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Babasaheb Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (14th April 1891 - 6th December 1956) DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR WRITINGS AND SPEECHES Volume No. : 7 Dr. Ambedkar Foundation Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment Govt. of India Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar : Writings and Speeches Volume No. : 7 First Edition: Education Department, Govt. of Maharashtra: 14 April, 1979 First Re-Printed by Dr. Ambedkar Foundation: Jan, 2014 Second Re-Printed by Dr. Ambedkar Foundation: August, 2019 Third Re-Printed by Dr. Ambedkar Foundation: August, 2020 ISBN: 978-93-5109-178-3 Cover Design: Dr. Debendra Prasad Majhi, Ph.D. Monogram used on the Cover page is taken from Babasaheb Dr. Ambedkar’s Letterhead. © Courtesy: Secretary, Education Department, Government of Maharashtra. ISBN (Set): 978-93-5109-171-4 Discounted Price: One Set of 1 to 17 Volumes (20 Books): Rs. 2250/- Discount Policy Annexed. Publisher: Dr. Ambedkar Foundation Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment, Govt. of India 15, Janpath, New Delhi – 110 001 Phone: 011-23320571 Public Relation Officer : 011-23320588 Email: [email protected] Website: http://drambedkarwritings.gov.in The Education Department, Government of Maharashtra, Bombay-400032. For Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Source Material Publication Committee Printer: M/s Aravali Printers & Publishers Pvt. Ltd., W-30, Okhala Phase – 2, New Delhi – 110020 Collected Works of Babasaheb Dr. Ambedkar (CWBA) Counselling and Collaboration Dr. Thaawarchand Gehlot Minister for Social Justice & Empowerment, Govt. of India and Chairperson, Dr. Ambedkar Foundation Shri Ramdas Athawale Minister of State for Social Justice & Empowerment, Govt. of India Shri Krishan Pal Gurjar Minister of State for Social Justice & Empowerment, Govt. of India Shri Rattan Lal Kataria Minister of State for Social Justice & Empowerment, Govt. of India Shri R. Subrahmanyam Secretary, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment, Govt. of India Ms. Upma Srivastava Addl. Secretary and Member Secretary, Dr. Ambedkar Foundation, Govt. of India Dr. Debendra Prasad Majhi, Ph.D. Director, Dr. Ambedkar Foundation, Govt. of India Dr. Brijesh Kumar Co-ordinator (CWBA), Dr. Ambedkar Foundation CWBA VOLUMES RELEASE The Complete Sets of Collected Works of Babasaheb Dr. Ambedkar, popularly known as CWBA / lEiw.kZ ok³~e;] in Hindi and English, being released by Dr. Thaawarchand Gehlot, Hon’ble Minister of Social Justice & Empowerment, Government of India and Chairman, Dr. Ambedkar Foundation at New Delhi. Dr. Debendra Prasad Majhi, Director of the Foundation and Sh. Surendra Singh, Member Secretary were also present on the occasion. The Volumes in Hindi (Vol. 22 to Vol. 40) have been published for the first time in 2019. PREFACE Babasaheb Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was an erudite personality, a symbol of knowledge and a great son of India. He was a public intellectual, social revolutionary and a prolific communicator. He has left behind thought provoking writings and speeches bearing interdisciplinary perspectives, with insightful analysis of socio- political situations which evoke intellectual reasons and emotions. His writings are having profound sense of justice manifested in emancipation of marginalized masses. He not only dedicated his life for ameliorating the conditions of deprived sections of the society, but his views on inclusiveness and “Samajik Samrasta” continue inspiring national endeavor. It is expected that these Volumes may provide contemporary relevance of his thought and open up the possibilities of rethinking Dr. Ambedkar in the present day context. The mandate of Dr. Ambedkar Foundation, inter-alia, include implementation of programmes and furthering the ideology and message of Babasaheb Dr. Ambedkar among the masses in India as well as abroad. It is a matter of great happiness that consequent upon a decision by the Governing Body of the Foundation Chaired by Hon’ble Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment, the Foundation is getting the third edition of Collected Works of Babasaheb Ambedkar (CWBA) Volumes, reprinted on popular demand of the readers. It is informed for the benefit of all concerned that the Foundation always endeavors to make the Volumes available to the readers at an affordable price, and accordingly, it has also been decided to continue with the discount policy as per the past practices on Sale of Volumes. The discount policy of the Foundation has been annexed with each Volume. It is hoped that the Volumes will continue to be source of inspirations for the readers. 15, Janpath, (Dr. Debendra Prasad Majhi) New Delhi D:\AMBEDKAR\VOL-07\CONTENT Mk S.K.—26-09-2013>DK>9-11-2013\M 1 Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Source Material Publication Committee, Maharashtra State EDITORIAL BOARD 1SHRI KAMALKISHOR KADAM .. .. .. PRESIDENT MINISTER FOR EDUCATION 2PROF. JAVED KHAN .. .. .. VICE-PRESIDENT EDUCATION MINISTER FOR STATE 3SHRI R. S. GAVAI .. .. .. VICE-PRESIDENT 4SHRI DADASAHEB RUPAVATE .. .. .. EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT 5SHRI B. C. KAMBLE .. .. .. MEMBER 6DR. P. T. BORALE .. .. .. MEMBER 7SHRI GHANSHYAM TALVATKAR .. .. .. MEMBER 8SHRI SHANKARRAO KHARAT .. .. .. MEMBER 9SHRIMATI SHANTABAI DANI .. .. .. MEMBER 10 SHRI WAMAN NIMBALKAR .. .. .. MEMBER 11 SHRI PRAKASH AMBEDKAR .. .. .. MEMBER 12 SHRI R. R. BHOLE .. .. .. MEMBER 13 SHRI S. S. REGE .. .. .. MEMBER 14 DR. BHALCHANDRA PHADKE .. .. .. MEMBER 15 SHRI DAYA PAWAR .. .. .. MEMBER 16 SHRI LAXMAN MANE .. .. .. MEMBER 17 PROF. N. D. PATIL .. .. .. MEMBER 18 PROF. MORESHWAR VANMALI .. .. .. MEMBER 19 PROF. JANARDAN WAGHMARE .. .. .. MEMBER 20 BARRISTER P. G. PATIL .. .. .. MEMBER 21 DR. M. P. MANGUDKAR .. .. .. MEMBER 22 PROF. G. P. PRADHAN .. .. .. MEMBER 23 SHRI B. M. AMBHAIKAR .. .. .. MEMBER 24 SHRI N. M. KAMBLE .. .. .. MEMBER 25 PROF. J. C. CHANDURKAR .. .. .. MEMBER 26 SHRI GIRISH KHOBRAGADE .. .. .. MEMBER 27 SECRETARY, EDUCATION DEPARTMENT .. .. MEMBER 28 DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION .. .. .. MEMBER- SECRETARY 29 SHRI V. W. MOON, O.S.D. .. .. .. MEMBER 30 DISCOUNT POLICY ON SALE OF VOLUMES D:\AMBEDKAR\VOL-07\CONTENT Mk S.K.—26-09-2013>DK>9-11-2013\M 3 FOREWORD The seventh volume of the Writings and Speeches of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar contains two of his most memorable contributions to the sociological literature of the modern India, viz. (1) ‘Who were the Shudras?- How they came to be the Fourth Varna in the Indo-Aryan Society;’ and (2) ‘The Untouchables- Who Were They and Why They Became Untouchables?’ Both these works have influenced the thinking of the present century which has witnessed emergence of the individual as the autonomous unit in the constitutional jurisprudence of equality and liberty. They mark the inauguration of the age of reason in our history and impress upon us the need to rearrange our social institutions in harmony with the dynamics of technological changes which have made it possible for masses to enjoy freedom. The age of reason was the effect of technologies of freedom and mobility inherent in the Railways, Roads, Telegraphs, mass educa- tion movements and greater contacts with the liberal culture of the West. Both the works have a historical orientation and throw a critical light on the problem of the caste as the inhibitory and controlling element in the social organisation and structure. The defect of the Indian social structure was immobility which was institutionalised as the divine dispensation, leading to decay and atrophy. Dr. Ambedkar examines the problem in the light of historical evidence and shows how the caste became the fundamental criterion of social action. The work ‘Who were the Shudras?’ is inscribed to the memory of Mahatma Jotiba Fule whom Dr. Ambedkar esteems “as the greatest Shudra of Modern India who made the lower classes of Hindus conscious of their slavery to the higher classes and who preached the gospel that for India social democracy was more vital than D:\AMBEDKAR\VOL-07\CONTENT Mk S.K.—26-09-2013>DK>9-11-2013\S 4 (ii) independence from foreign rule.” The history of India is a tally of events of caste-discrimination preached and practised in the name of God. It is fair to conclude in retrospect that the caste as the institution is the survival of pre-jural society and the early juris- prudence of India like the jurisprudence of many other countries, was sustained by the belief in supernatural agencies which punish transgression of usages and can be assuaged by the magic charms and rituals. It is due to the role of religion in the early laws that the priest became the most potent instrument of the stability and the status quo. In Europe the priest and the supremacy of the Church was challenged by intellectuals but in India the challenge to the priestly class and the tradition came much later when the British Rule for the first time introduced masses to the democratic values which find expression in the Proclamation of 1858 which states: “And it is our further Will that, so far as may be, our subjects of whatever Race or creed, be freely and impartially admitted to offices in our service, the duties of which they may be qualified by their education, ability and integrity to discharge.” In a society of institutionalised gradation and hierarchy, this was a revolution in ideas and ideals of equality which Dr. Ambedkar has advocated in a spirit of social democracy. The present constitutional mandate for equality is trace- able to this accident of history which brought with the British rule the philosophy of social change that whatever may be birth-mark, education would qualify an individual for a public office or employ- ment. This was the first blow to the doctrine of the caste followed by the
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    Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity South Asian Nomads - A Literature Review Anita Sharma CREATE PATHWAYS TO ACCESS Research Monograph No. 58 January 2011 University of Sussex Centre for International Education The Consortium for Educational Access, Transitions and Equity (CREATE) is a Research Programme Consortium supported by the UK Department for International Development (DFID). Its purpose is to undertake research designed to improve access to basic education in developing countries. It seeks to achieve this through generating new knowledge and encouraging its application through effective communication and dissemination to national and international development agencies, national governments, education and development professionals, non-government organisations and other interested stakeholders. Access to basic education lies at the heart of development. Lack of educational access, and securely acquired knowledge and skill, is both a part of the definition of poverty, and a means for its diminution. Sustained access to meaningful learning that has value is critical to long term improvements in productivity, the reduction of inter- generational cycles of poverty, demographic transition, preventive health care, the empowerment of women, and reductions in inequality. The CREATE partners CREATE is developing its research collaboratively with partners in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The lead partner of CREATE is the Centre for International Education at the University of Sussex. The partners are: