pulp Cera- Ama- 1 Parkia Parkia 1 and − 1 Blighia kernels − consid- (155). pulp of Sesame − 36 DW) (i.e. (54–70 g : 439–455 40 60 1 12,32 and 32–35 − 98 (14.3 g kg 57,58 37,38 59 et al. Ximenia amer- , Hibiscus sabdar- Elaeis guineensis 2018; Ruspolia differens Amaranthus viridis Adansonia digitata (291–370), Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata peel (86), 29,62,63 pulp (0.9–4.6 g kg 18,40 nuts (444) (65–68) 36 leaves (4.4–34.7), Parkia biglobosa 32–35 DW. and Ceratotheca sesamoides Citrus limon 1 DW), pulp (32–414), − 40 14 DW as poor sources. Thus DW as rich in magnesium Irvingia gabonensis 1 61 Balanites aegyptiaca − DW as poor in magnesium. 15,40,61 1 1 nuts (490–492), − leaves (75–104), − 1 A. senegalensis DW. 18,40,48 J Sci Food Agric − Citrus limon and (461–475), DW), 1 Macrotermes bellicosus − (201–567), 1 leaves and fruits (127 and 74, 36 The best animal sources of ash were − Parkia biglobosa fruit (34.7) containfrom18upto50gkg Vigna subterranea pulp (7–33), leaves (1–1.1) and seeds Moringa oleifera 26,32,40,41 , DW) in Benin were: Hibiscus sabdariffa qualified food products containing per leaves and seeds of leaves (28–159) and kernels (50–79), 60 26,32,40 Blighia sapida 1 and (0.3–8.3 g kg DW calcium as good sources of calcium DW fiber. The sources with the highest 64,65 − 40 61 DW) and 1 1 − Anacardium occidentale Poor calcium sources were essentially animal 32–35 − 1 15,40 leaves (3.1–26.4), − leaves (511) (17), 15 61 et al. (84.5), DW), leaves (24–151), 15,33,40 Ceiba pentandra Besides, edible insects such as Vitellaria paradoxa Blighia sapida 1 DW) Arachis hypogaea − (11.5–12.6 g kg 32 1 With respect to magnesium, Lockett Grewia mollis 40 − The highest amounts of potassium (g kg 12,32 54,55 41 12,32 seeds (41–161), Lockett 52 seeds (41–54). Balanites aegyptiaca (369). Moringa oleifera pulp (13–86), Ziziphus mauritiana Adansonia digitata Citrus limon 36 , DW) for food formulations were DW). 60 40,41 Macrotermes bellicosus (7900 g kg 1 52,56 –1 − Note that the total ash content is an indication of the amount of (0.9–5.5gkg fish (170–270 g kg micronutrients. Micronutrients Major minerals. Calcium. and those with less than 1.0 g kg more than 17.5 g kg DW), DW). Potassium. Moringa oleifera Adansonia digitata Magnesium. Sources of crude fats Food resources thatkg can provide significant amounts of fat (g Sources of fiber Leaves, fruits and270 seeds up of to some 500 food g resources kg contain from After combination of allfood should ingredients, be the less than fiber 50 g content kg of infant Total ash The sources with the highest amounts of total ash (g kg The richest sources of magnesiumranthus reported viridis were leaves of respectively), spp. (489), icana food resources, containing 0.4–2.1 g kg leaves (15.9–16.4). kernels (189–347), nuts (553), (655–683), fat. amounts of fiber (g kg and nucifera totheca sesamoides seeds (169–497), and those with less than 15.8 g kg ered species with at least 5.0 g kg iffa kg biglobosa (1.2–24.0), (136), 10 and more) were recorded for good sources of calcium with highest amounts (g kg Vitellaria paradoxa sapida were were: biglobosa 1 14 47 47 − 12,32 ker- and , Parkia 32 Blighia Glycine www.soci.org FJ Chadare 42 termites Engraulis Pleurotus 36 Blighia sap- and and 769 for 51,52 ranged from (320), and leaves (407) 40,44 © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry leaves (288), Adansonia dig- All these car- (217–229) 24,40 DW), Dialium guineense DW. The highest Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata 26,40,41 1 45,46 (641), 1 − pulp of G. max 12,37,38 leaves (250), − 40 pulp 26,40,41 Adansonia digitata 52,53 12,32 , 47,49 Indeed, in an infant food, Anacardium occidentale DW). 48 36 1 , − fruit (733), Engraulis japonicus Arachis hypogaea Balanites aegyptiaca Parkia biglobosa (43.6–75.3 g kg However, most of the documented Balanites aegyptiaca dry weight (DW). 18,40 40 Vitellaria paradoxa DW were 784–810 for leaves (329–330). 1 Adansonia digitata Borassus aethiopum 34,35,50 − 1 Elaeis guineensis 15,33,40 37,40,41 − leaves (235–270), fruits. 15,33,39,40 Ceratotheca sesamoides DW), and and 24,32 1 Arachis hypogaea (67–271). − 24,40 DW) in the range of 150–320: 1 (edible mushrooms) (340–562), 12,32 − (fish) (53.1–72.5 g kg Ruspolia differens Balanites aegyptiaca (301–323), provided less energy, namely 4000–4700 kcal kg 466–877 for spp. nut of pulp (24–227), 43 seeds (52–568), DW: Parkia biglobosa DW), 32,42 1 1 32–35 , − − kernels and seeds, Sources of plant proteins Numerous plant food resources contain considerableprotein (g amounts kg of most carbohydrates typically comesource. from a cereal and/or tuber wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa Sources of animal proteins Meat, fish and insects are known toity. provide Important proteins representatives of of this good group qual- were: snails (830–881kg g Amaranthus hybridus and Carbohydrates Apart from cerealsthis and review, tubers, leavessources which and of are carbohydrates. fruitvide Indeed, not pulp certain more considered were local in than the foods can 750 best g pro- indigenous carbohydrates kg DW. These ingredientssource to are cereals suitable andfoods. tubers as used an in the additional formulation energy of infant Sesame Energy The energy value of were taken intomine account which food to resourcesnutrients allow were for comparison the infant best andtious food potential to food sources formulations. deter- of Benin. resources Table 7 according lists the to nutri- agro-ecological zones of Nutritional value of potential ingredients forformulations infant food The nutritional valuepresented in of Tables 1–6, the inents, terms documented fatty of and energy food amino content, acids, macronutri- resourcesThe minerals, vitamins are recommended and macronutrient antinutrients. ent intake intake and reference values nutri- of amino acids, vitamins and minerals reported values (g kg itata leaves (92–690), 5000 to 6200 kcal kg encrasicolus tuber-regium food resourceskg contain lower amounts of carbohydrates (g nels (140–327), leaves, ida Afraegle paniculata (32.0–54.9 g kg Moringa oleifera biglobosa bohydrate valuesproportion were of lower energy fromenergy than carbohydrates, for the which infants is recommended 1–3 45–65% years daily of old. max sapida

442 443 36 32 15 52 51 36 36 36 43 40 40 47 42 47 32 36 54,55 12,32 37,38 12,32 52,56 12,32 32–35 15,40 24,32 12,32 12,32 12,32 24,39 32,42 24,40 24,32 40,44 45,46 47,49 24,40 51,52 52,53 32–35 32–35 15,33,40 12,37,38 15,33,40 26,40,41 15,33,40 26,40,41 37,40,41 34,35,50 18,40,48 wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa DW) Ref. 1 − DW) Ref. 1 )Ref. 1 − DW) Ref. − 1 DW) Ref. 641 733 − 76.9 1 − 436–753 340–562 531–725 235–270 ) 291–370 ) 511 ) 250 (L) Del.)(L) Del.) 407 288 ) 329–330 ) 4354 ) 301–323 Wild.) 784–810 Lam.) 67–271 )) 240–227 201–567 ) 5466–6143 ) 490–492 ) 5615 ) 655–683 ) 72–275 ) 92–690 ) 189–347 ) 140–327 ) 4701 ); 830–881 ) 169–497 ) 52–568 ) 3804–4629 ) 60–451 ) 466–877 ) 444 ) 5850 ) 319–548 ) 369 Vigna subterranea Parkia biglobosa Blighia sapida Blighia sapida Blighia sapida Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa ) 321–414 Moringa oleifera ) 553 ) 6090 Balanites aegyptiaca Balanites aegyptiaca Dialium guineense ) 461–475 ) 217–229 ) 5830–5840 Vitellaria paradoxa Vitellaria paradoxa Ceratotheca sesamoides Ceratotheca sesamoides ) 4100 : 439–455 © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry Achatina fulica ) 320 Irvingia gabonensis Pleurotus tuber-regium) 98 Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata Cocos nucifera sp.); ( Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata spp.) 489 spp.) 5770 Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata Blighia sapida 2018; Glycine max Energy and macronutrient contents of the ten best resources for complementary infant food formulas in Benin Elaeis guineensis Elaeis guineensis Glycine max Amaranthus hybridus Macrotermes bellicosus Anacardium occidentale Anacardium occidentale Sesame Sesame Arachis hypogaea Arachis hypogaea Arachis hypogaea Balanites aegyptiaca Afraegle paniculata Borassus aethiopum Limicolaria Pulp of ackee ( Leaves of baobab ( Leaves of false sesame ( Seed of Bambara groundnuts ( Seed of baobab ( Pulp of baobab ( Coconut, mature ( Kernel of baobab ( Ingredient Fiber (g kg Peanut ( GrasshopperCashew ( 459–465 Pulp of ackee (false cashew) ( Palm nut ( Nut of shea butter tree ( Sesame ( Grasshopper IngredientAfrican bush mango ( Lipid (g kg Snail ( Termites ( Fish Pulp of ackee (false cashew) ( Peanut ( Leaves of horseradish tree ( Leaves of false sesame ( Leaves of soap berry tree ( Leaves of Kernel of baobab ( IngredientSoybean ( Seed of African locust bean ( Protein (g kg Edible mushrooms ( Seed of baobab ( Leaves of soap berry tree ( Leaves of African locust bean ( Fruit of Leaves of baobab ( Pulp of Leaves of black tamarind ( Pulp of baobab ( Fruit of Seed of baobab ( Seed of African locust bean ( Soya bean ( Ingredient Carbohydrate (g kg Sesame ( Nut of shea butter tree ( Kernel of baobab ( Palm nut ( Pulp of ackee (false cashew) ( Peanut ( Cashew ( Table 1. Ingredient Energy (kcal kg J Sci Food Agric Potential of indigenous foods in the formulation of infant foods www.soci.org , 1 1 24 50 49 − − 37,52 et al. 47 15 36 40 15 40 59 52 52 dried 24,32 57,58 leaves leaves leaves 32–35 DW). 18,40,48 18,40,48 26,40,41 1 DW) and : 439–455 − 15,40 Boerhavia 1 recommen- 98 − 71 Vitellaria para- DW), jujube fruit, Moringa oleifera 1 Parkia biglobosa and dried snail 32,41 . 2018; − 0.03) was available 41 leaves (0.007–0.22) 61 , Trachurus trachurus ≥ Macrotermes bellico- 41,69 and Macrotermes bellicosus 51,52,56 leaves (0.89–1.05 g kg for infants and children 18,40 DW ( DW), 52 1 Hibiscus sabdariffa 1 Provitamin A was available 71 − − Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthus hybridus (0.12). DW), met tryptophan requirements J Sci Food Agric 1 41,69 64,65 The highest amounts of vitamin − Parkia biglobosa leaves (0.06), and queen 72 DW, respectively). Indeed (g kg pulp (0.018–0.0027 g kg and 68 1 Parkia biglobosa leaves (0.001–0.002), − DW). spp., Adansonia digitata 70 18,40 1 Riboflavin was recorded in 60 − DW). Boerhavia diffusa 15,40 1 DW) Ref. DW) Ref. DW), − DW) from leaves (33.9, 67.0 and 30.3, respectively), fish (0.20–0.28), 1 seeds (37.0, 65.8 and 51.1, respectively), fresh fruit, 1 1 32,41 − . 1 beans (0.35 g kg and pulp (0.001–0.11) and seed (0.002–0.007) − − − 62 Ruspolia differens 32 Engraulis leaves (1.2 g kg 170–270 peel (0.14), and DW were recorded in Amaranthus viridis Adansonia digitata Ash (g kg 68 Fiber (g kg Vitamin C was more often detected in the documented DW). Isoleucine, leucine and lysine contents of several 1 Tamarindus indica − 1 leaves (0.18–0.26) − spp. and 49 49 and The highest zinc content (g kg Blighia sapida pulp (0.005), 70 (0.076–0.077 g kg Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa Citrus limon Niacin was available in food resources were higher than or similar to FAO (0.275), (0.07) and (0.042). DW), Amaranthus hybridus Vitellaria paradoxa Vitamins. food resources than vitamins A,highly B abundant and in D baobab (Table pulp 3). (2.09–3.6 Vitamin C g was kg DW) Good sources of vitamin D were pulp (0.0–3.9 g kg Amino acids Amino acids recommended by FAO Zinc. pulp (0.00005–2.42 g kg leaves (0.068 g kg of sus beans (0.0–0.7 g kg (10 g kg doxa and seeds (0.03–0.07), flesh (0.38–0.40), were present in many food resources, includingand leaves, pulp, meat seed, (Table 4). Withnot regard contain to tryptophan, a plantrequired sufficient species FAO quantity do standard). (content Only was fish, lower namely than the Clupea dations (32, 66 and 57 g kg in B1 (g kg (0.19–0.21) Moringa oleifera diffusa in , ) 61 40 66 sp., Cit- 2.5) pulp 0.11) fruits meat ≥ Hibis- (22) 32,40,41 Parkia , ≥ www.soci.org FJ Chadare leaves of Macroter- 18,40 DW ( and certain and pulp of 60 29,62,63 1 − fruits (0.05), 61 61 and leaves (1.19) DW) were © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry leaves of DW) (i.e. Limicolaria Achatina fulica 1 1 pulp (0.01–2.99) Parkia biglobosa − − (5.8) 18,40 (0.87) sp., 51,52,56 leaves (1.2–8.8) and ) 136 (L.) Del.)(L) Del.) 267 124 15,40 , )(2.7–2.7). Parkia biglobosa 60 peel (1.48), )41–54 (L) Del.) 742 ) 75–104 Ruspolia differens L.) 65–68 also showed significant Lam.)Lam.) 9–168 24–151 Archachatina marginata )13–86 18,40 Borassus aethiopum 52 leaves (0.06–0.11), and Anacardium occidentale 40 ) 28–159 , )50–79 ) 212 DW) relative to the standard (2.59–2.61) 41 Limicolaria Afraegle paniculata 1 Hibiscus sabdariffa However, snails ( − peel (66.6), )54–70 32,40,41 leaves (0.2–3.1), The best sources of heme iron (g 24,40,61 Adansonia digitata Citrus limon Amaranthus viridis , 68 Blighia sapida Amaranthus viridis Parkia biglobosa Ceiba pentandra followed by 67 Moringa oleifera Moringa oleifera 33–35 Balanites aegyptiaca Balanites aegyptiaca (1.24), Hibiscus sabdariffa 24,40 Adansonia digitata 60 Balanites aegyptiaca DW), the best sources were seeds of Ceratotheca sesamoides 32,40,41 1 pulp (17). leaves (0.07–0.11). − Moringa oleifera leaves (0.11), Archachatina marginata Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata Citrus limon Adansonia digitata leaves of , and fish (0.07–0.08) Achatina achatina (0.51–0.54). Ruspolia differens Ximenia americana , (0.29–0.84). (6.6), leaves of High amounts of phosphorus in g kg Moringa oleifera High amounts of manganese (g kg 41 51,52,56 29,63 peel (7.56), Continued Macrotermes bellicosus (0.05–5.07), Adansonia digitata Therichestsourcesofsodium(gkg 40,44 Iron bioavailability varied according to the iron source. DW) were Moringa oleifera Parkia biglobosa 1 − Termites ( Fruit of soap berry tree ( Calyces of roselle bissap ( Seed of African locust bean ( Fish Kapok tree, silk-cotton tree ( Pulp of ackee (false cashew) ( Kernel of baobab ( Leaves of baobab ( Leaves of horseradish tree ( Leaves of false sesame ( Leaves of soap berry tree ( Kernel of Baobab ( Leaves of horseradish tree ( Ingredient Leaves of soap berry tree ( Table 1. Ingredient biglobosa Achatina fulica kg mes bellicosus wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa Hibiscus sabdariffa and for certain species of animal-based resources(0.22–0.26) such as and termites fish (0.248–0.36). Manganese. and Iron. Heme iron from animalsiron was more coming bioavailable from than plants. non-heme Phosphorus. Sodium. (4–14) of and (0.058) for medium (10%)non-heme dietary iron (g iron kg bioavailability. Regarding amounts of heme iron (g kg and leaves (0.01–2.54), (0.9–5.7), animal species such as snails ( were recorded in seeds (2.9), cus sabdariffa seeds (0.056–7.4) of Ceratotheca sesamoides (0.05–3.53) and beans (0.07–3.45) from (0.09–0.10) Blighia sapida (2.29–2.31), rus limon Achatina achatina were available in

444 445 40 40 52 68 60 61 43 68 66 60 66 60 40 61 40 41 40 40 61 60 61 40 61 68 52 60 61 61 61 40 29,63 29,63 24,40 18,40 64,65 29,63 33–35 40,61,96 51,52,56 51,52,56 40,61,96 15,40,61 40,61,96 15,40,61 32,40,41 32,40,41 32,40,41 51,52,56 15,40,61 15,40,61 wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa DW) Ref. DW) Ref. DW) Ref. 1 1 1 − − − 1.191 0.477 0.073 0.063 0.874 0.0284 0.07–0.08 0.519–0.521 0.202–0.280 0.292–0.842 Fe (g kg DW) Ref. Zn (g kg Na (g kg 1 − 34.74 DW) Ref. Ca(g kg 1 − ) 0.095–0.101 ) 0.376–0.404 ) 0.508–0.651 Archachatina marginata Archachatina marginata ); ( Archachatina marginata Lam.) 0.484 Lam.) 0.0204–0.0227 Lam.) 0.07–1.05 Lam.) 4.4–34.68 ; ; (L) Del.) 15.8 (L) Del.) 0.0227 (L) Del.) 0.579 )) 5.74–14.703 0.054–5.067 (L) Del.) 0.029 Willd) 0.751–0.769 )) 1.18–23.98 0.011–2.985 L.)L.) 21.9 0.348 Moringa oleifera Moringa oleifera Moringa oleifera Moringa oleifera Achatina achatina Achatina achatina Achatina achatina ) 0.007–0.224 )) 3.07–26.4 0.012–2.540 (L) Del.) 15.8 ; ; ); ( ) 0.026–0.073 ) 7.26–32.72 Endl. 0.028 Endl. 1.240 )) 0.191–0.207 0.612–0.652 ) 0.508–0.54 )) 0.124 2.290–2.310 ) 2.59–2.61 (Shum. et Thonn.) Engl. 9.14 L. L. L. L. L. 15.9–16.4 Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa (L.) Burm.f.) 7.555 Blighia sapida (L.) Burm.f.) 86 (L.) Burm.f.) 0.139 (L.) Burm.f.) 1.477 (L.) Burm.f.) 84.53 Balanites aegyptiaca Balanites aegyptiaca Balanites aegyptiaca Dialium guineense Balanites aegyptiaca : 439–455 © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry Achatina fulica Achatina fulica Achatina fulica 98 L. Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata Anacardium occidentale Anacardium occidentale sp); ( sp.); ( sp); ( Adansonia digitata Balanites aegyptiaca Adansonia digitata Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus limon Ruspolia differens Ruspolia differens Ruspolia differens 2018; Minerals Amaranthus viridis Amaranthus viridis Cerathotheca sesamoides Cerathotheca sesamoides Hibiscus sabdariffa Amaranthus viridis Amaranthus viridis Macrotermes bellicosus Macrotermes bellicosus Macrotermes bellicosus Vitellaria paradoxa Ficus sycomorus Grewia mollis Afraegle paniculatum Limicolaria Limicolaria Limicolaria Peel of lemon ( Pulp of baobab ( Apple of cashew ( Leaves of ben oil tree, horseradish treeApple ( of cashew ( Resource K (g kg Leaves of black tamarind ( Termites ( Snail ( Peel of Lemon ( Grasshopper ( Leaves of Aril of ackee (false cashew) Termites ( Grasshopper ( Resource Leaves of soap berry tree ( Snail ( Fish Leaves of Fruit of soap berry tree ( Fruit of Leaves of ben oil tree, horseradish tree ( Leaves of baobab ( Leaves of seed of baobab ( Resource Peel of lemon ( Hibiscus sabdariffa Grasshopper ( Termites ( Snail ( Fish Leaves of ben oil tree, horseradish treeSeed ( of Leaves of Leaves of Peel of lemon ( Leaves of Leaves of soap berry tree ( Seed of African locust bean ( Pulp of African locust bean ( Leaves of baobab ( Seed of African locust bean ( Fruit of Resource Leaves of Soap berry tree ( Leaves of baobab ( Pulp of African locust bean ( Soap berry tree ( Leaves of ben oil tree, horseradish treeFruit ( of Leaves of Table 2. Resource Peel of lemon ( J Sci Food Agric Potential of indigenous foods in the formulation of infant foods www.soci.org 1 − 24,39 et al. 68 61 40 40 61 61 61 60 61 40 40 40 60 61 61 40 61 52 64,65 40,44 40,41 29,63 33–35 40,61,96 32,40,41 15,40,61 15,40,61 40,61,96 40,61,96 15,40,61 32,40,41 15,40,61 15,40,61 40,61,96 32,40,41 32,40,41 DW) whereas Amaran- : 439–455 1 − 76 98 and reported that DW), 75 2018; 1 − et al. J Sci Food Agric 76 Hibiscus sabdariffa . DW) Ref. , and Belluco 1 − 61 6.64 2.95 5.79 linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) are two essen- 0.92–5.67 𝛼 et al. DW) Ref. DW) Ref. P(gkg DW) Ref. 1 1 DW) and seeds (0.12–0.36 g kg 1 − − − (silver catfish) (1.92 g kg 1 2.12 0.114 0.049 7.865 7.430 16.86 − 0.211–2.4 0.248–0.36 Rhamdia quelen Moringa oleifera K(gkg Mg (g kg Mn (g kg and 61 , Rhamdia quelen ) 2.653–2.731 linolenic acid content was mostly important (0.11–0.15 g kg and DW) in leaves of Antinutritional factors Antinutritional factors can reduceability the of digestibility other and useful bioavail- nutrients. The main antinutritional factors Fatty acids Few authors haveresources investigated (Table 5). the Sena fatty acid content of food 𝛼 linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) and tial fatty acids foracid human within health. the Thenels documented richest (0.23–0.39 sources food g of resources kg linoleic were baobab ker- thus viridis sol- were Blighia www.soci.org FJ Chadare 72 73 Archachatina marginata Lam.) 0.058–0.113 Lam.) 0.20–3.12 Lam.) 0.24–8.31 Lam.) 9.12 Syntermes ; © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry 72 pulp (31.5, 16.4 recommended that (L) Del.) 2.96 71 (L) Del.) 0.047 )2.93 ) 0.068–3.415 ) 0.054–3.53 ) 0.88–4.59 ) 16.7 Moringa oleifera Moringa oleifera Moringa oleifera Moringa oleifera Achatina achatina ) 1.15–8.75 ) 1.4–10.8 ) 0.936–5.49 ; ) 0.056–7.38 ) 4.28–13.87 Endl. 0.38 Endl. 6.26 Parkia biglobosa ) 0.0219–0.0259 50 ) L. 0.038 L. L. 11.5–12.6 Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa (L.) Burm.f.) 14.3 Blighia sapida (L.) Burm.f.) 66.563 Balanites aegyptiaca Balanites aegyptiaca Achatina fulica L. L. L. Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata sp.); ( Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata and fish (60, 84 and 88, respectively) Citrus limon Citrus limon 74 73 soldiers (29.5–34.2, 49.9–53.4 and 18.2–65.1, Ximenia americana Minerals Amaranthus viridis Cerathotheca sesamoides Amaranthus viridis Cerathotheca sesamoides Amaranthus viridis Macrotermes bellicosus Afraegle paniculatum Ficus sycomorus Grewia mollis Borassus aethiopum Vitellaria paradoxa pulp (35.0, 43.3 and 16.1, respectively) and seeds (23.5, DW) were fish (46, 60 and 20, respectively), Limicolaria 1 DW, respectively, of threonine, valine and histidine. Thus the − 1 − Threonine, valine and histidine are required to ensure adequate Leaves of Leaves of ben oil tree, horseradish treeHibiscus ( sabdariffa Fruit of Leaves of soap berry tree ( Leaves of Fish Termites ( Resource Pulp of African locust bean ( Seed of African locust bean ( Tallow nut ( Seed of African locust bean ( Snail ( Hibiscus sabdariffa Leaves of Pulp of Leaves of ben oil tree, horseradish tree ( Peel of lemon ( Leaves of baobab ( Seed of baobab ( Aril of ackee (false cashew) Fruit of Resource Fruit of Leaves of Baobab ( Pulp of African locust bean ( Leaves of Soap berry tree ( Peel of Lemon ( Leaves of ben oil tree, horseradish treeHibiscus ( sabdariffa Leaves of Resource Leaves of Pulp of African locust bean ( Seed of baobab ( Leaves of baobab ( Leaves of Ben oil tree, horseradish tree ( Pulp of Table 2. Resource diers (28.1–29.1, 37.4–44.7 and 19.3–22.4, respectively), most important food resources with high(g amounts kg of amino acids wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa respectively) Syntermes the most interesting foodacids. resources with regard to these amino growth in infants and young children. FAO infant food products shouldkg contain more than 31, 43 and 20 g and 23.9, respectively) andrespectively). seeds (0.3–28.1, 3.8–40.5 and 26.5, 40.4 and 23.0, respectively), sapida

446 447 24 68 68 70 32 68 49 37 32 70 49 32 32 70 32 51,56 32,41 32,41 41,69 18,40 57,58 24,40 18,40 41,69 57,58 41,69 41,69 51,56 41,69 wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa DW) Ref. 1 − DW) Ref. DW) Ref. DW) Ref. DW) Ref. 1 1 − 1 1 DW) Ref. − − − 1 − The morphological type gives an indication of 0.0764–0.077 0.028 11,17 0.0052 0.0424 0.001–0.002 0.028–0.041 0.001–0.0011 Carotene/vit. A (g kg Vitamin C (g kg contribute to energy, proteins, mineralsis possible and to vitamins. find As a such goodmentary combination foods it for of all ingredients agro-ecological for zones comple- bution considering the of distri- the resources according to important nutrients. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Implications of the unbalanced distribution ofacross food agro-ecological resources zones on complementary food formulation for children This review demonstrates a high diversityfor of potential complementary ingredients fooddocumented formulations plant food in resources, Benin. their distributionphological Regarding among types mor- the is comparablespecies to previously that documented of in all Benin,against (1334) including 45.1% edible herbs within plant (36.5% potentialformulation), plant trees ingredients (27.1% for against 24.9%), infant15.2%), bushes food creepers (18.8% (13.9% against againstagainst 2.4%). 12.5%) and cryptograms (3.7% and Parkia )orin , Pleurotus Table 6 shows Adansonia dig- ) 0.0073 DW in 77,78 Adansonia digitata 1 − DW in the seed cover Arachis hypogaea 1 Moringa oleifera ) 0.03–0.75 ) 0.002–0.007 )) 00.0007 0–0.3487 ) 0.049 ) 0.001–0.011 ) 0.00005–0.00242 ) 0–0.0039 − Lam.) 1.2 Lam.) 0.068 , ) 0.0014 ) 0.026 Vitellaria paradoxa , ) 0.022–0.026 pulp and Ceiba pentandra ) 0.018–0.027 )2.09–3.6 Tilapia ) 0.009–0.011 , )) 0.008–0.02 0.016–0.032 Glycine max Blighia sapida Blighia sapida Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa Ceiba pentandra Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa Parkia biglobosa , Moringa oleifera Moringa oleifera : 439–455 © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry Blighia sapida , 98 L 0.889–1.05 L. 0.178–0.263 L 0.039–0.051 Macrotermes bellicosus Macrotermes bellicosus) Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata Ruspolia differens Ruspolia differens 2018; . Tamarindus indica Vitamins spp.). These species are providers of most nutrients Amaranthus hybridus Tamarindus indica Tamarindus indica Tamarindus indica Amaranthus hybridus Macrotermes bellicosus , Vitellaria paradoxa Borassus aethiopum , Parkia biglobosa Pulp of baobab ( Seed of African locust bean ( Leaves of Grasshopper ( Leaves of NERsBoerhavia diffusa Vit. B3, niacin (g kg Boerhavia diffusa Leaves of Grasshopper ( Pulp of ackee (false cashew) ( Fruit of Leaves of NERs Vit. B2, riboflavin (g kg Leaves of Pulp of African locust bean ( Seed of African locust bean ( Kapok tree, silk-cotton tree ( Termites ( NERs Vit. B1, thiamine (g kg Leaves of horseradish tree ( Boerhavia diffusa Pulp of ackee (false cashew) ( Pulp of African locust bean ( NERs Pulp of baobab ( Leaves of horseradish tree ( Leaves of kapok tree, silk-cotton tree ( Queen termites ( Soldier termites ( Seed of African locust bean ( NERs Seed of African locust bean ( ResourcesPulp of African locust bean ( Vitamin D (g kg Table 3. seven out of eight agro-ecological zones biglobosa J Sci Food Agric common in food resources encompass trypsininhibitors, and cyanogenic chymotrypsin glucosides,loids, anthocyanins, hemagglutinins steroids, and alka- tannins/catechin total and phytates, phenolic and flavonoids. components such as Potential of indigenous foods in the formulation of infant foods www.soci.org tuber-regium Nutritious species according to agro-ecological zones Many nutritious specieslocated in described various agro-ecological in zonesresources of the are Benin present (Table in 7). present all Some agro-ecologicalitata review zones ( are Sesamum because, according to their nutrient content, they can significantly that oxalate content can pass 0.005 g kg of leaves; and phytates can reach 1.185 g kg et al. : 439–455 98

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at cd gkg (g acids Fatty 5. Table DW) : 439–455 © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

− 1 98 2018; J Sci Food Agric Potential of indigenous foods in the formulation of infant foods www.soci.org 89 82 For 45 77 24 et al. 14 : 439–455 DW. When the 1 Citrus limon Citrus limon 98 − , 87 DW) Ref. 1 − pulp and leaves. 2018; leaves, and leaves Adansonia digitata Phytates (g kg and ) 3.38–11.85 DW). Animal proteins have 1 − Amaranthus viridis )0.73 J Sci Food Agric , which all contain on average Animal protein sources have at DW Fe given for 5% of dietary iron Fortunately, adding muscle tissue 1 Adansonia digitata 81 86 − Snails, fish and termites were the Hibiscus sabdariffa 88 fruits, which all contain more than 3 g ) 2.8–5.3 14 ,and Amaranthus viridis DW. leaves, , Pleurotus tuber-regium with a daily requirement of 5 g kg 1 Best haem iron providers were grasshoppers, − Adansonia digitata 83 However, this enhancing effect of ascorbic acid 84 Haem iron, which comes only from animal foods, 85 Hence including even a small quantity of animal Adansonia digitata 14 Grewia mollis Artocarpu saltilis 86 Parkia biglobosa Moringa oleifera Moringa oleifera DW Ca. 1 Edible mushrooms ( Breadfruit ( Seed of baobab ( − Zinc is a particularly important element for human metabolism, Iron is an essential mineral for humans and its recommended Magnesium is important for any biochemical process in an Among the major minerals, calcium is essential for bone struc- peel, and seeds of considering the conversion factor or the effectas of processing, cooking, such thewould consumption cover of 10–16% 20 g of(RDI) baobab the for dry protein children recommended leaf (4–8 daily material years). intake leaves, and ** kg termites, snails andseeds of fish; bestNon-heme non-heme iron providers iron were providerscheaper more than widely were haem available iron andacidulants sources. often Iron (vitamin absorption C) enhancers caniron like improve and bioavailability should ofsources non-heme of then iron. be consumed together with the plant protein in infantnon-haem iron, foods which may is thein highly most Benin. common improve iron This source bioavailability isand available important as of for such should sensitizationplans be among at considered national populations level. by policy makers in nutrition immune system and neurobehavioral development. intake for infants is 0.116 g kg on iron absorption is unfortunatelying reduced and by storage degradation. thermal process- least twice the RDI (320–880 g kg organism, and it is necessary forof muscles, hormones, nervous manufacture of system, energy activity and maintenance of health. ture and function, The most remarkable sources were bioavailability. dietary bioavailability iszinc medium, is the 0.041 g required kg proportion of best-documented indigenous zinc sources.sources into infant Incorporating foods can highly these reduce immunodeficiency and infectious disease morbidity. is known to havemated at a 15–35%) higher than andfrom non-haem more plant iron, foods. which uniform comes absorption essentially (esti- (meat, fish or poultry)considerably enhance to iron absorption vegetarian with less mealsand sensitivity has to oxygen. heat been shown to food complementation, preference should be given to peel, better digestibility than plant proteins but are more expensive. 25,26 35 24 25,26 24 79 80 fruit. Cera- leaves, www.soci.org FJ Chadare Dialium DW) Ref. NERs 1 − kernels, © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry international ,whichallcontain with a daily intake 14 versus Afraegle paniculata 0.039–0.059 0.054 0.024–0.04 Balanites aegyptiaca , ) 0.044–0.053 ) 0.00004 infant flour, 1 Adansonia digitata pulp and Arachis hypogaea − DW protein. For instance, without 1 Blighia Parkia − ) leaves, Best documented plant protein providers Parkia biglobosa leaves and 48 Adansonia digitata , Adansonia digitata DW. 1 ) − Antinutritional factors Adansonia digitata , Parkia biglobosa Glycine max biglobosa sapida bean ( Apart from energy, one of the most important elements in The distribution of the referenced food species across Benin’s As such, instead of proposing a general formulation of comple- Leaves of baobab ( Pulp of African locust bean ( Pulp of baobab ( Testa (seed cover) of African locust Pulp of ackee (false cashew) Resources Oxalates(g kg Table 6. wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa According to the recommended nutrient densities, atary complemen- food should provide 58% ofMost its calories featured from documented carbohydrates. carbohydrate providers were guineense Fortunately, sources ofagro-ecological carbohydrates zones were and could available becarbohydrate across used providers in (i.e. all cereals, addition tubers to and common roots). the diet of infantswhich and should young be children 60–150 is g the kg amount of protein, requirements This review revealed afood high resources. diversity Any proper in complementaryin the food nutritional calories should value and be of rich good-quality protein, vitamins and minerals. Nutritional value of local food resources the frequency of reproduction ofof the the plant food and ingredient. hence availability agro-ecological zones isresult highly from unbalanced, climatic whichzones. The is and issue here likely should agro-ecological notpriate to processing be differences to the transform the access, between products but to ratherThis a appro- more will stable form. ensure accessibilityis by living all, in. irrespective In case ofstudies no the on correspondence zone indigenous is one found food inand plants a domestication should zone, address issues further their fornutritional ecology such value an of area.accessibility. Studies tree Researchers provide products from the different butfood fields technology, do biotechnology, (crop nutrition, not ecology, production, forestry,ology soci- report and on logistics) their havesolutions to to work togetherresources the in to Benin. find pronounced appropriate unbalanced diversitymentary foods for of infants and children, formulas have food toto be specific agro-ecological zones or groups of agro-ecologicalthey zones when have food resourcestherefore in take common. into Furtherget account research the this should enhancement unbalanced ofresources. situation Such potentiality an and application of can tar- the setin the other study tone countries for area that similar have in studies comparableBenin, agro-ecological such food zones as as Togo or Nigeria. were of 160 g kg Amaranthus hybridus totheca sesamoides more than 200–320 g kg

450 451 IV, V V, VI, VII, VIII I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa fatty acids, phytates acids, oxalates fatty acids, oxalates amino acids acids, oxalates A C, amino acids, fatty acids vitamins D A B1 B3, amino acids, fatty acids Vitamin C B2 B3 II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII Vitamin A KernelSeedsPulpLeaves Energy,Fruit lipid, fiber, ash, fatty acidsLeaves Energy, carbohydrates, fiber, phosphorus, amino acids, Carbohydrates, fiber, vitamin C B3, amino acids, fatty Carbohydrates, fiber, ash, phosphorus, amino acids, Carbohydrates, manganese Protein, phosphorus, manganese, vitamin B1 B2, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII III, V, II, IV, VI LeavesCashewPeanutFruitLeavesAckee pulp Amino acids, fatty acids Energy, lipid Energy, protein, lipid Carbohydrates, ash Energy, protein, Carbohydrates, lipid, protein, fiber, fiber, ash, ash, vitamin manganese C B2, amino IV, V II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII I, II, III, IV SeedsPulpKapok treeLeavesLeavesPeel Amino acids CoconutLeaves AshPalm Carbohydrates, phosphorus nutSoya bean Vitamins A C Calyces Protein, lipid, ash, manganese, aminoLeaves acids, fatty acids Lipid Fruit Phosphorus Carbohydrates Energy, lipidTermites Energy, II, protein III, IV, V, VII,Queen VIII Soldiers Ash, phosphorus, manganeseLeaves Amino acids, fatty acids Lipid I, II, III, IV, V, Protein, VI, ash, VII, manganese, VIII vitamin C Vitamin A Protein, fiber, ash, manganese, phosphorus, vitamins V, VI, VII, VIII IV, V, VI, VIII VI, VII, VIII II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII IV I, II, III, V, VI, IV, V, VII, VI, VIII VII, VIII V Seeds Energy, protein, ash, manganese, phosphorus, LeavesPulpTesta (seed cover)MushroomFilletGrasshopper Oxalates Carbohydrates Thorax Manganese, Carbohydrates, vitamins amino D, acids, C phytates B1, amino acids,Abdomen oxalates Protein, lipid, vitamins B2Leaves B3, fatty acids FattyFish acidsSeedsShea nutFruitTallow nut Vitamins B1 III, B2 V, B3 VII, VIII IV Protein, ash, manganese, amino Fiber acids Energy, lipid Phosphorus Vitamin B1 I, II, III, III, IV, VII, V, VI, VIII VII, VIII I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII II, III, V, IV, VI, V VII, VIII : 439–455 © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry 98 2018; sp. Snail Protein, phosphorus VI Location of nutritious species in agro-ecological zones of Benin soldiers Heads Amino acids, fatty acids II, IV spp. Sesame Energy, protein, lipid II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII Adansonia digitata Amaranthus hybridus Table 7. Species Resources Nutrients provided Agro-ecological zones Afraegle paniculata Amaranthus viridis Anarcadium occidentalis Arachis hypogea Balanites aegyptiaca Blighia sapida Borassus aethiopum Boerhavia diffusa Ceiba pentandra Ceratotheca sesamoides Citrus limon Cocos nucifera Dialium guineense Elaeis guineensis Glycine max Hibiscus sabdariffa Irvingia gabonensis Limicolaria Macrotermes bellicosus Moringa oleifera Parkia biglobosa Pleurotus tuber-regium Rhamdia quelen Ruspolia differens Sesamum Syntermes Tamarindus indica Tilapia Vigna subterranea Vitellaria paradoxa Ximenia americana J Sci Food Agric Potential of indigenous foods in the formulation of infant foods www.soci.org , et al. Ama- Blighia , : 439–455 and Adansonia 98 Ceiba pentadra 2018; Bligjia sapida , ,baobab, Balanites aegyptiaca J Sci Food Agric Moringa oleifera , Moringa oleifera . Table 7 provides a variety of resources to formu- ) and foods from animal origin such as insects, fish Parkia biglobosa , ,etc.),leaves( Research should help to address the crucial problems of diver- potential of indigenous food resources tofoods provide functional Most research reviewed ininvestigated the nutritional framework of valuesspecies the and of present parts. study differentof Research plant the may nutritional also andfood potentialities target resources animal are of the more quantitatively these improvement agro-ecological presented resources. in zones, the and Indigenous different there isfoods a and need herbal to functional developingredients, nutritious food which from will indigenous complementbrated species staple diet. and foods Indigenous forsources species an and of equili- their naturalpounds, parts vitamins antioxidants, are E and including very C,lysine good and polyphenolic and carotenoids. total They com- protein. areto also These increase rich food consumer in ingredients wellbeing.combinations could From with be a cereals used nutritional arehigh view very protein and some desirable. high These amountschildren foods of and micronutrients with teenagers. are In needed thesenutritional by quality stages of of proteins are age, significant the inand increasing cognitive quantity physical functions and in the human body. sity and the seasonalResearch should availability valorize of nutritious indigenousdients indigenous in food species the resources. as formulation of ingre- complementarychildren. foods for infants and Potential resources for infant food formulations The present reviewdifferent study species showed may thelevels. offer potential to Table nutrients 7 formulating that summarizestially infant complement the food usual at specieslegumes) food local to parts reach resources the that nutritional (cereals, needsagro-ecological can of tubers, zones infants of roots, poten- and children Benin. in cashew For nuts, instance, peanuts, kernels shea of nutsto baobab, and complement sesame the seeds energy may contentaddition, be of used mineral a content complementary food. can(pulp In of be baobab, African complemented locust by beans, sapida most fruits digitata Parkia biglobosa and mollusks. Concerning protein,the foods best from sources, animal while originable soya plant-based are sources. bean For each and agro-ecological moringa zone,species there leaves are that are provide valu- many nutrients,tle nutrient. whereas Among the others most advantageous provide sources are lit- FINAL REMARKS This literature review attests that complementary foodsprotein with quality good and energy density can belocally available prepared raw by materials processing already used in human feedingtices. prac- From knowing the diversityas of alternatives food for ingredients common thatnutritional nutrient stand value providers and along distributioncombinations with can across be their the achieved for country,all tackling adequate agro-ecological infant zones malnutrition of in Benin.plementary For feeding, their foods must effective fit use cultural inwhile consumption com- patterns meeting, at theapart from same still lacking time, information the on certain quality nutrient contents standards. of Hence, ranthus hybridus late an equilibrated complementary food for infants and children. 1 − Parkia DW) in www.soci.org FJ Chadare 1 − andpulpof which could DW magne- 1 Blighia sapida − 1 , © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry Other featured − 81 24,77,91 leaves (for vitamin leavesascomparedto DW. As underlined above, 1 DW potassium, while leaves but the relation to the com- − 1 − Parkia biglobosa 95 , were the most documented ones. 14 leaves and phytates that were mostly ) in 11 countries and showed very high DW. Variability may also originate from a 1 Moringa oleifera − Amaranthus hybridus contained up to 12.6 g kg leaves (for riboflavin and niacin) and DW, against a recommended daily intake of 93,94 1 − up to 16.86 g kg pulp, and a high quantity (more than 1.2 g kg Variability may come from the quality, habitat, In Benin, for instance, genetic variability has been 93 92 DW. High quantities of other major minerals, including (for vitamin D). The required proportion of vitamin D for Adansonia digitata 1 Pleurotus tuber-regium Vitellaria paradoxa − 90 Boerhavia diffusa Amaranthus viridis Antinutritional factors were also present in food resources, but As to vitamins, vitamin C abounds (2.09–3.60 g kg The present review suggests that more attention should be the recommended intake of 0.3 g kg just a few studieswere mostly documented found in such seed shells compounds. of Oxalates that wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa DW) was also found in more than 4.2 g kg vitamin sources were B1), biglobosa an infant is 0.00005 g kg 0.6 g kg probable geneticcomposition. variation, the soil structure and chemical position of the food productsnot yet from known. these baobab populations is paid to allmaking reliable stages statements involved aboutingredients. the in nutritional performing value of analyses food to allow Vitellaria paradoxa of potassium, phosphorus and manganese,ties as of essential well amino acids, as were also high reportedresources. for Pulp quanti- numerous of food baobab contained up to 32.72 g kg maturity, treatment beforestorage analysis, conditions and analytical processingor method methods of animal used, the assessed. sample plant identified for baobab populations sium. Digestive factors unique to thethe individual can amount also of influence magnesium absorbedThese in the include gastrointestinal the tract. abilityfoods to in break the down magnesium-containing stomach,the and small the intestine. abilityreduce Aging, to magnesium disease, absorb absorption. magnesium stress Theters. in Potassium–magnesium type and citrate of provided illness an molecule equivalent potas- cansium also mat- also bioavailability asride, and potassium a comparable citrate magnesium bioavailabilitycitrate. and to magnesium potassium chlo- variability in all measured parameters,populations. both within and between Variability in the reported data The present reviewespecially shows for mineral large and vitamin variability contents.have These in several variations causes. may reported For values, instance,chemical composition some of studies 42 populations investigated of the ité the tree shea ( butter or kar- be included in the processing of complementary foods. this vitamin is ansignificantly interesting improve iron absorption bioavailability enhancer ofconsidering that conversion non-heme can factors, iron. 13.9 g Without enough of to baobab cover the pulp vitamin would C be RDI of an infant. found in pulp and It is worth notingfactors that investigated in studies certain reported foodfood-processing that resources techniques like can the soaking be antinutritional (cold/hot reducedsolutions), water, by alkaline mechanical removal, acid treatment,mentation, germination, enzymatic fer- treatment and cooking), Adansonia digitata

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Theysortium are members also thankful and to their allmented con- collaborators. by This a consortium project ofthe is research imple- Netherlands institutions from (FSA/UAC Benin andnoise and pour FQD/WU), la Sécurité public Sanitaire des Aliments (Agence(Groupe – Béni- Pépite ABSSA) d’Or and private – GPO)the GPO, practitioners a from private for Benin. profit It company from is Benin. led by ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Potential of indigenous foods in the formulation of infant foodsnumerous food resources, cultural habits andfood beliefs about resources edible alsoon merit the further latter research. willily contribute In highly accepted fact, to food the knowledge formulae.and development Based taking of on the read- distribution such ofplementary cultural food food information resources formulae can into be account,zone. developed com- For per instance, food agro-ecological resources like meatavailable www.soci.org and and edible insects consumed are byern Wama agro-ecological zones communities of Benin. in Thus the some introductioninsects of in north- edible infant diets is an opportunity toof address the scarcity animal issue protein sourcesdeveloped per in agro-ecological zone, Benin. taking the Several seasonality availabil- formulas of food should resources into be account.tions Further include research safety recommenda- and toxicological studies, as welling as of the various screen- combinations of different locallyas available complementary resources foods. ), Am Arch et al. 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