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Mlle RIVOTSIMAHAFOY Manohisoa Fenonandrasana UNIVERSITÉ D’ANTANANARIVO ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DÉPARTEMENT DE FORMATION INITIALE SCIENTIFIQUE CENTRE D’ÉTUDE ET DE RECHERCHE SCIENCES NATURELLES ----------------------------------- MÉMOIRE EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU CERTIFICAT D’APTITUDE PÉDAGOGIQUE DE L’ÉCOLE NORMALE (CAPEN) ETUDE DES ACTIVITES ET EVALUATION DES PARAMETRES ECOLOGIQUES DE L’HABITAT de Eulemur fulvus (Geoffroy, 1812) dans la FORËT de SAHAFINA Présenté par Mlle RIVOTSIMAHAFOY Manohisoa Fenonandrasana 09 Mai 2008 UNIVERSITÉ D’ANTANANARIVO ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DÉPARTEMENT DE FORMATION INITIALE SCIENTIFIQUE CENTRE D’ÉTUDE ET DE RECHERCHE SCIENCES NATURELLES ----------------------------------- MÉMOIRE EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU CERTIFICAT D’APTITUDE PÉDAGOGIQUE DE L’ÉCOLE NORMALE (CAPEN) ETUDE DES ACTIVITES ET EVALUATION DES PARAMETRES ECOLOGIQUES DE L’HABITAT de Eulemur fulvus (Geoffroy, 1812) dans la FORÊT de SAHAFINA Présenté par Mlle RIVOTSIMAHAFOY Manohisoa Fenonandrasana 09 Mai 2008 i «…toutes choses concourent au bien de ceux qui aiment Dieu…» (Romains 8 : 28) ii A Dada et Neny pour les tant d’années de sacrifices pour me voir réussir, A mes frères, mes sœurs et beaux frères en témoignage de mon affection, A mes neveux et ma nièce A celui que j’aime… … Et à tous ceux qui m’ont aidé et soutenu pendant toutes mes études iii LES MEMBRES DE JURY ° PRESIDENT : ANDRIANASOLO RAVOAVY Jaonarivony Doctorat d’Etat Es- Sciences Naturelles Professeur titulaire d’Ecologie à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure Université d’Antananarivo ° JUGE : RASAMIMANANA Hantanirina Rosiane Ph.D. Spécialité Eco-Anthropologie Maître de conférences à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure Université d’Antananarivo. ° RAPPORTEUR : RALAIARISON RAHARIZELINA Raobivelonoro Maître de conférences à la Faculté des Sciences Université d’Antananarivo iv REMERCIEMENTS La présente étude n’aurait pu être réalisée sans l’aide et la collaboration de plusieurs personnes, que nous tenons à exprimer nos vifs remerciements à : Monsieur ANDRIANASOLO RAVOAVY Jaonarivony, qui malgré ses lourdes responsabilités a accepté de nous faire un grand honneur de présider le jury de notre soutenance Madame RASAMIMANANA Hantanirina Rosiane, qui en dépit de ses nombreuses occupations a bien veillé au bon déroulement de notre travail et en acceptant avec amabilité de juger ce présent travail. Nous tenons à lui adresser nos sincères reconnaissances Madame RALAIARISON RAHARIZELINA Raobivelonoro qui nous a honoré de sa confiance en acceptant de diriger le présent mémoire et malgré ses multiples responsabilités a fait tout son possible pour nous encadrer et de nous donner continuellement d’importants conseils dans l’élaboration du présent mémoire et pour la bienveillance et la compréhension dont elle a toujours fait preuve à notre égard. Qu’elle soit assurée de notre gratitude et de notre éternelle reconnaissance. Ce travail a été effectué dans le cadre de la collaboration entre le Groupe d’Etudes et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP) et Biodiversity Conservation Madagascar (BCM). Nous tenons à exprimer nos profondes reconnaissances à : Feue Pr Berthe RAKOTOSAMIMANANA, ex Secrétaire Général du GERP, qui est l’initiateur de ce projet et avait bien voulu tout entreprendre pour la bonne réalisation de ce travail, que ses actions restent à jamais gravées en nos mémoires. v Mr Aldus ANDRIAMAMONJY, Directeur exécutif de Biodiversity Conservation Madagascar (BCM), qui a bien voulu accepter de travailler avec nous et a fourni tous les appuis pendant l’organisation et la réalisation de ce travail. Mr Owen GRIFFITHS, Fondateur de Biodiversity Conservation Madagascar (BCM), qui est l’initiateur de cet accord de collaboration. Mr Manitra RAPARIVO, notre cuisinier, qui nous a concocté et mijoté de bons repas revigorants pour la bonne marche des recherches sur terrain. Tous les guides forestiers de Biodiversity Conservation Madagascar (BCM) à Sahafina qui ont tous apportés leur soutien pendant la réalisation des travaux et la collecte des données, et qui ont bien voulu répondre à toutes nos questions relatives à l’alimentation des primates de la forêt. Tous les membres du Groupe d’Etudes et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), qui nous ont soutenus tout au long de nos travaux de recherches. Merci à tous les enseignants et au personnel administratif et technique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, pour les aides qu’ils nous ont octroyées pendant la préparation de ce mémoire et durant nos cinq ans d’étude dans cet établissement. A tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce présent mémoire. vi LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1 : Localisation de la zone d’étude ............................................................................................................. 5 Figure 2: Diagramme ombrothermique de H. GAUSSEN, de la région de Maromamy BRICKAVILLE.............. 8 Figure 3 : Couverture forestière à Sahafina (46) ................................................................................................... 10 Figure 4: photographie de l'espece eulemur fulvus .............................................................................................. 14 Figure 5 : Répartition géographique d’ Eulemur fulvus à Madagascar (12) ........................................................... 16 Figure 6: Dispositif des plots (23) ......................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 7 : Fréquence de rencontre selon l’effectif par groupe. ............................................................................. 27 Figure 8: Points de rencontre avec Eulemur fulvus............................................................................................... 29 Figure 9: Répartition journalière des activités ...................................................................................................... 30 Figure 10: Fréquence des activités de Eulemur fulvus de 6h a 15h ....................................................................... 31 Figure 11: Répartition des activités selon le microhabitat .................................................................................... 32 Figure 12: Pourcentage des activités selon les microclimats ................................................................................ 33 Figure 13: Répartition des acticités selon la position de l’animal par rapport au sol ............................................ 34 Figure 14 : Pourcentage des activités selon les espèces végétales ........................................................................ 35 Figure 15 : Répartition des activités selon la distance de l’observateur ................................................................ 36 Figure 16 : Dessins montrant des arbres et des animaux épanouis vivant en harmonie ........................................ 52 Figure 17 : Dessins montrant les mauvaises actions de l’homme sur la forêt. ...................................................... 53 Figure 18 : Dessins montrant les conséquences des actions de l’homme.............................................................. 53 vii LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau I : Situation des moyennes de Températures mensuelles de 1976-2005 ................................................... 6 Tableau II : Variation des moyennes mensuelles des précipitations de 1976- 2005 ............................................... 7 Tableau III : Pourcentage de rencontre au mois d’octobre et novembre 2005 suivant le microclimat................. 26 Tableau IV : Effectif des individus rencontrés dans chaque secteur ..................................................................... 28 Tableau V: Nombre d’espèces recensées dans chaque site. .................................................................................. 37 Tableau VI: Caractéristiques biologiques des plantes recensées .......................................................................... 38 Tableau VII : Taux d’abondance des espèces consommées dans les trois sites inventoriés ................................. 39 Tableau VIII: Pourcentage des plantes selon les parties consommées. ................................................................. 40 Tableau IX : Proposition d’une fiche technique pour la séance de sensibilisation ................................................ 54 Tableau X : Proposition d’une fiche de préparation .............................................................................................. 56 viii SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapitre I SITE D’ETUDE I.1 Cadre physique ............................................................................................................................................... 4 I.1.1 Localisation géographique ........................................................................................................................ 4 I.1.2 Conditions climatiques .............................................................................................................................. 6 a. Température .............................................................................................................................................. 6 b. Précipitation .............................................................................................................................................
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