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SAT - TV Koju! Huviringis Ulo-D ISSN 0134-2282 horisont SAT - TV koju! Huviringis Ulo-d J V Kusmoselendurid 1961-1988 4 Eesti NSV ühingu «Teadus» populaarteaduslik ajakiri Asutatud 1967. a. Ilmub kord kuus EKP Keskkomitee Kirjastus, Tallinn Ultraviolettfoto Maast. (lk. 35). «Buran» stardi ootel (algus Sisukord lk'w>' AASTA MOSAIIK ’88 Uno Veismann 1 Toimetuse kolleegium: Ustus Agur, Harri Jänes, Priit Järve, PROJEKT «FOBOS» 5 Juhan Kivi, Endel Lippmaa, Viktor KAS LEND MARSILE SAAB REAAL­ Maamägi, Uno Mereste, Charles Vill­ SUSEKS? Juri Zaitsev 6 mann. MAAVÄLISTE TSIVILISATSIOONI­ DE OTSIMISE PROGRAMMIST 9 ORBIIDILE «BURANIL» Irina Jegorova 11 Peatoimetaja 43 77 71 INDREK ROHTMETS AEROKOSMILISED LENNUKID 12 Peatoimetaja asetäitja 44 33 70 KUI PALJU ÕN MAA TEHIS- JUHAN KIVI KAASLASI? 13 Vastutav sekretär 43 77 22 SN 1987A MÕISTATUSED LAHENE­ ÜLLAR LEHTMETS VAD Peep Kaiv 15 Ühiskonnateadused 44 50 06 MARTIN ROOGNA SUPERNOOVA ÜLETAS VALGUSE ILMAR PALLI KIIRUSE? 17 Reaalteadused 44 43 85 KOSMOS LOODUSLIKU PLASMA- REIN VESKIMÄE LABORATOORIUMINA Tamara Breus 18 Kunstiline toimetaja 44 43 85 NEMAD OLID KOSMOSES 21 EPP MARGUSTE Tehniline toimetaja UFOd: OLETUSED JA PÕHJEN­ ja korrektor 44 43 85 DUSED (Intervjuu Vsevolod Troitskiga) 25 TIIU KUKK KOSMOS PANEB PROOVILE 31 PÜÜDKEM AKENT AVADA Peeter Vilborn 33 Temaatilise numbri koostas REIN VIRMALISTE OVAAL JA AUGUD VESKIMÄE. MAA ATMOSFÄÄRIS 35 Lühiuudiseid vahendasid PEEP LÜHIDALT KOSMOSEST 30, 36, 37 KALV, JURI ZAITSEV ja UNO VEISMANN. Ladumisele antud 20. 02. 1989. Trükkimisele antud 17. 03. 1989. Tiraaž 39 000. Paber 60X84/8. Tingtrükip. 4,67. Trükipoognaid 5. Tingvärvipoognaid 14,88. Arves- tuspoognaid 6,90. MB-04054. Teil. nr. 863. EKP Keskkomitee Kirjastuse trükikoda. Tallinn, Pärnu mnt. 67-a. Ежемесячный научно-популярный журнал общества «Знание» Эстонской ССР «Хори- зонт» («Горизонт»). Выходит с января 1967 г. На эстонском языке. Офсетная печать. TOIMETUS KÄSIKIRJU JA ILLUST­ Бумага 60X84/8. 5 печ. листов. Уел. печ. л. 4,67. Краскооттисков 14,88. Уч.-изд. л. RATSIOONE EI TAGASTA. 6,90. Адрес редакции: 200102, г. Таллинн, Нарвское шоссе, 5. Типография Изда­ тельства ЦК КП Эстонии, rop. Таллинн, Пярнуское шоссе, 67-а. Заказ 863. Тираж Toimetuse aadress: 200 102, Tallinn, 39 000. Цена SO коп. @ .Horisont», 1989 Narva mnt. 5 *ОЛ6лГ НИ» U,du kosmoselendude ^keskuse Aastamosaiik ’88 UNO VEISMANN, füüsika-matemaatikakandidaat Kosmonautika ajalukku jäävaid sündmusi oli sel aastal mitu: kosmoselennuki «Buran» katselend, «Space Shuttle’i» lendude jätkamine pärast pikemat vaheaega, nõukogude kosmonautide uus lennu kestusrekord. Rohkesti kõneldi kanderakettide kui transpordi­ vahendite kasutamise majanduslikust küljest, kosmosekommertsis õn ESA edestamas suurriike. NASA kosmosejaama projekt. «Ariane 4» startimas. Jaanuaris hoidis USA äriringkondi veel elevil kosmosetööstusele uute hiigellepin- gute jagamise kava seoses NASA otsusega asuda alaliselt asustatud kosmosejaama loomisele. NASA taotlust vähendas kongressi ko­ misjon mõnevõrra, kuid ikkagi jäi kogusummaks 25 miljardit dollarit, millest viiendiku pidid enda peale võtma Euroopa, Kanada ja Jaa­ pan. «Boeing» pidi saama 750 miljonit dollarit, «McDonnell- Douglas» 1,9 miljardit, «General Electric» 800 miljonit, «Rocket- dyne» 1,6 miljardit jne. Kosmose­ jaama ehituspõhimõtted vääriksid eraldi vaatlust, siinkohal olgu too­ dud vaid algvariandi põhiandmed: mass 160 tonni, keskse sõrestik- konstruktsiooni pikkus 110 m, päikesepatareide koguvõimsus 75 kW, eluruumide kubatuur ligi 900 m3, alaline meeskond 6. .8 inimest, valmimistähtaeg 1997. 17. märtsil viidi Nõukogude kanderaketiga «Vostok» orbiidile India tehis- kaaslane IRS-1A. See oli meie maa esimene kosmose-kommerts- üritus: India maksis 7,5 miljonit rubla. Tehiskaaslane sisaldas kolm kaamerat maapinna uurimiseks distantssondeerimise meetodil (la­ hutusvõimetega 36 ja 70 m). Andmeid edastati Hyderabad! vas- tuvõtukeskusse. 26.—29. aprillil peeti Brisbane’is (Austraalia) konverents «Kos- mose-transportsüsteemide ja vasta­ vate tööstusharude kommertsiaal- võimalused» (lühidalt öeldes: kos­ mos kui äri), kust sai lõplikult selgeks, et õn formeerunud rahvus­ vaheline kanderakettide turg. Sel­ lel konkureerivad NSV Liidu «Sojuz» ja «Proton», USA «Ti- taan III» ja «Atlas Centaur», ESA «Ariane», Hiina «Long March» ning Jaapani N-l 1. Hiinalt oli kanderaketi tellinud Rootsi juba 1986, et saata 1990 orbiidile oma side-tehiskaaslane «Mailstar», kohe pärast seda sõlmis hiinlastega lepingu üks USA firma. Nüüd olevat Hiina rakettidest huvitatud poolsada firmat 39st riigist. «Long March 3» (peakonstruktor Ren Xin-min) suudab geostatsionaar­ Nõukogude — Prantsuse ühisekspe- Rekordilise aja — ühe aasta — tööta­ sele orbiidile viia 1,4-tonnise tehis- ditsiooniks orbitaaljaamas «Mir» sid orbitaaljaamas «Mir» Vladimir kaaslase. teeb ettevalmistusi Aleksandr Vol­ Titov (keskel) ja Mussa Manarov Nõukogude delegatsiooni ette­ kov. (paremal). Pildil näeme neid koos kannetes pakuti veel mitmesugu­ meeskonnakaaslase Anatoli Levtšen- seid teenuseid kosmoses: side- koga kosmonautide ettevalmistus- tehiskaaslaste üürimist, aparatuuri keskuses. viimist orbitaaljaama «Mir», maa­ pinna pildistamist kosmosest (la­ hutusvõimega kuni 5 m) jms. ESA õn seevastu tõusnud mitte jatöötamisel osalesid 12 riigi tead­ Tellijaid ja lepinguid õn juba ainult kolmandaks «kosmose-suur- lased, peale nende veel ESA. teada. riigiks», vaid mitmes vallas saavu­ Samal konverentsil otsustati toe­ tanud liidripositsiooni. See julgus­ 23. juulil tada uue rahvusvahelise kosmo- tas uusi sihte seadma: 1996 hakkas «Fobos 1» pardal tööle droomi ehitamist Cape Yorki peab valmis olema «Ariane 5» röntgenteleskoop TEREK. Umbes neemele Austraalias. Aasta lõpul (18 tonni 550 km kõrgusele või kuu aja jooksul saadi 140 Päikese kinnitas kä Nõukogude «Glav- 6,8 tonni geostatsionaarsele or­ pilti erakordselt lühikese laine­ kosmose» juht A. Dunajev mele biidile), töötatakse kosmoselennuki pikkusega kiirguses (0,5. valmisolekut osaleda ehitamises ja «Hermes» kallal, planeeritakse or- 30 nm). tarnida sinna kommertsiaalselt bitaalajaama «Columbus» ehita­ kanderakette «Proton». Välismaa mist. Liidriteks õn SLV, Prantsus­ ajakirjanduse andmetel maksvat maa ja kä Itaalia: kõrvale õn 1. septembril «Protoniga» keskmise suurusega hoidnud Inglismaa, kellel mõnes ei vastanud «Fobos 1» enam tehiskaaslase orbiidilesaatmine osas käsil omad projektid (kos- raadiokäskudele. Projekti juht 18—20 miljonit dollarit, mis õn moselennuk HOTOL). akadeemik R. Sagdejev teatas, et umbes poole odavam «Arianes- analüüsides eelnenud raadiokon- pace’i» hindadest. 7. juunil takte automaatjaamaga, avastati startis «Sojuz TM-5», millega viidi viga viimases edastatud korraldu­ Juunis orbitaaljaama «Mir» külalismees- ses. Välja oli jäänud ainult üks tegi finantskokkuvõtteid konsort­ kond: A. Solovjev, V. Savinõhh täht, ent see tekitas käsu orien- sium «Arianespace»: eelmise aasta ja bulgaarlane A. Aleksandrov. tatsioonisüsteemi väljalülitamiseks. puhastulu oli 53 miljonit dollarit, Nad viibisid kosmoses üldse Ugi Kogu septembrikuu püüti kõigist pakkumisi tuli 42 tehiskaaslase 10 päeva. Nõukogude kosmoseside keskustest ülesviitniseks, lepinguid sõlmiti ligi «Fobos l»-ga ühendusse astuda, 2,5 miljardi dollari eest. 1989— 7. ja 12. juulil oma abi pakkusid kä mitmed välis­ 1990 otsustati teha üheksa starti startisid Baikonurist kaks planeeti- riigid, ent kõik jäi asjatuks. aastas. Võrdluseks olgu öeldud, et devahelist automaatjaama — «Fo- Kaotsi läks muidugi kä TEREK, kä «Space Shuttle’ile» planeeriti bos 1» ja «Fobos 2». Nende mida «Fobos 2»-l ei ole, kuid algul nendeks aastateks sama palju uurimisobjektideks õn Marss ja hulk väärtuslikke Päikese röntgen- lende aastas, kuid plahvatuse tõttu selle kaaslane Phobos, vaid 27 km pilte siiski saadi. ühes kütusetehases lükkub 1989 läbimõõduga taevakeha. Teel uuri­ vähemalt kaks lendu edasi. Astro­ takse kä Päikest ja planeetide- 18.—30. juulil noomide kurvastuseks lükkub kä vahelist ruumi. Kuus tonni kaalu­ kauaoodatud 2,4 m läbimõõduga vad automaatjaamad loodi Baba- toimus Helsingi lähedal Espoos kosmoseteleskoobi käikuandmine kini-nim. uurimiskeskuses, teadus­ COSPARi (Commitee of Space järgmisse aastasse. liku programmi ja aparatuuri väl- Research) kongress umbes 1500 osavõtjaga. Eestist viibis seäl kaks edastada Briti entsüklopeedia 4 pardal kä meeskond (Igor Volk, teadurit, neist füüsika-matemaa- köite sisu. See oli «Space Shuttle» Anatoli Levtšenko jt.). Kontrolliti tikakandidaat R. Rõõm tegi ette­ programmi 26. lend, mida mitu juhitavust ja maandatavust, siis kande orbitaaljaamadelt «Saljut» korda oli tehnilistel põhjustel edasi hakati edasi katsetama maandu­ toimetatud atmosfääriuuringutest. lükatud, viimased korrad veel mise automaatsüsteemi. TRU geofüüsika kateedris alus­ halva ilma tõttu. Lennu ajal kanna­ tati magnetlindil saadud «Meteo- tas meeskond palavuse käes, tem- 26. novembril sati» maapinna ja pilvkatte kuju­ peratuurireguleerimise häirete tõt­ startis «Sojuz TM-7», viies orbi­ tiste töötlemist meie vabariigi fir­ tu näitas kraadiklaas kabiinis kuni taaljaama «Mir» vahetusmees- mas «Desintegraator» valmistatud 30 °C. «Discovery» laskus 3. ok­ konna (A. Volkov, S. Krikaljov) pilditöötlemiskompleksiga SVIT. toobril õhujõudude Edwardsi baa­ ja külalisena prantslase J. L. si. Chretieni. 29. augustil lendas orbitaaljaama «Mir» kos­ 28. oktoobril 2. detsembril moselaev «Sojuz TM-6», mees­ viis «Ariane 2» üles Prantsusmaa startis pärast ühe-ööpäevast edasi­ konnas V. Ljahhov, V. Poljakov televisiooni-otsesaadete (Sat-TV) lükkamist tugeva tuule tõttu Cana­ ja A. Momand
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