DOCSLIB.ORG

Part One Draft March 12, 2014

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Part One Draft March 12, 2014 MADE TO ORDER: AN INTERPRETATION OF MASCULINITY IN BRITAIN DURING THE GREAT WAR ________________ A University Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, East Bay ________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in History ________________ By Adam Fitch March, 2014 Copyright © 2014 by Adam Fitch ii Preface ! For the past two years I have been researching what it meant to be male in Great Britain during the period leading up to and during the First World War. I’ve examined the masculine identity shared in the ranks of British soldiers serving on the continent as well as among the men who remained at home. I have looked at how the British male living in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century saw himself and how that self-image was the result of a unique historical transformation -- the masculinization of British society. British males living around the turn of the last century expressed a constructed historical masculinity, one that the government and organs of the state fostered and also profited from. The inspiration behind this project, however, was decided long before the subsequent research, and finding extensive pre-existing works in this area was at once exciting and also disappointing as I wanted to be the first to investigate these waters. The historian Simon Schama observed correctly that all history tends towards autobiographical confession, and writing this thesis has, at various times, been deeply personal. In these pages, it is my hope that I have done some justice towards further understanding what motivated those lost as a result of man’s folly, and that in some small way I have kept the memory of the war alive. iv Acknowledgments !The author wishes to express appreciation to the Department of History at California State East Bay for their support, especially to Professor Henry Reichman and Professor Jessica Weiss for their vast reserve of knowledge in and their dedication to the field of history, and of course their patience. To Professor Nancy Thompson who graciously agreed to read and edit this work. Professor Khal Schneider’s kindness and encouragement helped me in completing all parts of the history program. Henry Adams suggested that teachers affect eternity as they never know where their influence stops, so to that end this thesis is as much a product of my eighth grade history teacher at Joaquin Miller Middle School, Mr. Madsen, who unknowingly rescued me from childhood loneliness by showing me worlds beyond the one I knew. I also want to dedicate this thesis to my former professor Dr. Bernard A. Cook who taught at Loyola University New Orleans when I was an undergraduate. Although he likely wouldn’t remember me, his lasting impression was as a gentle, intelligent, and the kindest of human beings. !The small staff at the Imperial War Museum in London was very helpful in showing me how to navigate their collection. The British Library and the National Archives have moved towards digitizing their vast archival materials making for user friendly navigation and made some of my research more manageable. !This thesis would never have been completed without the devotion of my mother and father. Special thanks to my friend Dr. Jade O’Dell who agreed to v edit my work, and to my friend Michael Clark who inspired me by example. This thesis is also dedicated to Paul Wakefield, whose broken promise and unrealized potential would unintentionally give me the kernel at the center of this thesis. And for another Paul, the protagonist in Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, whose lost innocence is hopefully reflected in the following pages. vi Table of Contents Preface..................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments..................................................................................................v List of Abbreviations............................................................................................viii List of Figures........................................................................................................ix List of Plates..........................................................................................................xi Introduction: Subject, Historiography and Method of this Investigation.................1 Chapter One: Of Mustaches and Men.................................................................22 Chapter Two: Anthem For Doomed Youth...........................................................46 Plates and Figures: The Changing Face of British Masculinity............................66 Chapter Three: Song to the Men of England.......................................................81 Chapter Four: Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori........................................102 Conclusion.........................................................................................................120 Bibliography ......................................................................................................130 vii List of Abbreviations ANZAC....................................................Australian and New Zealand Army Corps BEF...............................................................................British Expeditionary Force DORA..............................................................................Defense of the Realm Act IWM......................................................................................Imperial War Museum NCF…………………....…………………………………..No-Conscription Fellowship PRC................................................................Parliamentary Recruiting Committee viii List of Figures Figure 1, Percy Bysshe Shelley..........................................................................66 Figure 2, Charles Dickens in 1839......................................................................66 Figure 3, Benjamin Disraeli in 1852....................................................................66 Figure 4, Sir Frederick Leighton, 1871................................................................67 Figure 5, Lord Cyril Flowers, 1872......................................................................67 Figure 6, Lord Kitchener, ! as ideal masculine patriot and warrior fingering the viewer, 1914........70 Figure 7, Another Kitchener Poster appearing one year after the first, ! this time with the added threat of conscription.....................................71 Figure 8, Enlist Today: He’s Happy & Satisfied, Are You? ! Recruitment Poster created by the PRC, 1915....................................72 Figure 9, There are THREE types of Men: To Which do YOU Belong? ! PRC poster, 1915................................................................................72 Figure 10, “When are the other boys COMING?” ! From the Central Council for the Recruitment for Ireland, 1915.......72 Figure 11, An APPEAL to YOU: “Give us a hand old man!” ! From the Central Council for the Recruitment for Ireland, 1915..........72 Figure 12, Are YOU in this? ! A Lord Baden-Powell designed recruitment poster, 1915..................73 Figure 13, Everyone Should Do His Bit: Enlist Now ! Boy Scout contemplating enlisting. PRC poster, 1915......................74 Figure 14, British Athletes! Will you follow this Glorious Example?....................74 Figure 15, ANZAC “worthy sons of Empire”........................................................75 Figure 16, English inspired poster from Australia...............................................75 Figure 17, Women of Britain say “GO!” PRC poster, 1915.................................78 ! ix Figure 18, The Conscientious Objector at the Front, PRC Poster, 1916............78 Figure 19, Picture Postcard by artist Archibald English, 1916............................79 Figure 20, Daily Mail cartoon by artist Frank Holland, depicting the lazy conscientious objector...........................................79 x List of Plates Plate 1, Lord Kitchener of Khartoum, 1885: The countenance of Empire...........67 Plate 2, Douglas Haig, aged 23 in 1885: Lieutenant in the Hussars...................67 Plate 3, Colonial Officers in India, 1910..............................................................68 Plate 4, Boys of the Sleyne School, exercising early 1900’s..............................68 Plate 5, Physical exercises for recruits in the covered tennis hall at Trinity in Cambridge, 1915........................69 Plate 6, Physical Inspections by Recruiting Physicians, 1915............................69 Plate 7, BEF Troops preparing for deployment August 6, 1914..........................70 Plate 8, Recruiting Office London, 1914.............................................................70 Plate 9, British Officer Maneuvers at War’s outbreak, 1914...............................71 Plate 10, Scouts in uniform from Britain and France ! along with their respective flags, 1912.................................................73 Plate 11, Baden-Powell and George V handing out Scout Badges....................73 Plate 12, The Duke of Connaught inspecting Boy Scouts..................................74 Plate 13, 51st Highland Division on Parade........................................................75 Plate 14, Irish BEF soldiers resting in a back trench ! at First Battle of the Somme, 1916......................................................76 Plate 15, King George V inspecting the 25th Infantry division............................76 Plate 16, Soldiers at Gallipoli..............................................................................77
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Durham Light Infantry and the Somme 1916
    The Durham Light Infantry and The Somme 1916 by John Bilcliffe edited and amended in 2016 by Peter Nelson and Steve Shannon Part 4 The Casualties. Killed in Action, Died of Wounds and Died of Disease. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License You can download this work and share it with others as long as it is credited, but you can’t change it in any way or use it commercially © John Bilcliffe. Email [email protected] Part 4 Contents. 4.1: Analysis of casualties sustained by The Durham Light Infantry on the Somme in 1916. 4.2: Officers who were killed or died of wounds on the Somme 1916. 4.3: DLI Somme casualties by Battalion. Note: The drawing on the front page of British infantrymen attacking towards La Boisselle on 1 July 1916 is from Reverend James Birch's war diary. DCRO: D/DLI 7/63/2, p.149. About the Cemetery Codes used in Part 4 The author researched and wrote this book in the 1990s. It was designed to be published in print although, sadly, this was not achieved during his lifetime. Throughout the text, John Bilcliffe used a set of alpha-numeric codes to abbreviate cemetery names. In Part 4 each soldier’s name is followed by a Cemetery Code and, where known, the Grave Reference, as identified by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Here are two examples of the codes and what they represent: T2 Thiepval Memorial A5 VII.B.22 Adanac Military Cemetery, Miraumont: Section VII, Row B, Grave no.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great War, 1914-18 Biographies of the Fallen
    IRISH CRICKET AND THE GREAT WAR, 1914-18 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE FALLEN BY PAT BRACKEN IN ASSOCIATION WITH 7 NOVEMBER 2018 Irish Cricket and the Great War 1914-1918 Biographies of The Fallen The Great War had a great impact on the cricket community of Ireland. From the early days of the war until almost a year to the day after Armistice Day, there were fatalities, all of whom had some cricket heritage, either in their youth or just prior to the outbreak of the war. Based on a review of the contemporary press, Great War histories, war memorials, cricket books, journals and websites there were 289 men who died during or shortly after the war or as a result of injuries received, and one, Frank Browning who died during the 1916 Easter Rising, though he was heavily involved in organising the Sporting Pals in Dublin. These men came from all walks of life, from communities all over Ireland, England, Scotland, Wales, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, India and Sri Lanka. For all but four of the fifty-two months which the war lasted, from August 1914 to November 1918, one or more men died who had a cricket connection in Ireland or abroad. The worst day in terms of losses from a cricketing perspective was the first day of the Battle of the Somme, 1 July 1916, when eighteen men lost their lives. It is no coincidence to find that the next day which suffered the most losses, 9 September 1916, at the start of the Battle of Ginchy when six men died.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pals Battalions
    The Pals Battalions What were the Pals Battalions? At the start of World War I the formation of Pals Battalions were encouraged. These were battalions of the British Army that were formed from local men, rather than men signing up to the army and being allocated a battalion. The idea was that a group of men from the same community – such as family members, friends, or colleagues from the same workplace – could fight together rather than be separated and end up fighting alongside strangers. Why were Pals Battalions encouraged? Almost as soon as war had been declared it was clear that the peacetime British Army was going to be too small to fight the war on the scale needed. Kitchener, the Secretary of State for War, correctly predicted that the war was going to be longer than many people first imagined (he did not share the popular thought that it would be ‘over by Christmas’) and that a significant increase in manpower was going to be required. This is what led to the call for volunteers to join the army. Men of a suitable age were encouraged to sign up to fight for their country, and they did so in their thousands. Many were motivated by the excitement, the belief that the war would be short and a resulting feeling of not wanting to ‘miss out,’ the chance to escape poverty at home, and patriotism. The idea of Pals Battalions was also a factor in the success of this recruitment drive and captured the feeling of excitement. It was suggested by General Sir Henry Rawlinson as a way of boosting numbers.
    [Show full text]
  • Choices Then and Now
    Choices Then and Now Diversity and Equality Peace and Conflict Extremism and Resilience History English Computing Citizenship SMSC PSHE Primary Secondary Post 16 Innovation and The Pe aceMuseum Cohesion Works Written and produced for Bradford Metropolitan District Council and the Peace Museum UK by Diane Hadwen and Ben Chalcraft. Cover image ‘The Conchie’, 1931 Arthur W. Gay, b. 1901 d.1958 Reproduced by The Peace Museum UK for educational purposes only. All stories and intellectual copyright remain the property of Diane Hadwen and Ben Chalcraft © Innovation and Cohesion Works, 2013 unless otherwise stated. Choices Then and Now Resource © Peace Museum UK Resource Bank CD-ROM 2 Acknowledgements Many thanks to the following people and organisations for their support: Linda Cowie – Schools Linking Network Dr Kathryn Hughes - West Yorkshire Lives Dave Howard – Bradford College Naoe Shiraki - Peace Museum UK Lauren Padgett – Peace Museum UK Choices Website : www.choicesthenandnow.co.uk Contact the Peace Museum: Email: [email protected] Telephone: (01274) 780241 Website: www.peacemuseum.org.uk Twitter: @PeaceMuseumUK Facebook: The Peace Museum 3 Contents 1. Introduction 5 1.1 What’s it all about? 6 1.2 Overview 7 1.3 Abbreviations 8 1.4 Rationale and aims 9 1.5 The context 10 1.6 Important considerations 11 1.7 Teaching about controversial issues 12 1.8 Cross-curricular themes and dimensions 13 1.9 Safeguarding and e-safety 15 2. Setting the Scene - Background Information for Teachers 16 2.1 Fact file – Why did Britain go to war in 1914? 18 2.2 Fact file – A War on Terror? 20 2.3 Days that changed the world 1914 – 1919 22 2.4 Days that changed the world 2001 – 2013 24 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Somme Resources 1.Pdf
    The Battle of the Somme 1916 – background information The Battle of the Somme was one of the largest battles of the First World War in which more than 1,000,000 men were wounded or killed; making it one the bloodiest battles in history. It took place between 1st July and 18th November 1916 in Northern France around the River Somme. Map 1 The aim of the Battle was to achieve a decisive victory for the Allies over the Germans on the Western Front after 18 months of trench stalemate where neither side had looked like winning the war. Most of the soldiers in the British Army were volunteers who had joined up in 1914 in their thousands in response to a government campaign led by Lord Kitchener for new recruits. ‘Kitchener’s New Army’ was divided into battalions often made up of volunteers from the same cities, towns and villages, or from the same workplace. In the North, these battalions were often known as Pals Battalions e.g. the Accrington Pals and the Barnsley Pals. Some battalions were even made up of sportsmen such as the Football Battalion. For many of these volunteers the Battle of the Somme was their first experience of fighting in the First World War. Fighting alongside the British on the Somme were soldiers from all over the British Empire including Newfoundland, Canada, Bermuda, Australia and New Zealand. On the orders of Sir Douglas Haig, the commander of the British Army, the Battle started with a weeklong artillery bombardment of the German lines. Nearly 2 million shells were fired at the Germans with the aim of completely destroying their trenches.
    [Show full text]
  • COLLECTIONS GUIDE 10 the First World War
    COLLECTIONS GUIDE 10 The First World War Contacting Us We recommend that you contact us to book a place before visiting our searchrooms. WYAS Bradford Margaret McMillan Tower Prince’s Way Bradford BD1 1NN Telephone +44 (0)113 393 9785 e. [email protected] WYAS Calderdale Central Library Northgate House Northgate This guide provides an introductory outline to some of the Halifax HX1 1UN fascinating collections we hold relating to the First World Telephone +44 (0)1422 392636 War. e. [email protected] Although we have thoroughly searched our holdings, please WYAS Kirklees note that this list is not exhaustive and that there may be Central Library Princess Alexandra Walk more information to be found on the First World War in local Huddersfield authority, school, charity and church collections. HD1 2SU Telephone +44 (0)1484 221966 If you would like to know more about West Yorkshire Archive e. [email protected] Service, please check our website at WYAS Leeds Nepshaw Lane South www.archives.wyjs.org.uk or visit our offices in Bradford, Leeds LS27 7JQ Calderdale (Halifax), Kirklees (Huddersfield), Leeds and Telephone +44 (0)113 3939788 e. [email protected] Wakefield. (see the last page of this guide for further information) WYAS Wakefield West Yorkshire History Centre 127 Kirkgate Wakefield To find out more about these documents check our online WF1 1JG e. [email protected] collections catalogue at http://catalogue.wyjs.org.uk/ (The number in brackets at the start of each entry is the catalogue finding number) 09/02/2017 1 Documents held at WYAS, Bradford War Memorials and Rolls of Honour (15D92) 1922 Programme for the unveiling of the Bradford War Memorial The War Memorial was unveiled on Saturday 1 July 1922.
    [Show full text]
  • First World War Records, Comprising a Letter 1917 and Photographs a Builder Renovating a House in Thornton Lodge, Huddersfield Originally Discovered These Records
    COLLECTIONS GUIDE 10 The First World War Contacting Us Please contact us to book a place before visiting our searchrooms. WYAS Bradford Margaret McMillan Tower Prince’s Way Bradford BD1 1NN Telephone +44 (0)113 535 0152 e. [email protected] WYAS Calderdale Central Library & Archives Square Road Halifax HX1 1QG This guide provides an introductory outline to some of the Telephone +44 (0)113 535 0151 e. [email protected] fascinating collections we hold relating to the First World War. WYAS Kirklees Central Library Although we have thoroughly searched our holdings, please Princess Alexandra Walk Huddersfield note that this list is not exhaustive and that there may be HD1 2SU more information to be found on the First World War in local Telephone +44 (0)113 535 0150 authority, school, charity and church collections. e. [email protected] If you would like to know more about West Yorkshire Archive WYAS Leeds Nepshaw Lane South Service, please check our website at Leeds LS27 7JQ http://www.wyjs.org.uk/archive-services/ or visit our offices in Telephone +44 (0)113 535 0155 e. [email protected] Bradford, Calderdale (Halifax), Kirklees (Huddersfield), WYAS Wakefield Leeds and Wakefield. West Yorkshire History Centre 127 Kirkgate To find out more about these documents check our online Wakefield collections catalogue at WF1 1JG Telephone +44 (0)113 535 0142 http://www.catalogue.wyjs.org.uk/calmview/ e. [email protected] (The number in brackets at the start of each entry is the catalogue finding number) 26/03/2018 1 Documents held at WYAS, Bradford War Memorials and Rolls of Honour (15D92) 1922 Programme for the unveiling of the Bradford War Memorial The War Memorial was unveiled on Saturday 1 July 1922.
    [Show full text]
  • Private Arthur Henry HALL Service Number: 65 10Th Battalion (Grimsby Chums) Lincolnshire Regiment Died 1St July 1916
    Private Arthur Henry HALL Service Number: 65 10th Battalion (Grimsby Chums) Lincolnshire Regiment Died 1st July 1916 Commemorated on Thiepval Memorial Pier and face 1C WW1 Centenary record of an Unknown Soldier Private Arthur Henry HALL Service Number: 65 10th Battalion (Grimsby Chums) Lincolnshire Regiment Died 1st July 1916 Commemorated on Thiepval Memorial Pier and face 1C WW1 Centenary record of an Unknown Soldier Recruitment – 10th Battalion Lincolnshire Regiment – The Grimsby Chums Private Arthur HALL was a member of the Grimsby Chums who were a Pals battalion of Kitchener's Army raised in and around the town of Grimsby in Lincolnshire in 1914. When the battalion was taken over by the British Army it was officially named the 10th (Service) Battalion, The Lincolnshire Regiment. It was the only 'pals battalion' to be called 'chums'. Battle of the Somme The plan was for the British forces to attack on a fourteen mile front after an intense week-long artillery bombardment of the German positions. Over 1.6 million shells were fired, 70 for every one metre of front, the idea being to decimate the German Front Line. Two minutes before zero-hour 19 mines were exploded under the German lines. Whistles sounded and the troops went over the top at 7.30am. They advanced in lines at a slow, steady pace across No Man's Land towards the German front line. Objective 9 – La Boisselle – The Somme - See Fig 1. Attack on La Boisselle Private Arthur HALL and the 10th Lincolns were assigned Objective 9, an attack on the village of La Boisselle.
    [Show full text]
  • Eckington and the First World War
    Eckington and the First World War Soldiers and their Families What Happened Next Elaine Chambers CONTENTS Dedication Commemoration Acknowledgements .......................1 Memorials ................................... 59 Author’s biography ........................2 Medals ......................................... 63 Foreword Family: Lund ............................... 68 Professor David R Grayson CBE ...3 Regimental remembrance; Introduction ..................................4 Sherwood Foresters ..................... 71 Key facts, details of project Family: Redfern .......................... 72 and links to previous work .............5 Poppy Day .................................. 75 Story of a decade 1914-1924 Home Front War years 1914 to 1917 .................9 Industry ....................................... 76 Turning point 1918 ..................... 24 Mines .......................................... 76 Aftermath 1919-1924 .................. 30 Family: Wells ............................... 79 Timeline Summary ...................... 38 Ironworks .................................... 83 Women’s roles ............................. 84 THEMES Suffrage and Sylvia Pankhurst ...... 88 Eckington Map ............................ 39 Influenza...................................... 93 Food and Fuel ............................. 95 Enlistment Housing....................................... 96 Copyright ©Elaine Chambers Family: Cartlidge ......................... 41 Family: Nightingale ................... 100 All rights reserved. The Returners No
    [Show full text]
  • Remembering and Disremembering the Dead
    PALGRAVE HISTORICAL STUDIES IN THE CRIMINAL CORPSE AND ITS AFTERLIFE Series Editors: Owen Davies Elizabeth T. Hurren · Sarah Tarlow REMEMBERING AND DISREMEMBERING THE DEAD Posthumous Punishment, Harm and Redemption over Time Floris Tomasini Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and its Afterlife Series editors Owen Davies University of Hertfordshire Hatfeld, UK Elizabeth T. Hurren School of Historical Studies University of Leicester Leicester, UK Sarah Tarlow History and Archaeology University of Leicester Leicester, UK This limited, fnite series is based on the substantive outputs from a major, multi-disciplinary research project funded by the Wellcome Trust, investigating the meanings, treatment, and uses of the criminal corpse in Britain. It is a vehicle for methodological and substantive advances in approaches to the wider history of the body. Focussing on the period between the late seventeenth and the mid-nineteenth centuries as a cru- cial period in the formation and transformation of beliefs about the body, the series explores how the criminal body had a prominent presence in popular culture as well as science, civic life and medico-legal activity. It is historically signifcant as the site of overlapping and sometimes contradic- tory understandings between scientifc anatomy, criminal justice, popular medicine, and social geography. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14694 Floris Tomasini Remembering and Disremembering the Dead Posthumous Punishment, Harm and Redemption over Time Floris Tomasini University of Leicester Leicester, UK Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and its Afterlife ISBN 978-1-137-53827-7 ISBN 978-1-137-53828-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-53828-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017938625 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • A Century of Remembrance the Stories of the Men on the War Memorial Dore News
    DORE VILLAGE SOCIETY NO. 132 WINTER 2018 ISSN 0965-8912 A Century of Remembrance The stories of the men on the war memorial Dore News Thank you to the residents of Dore Thanks to deliverers St Vincent’s Furniture Store charity wish to thank the many residents Gillian, Geoff and by extension the whole of the Dore to Door team and households in Dore who have most generously supported St would like to thank three of our deliverers who are no longer able Vincent’s for the past 31 years, donating good quality furniture and to distribute this magazine and are retiring. Brenda Fryer has been household items. Everything they received from you was given delivering Dore to Door for 22 years, Tony Long for about 20 years, away free of charge to help homeless families and individuals in and Graham Oates for seven years. What wonderful service to the Sheffield rebuild their lives. community! Since St Vincent’s started in 1987, almost 100,000 people have Between them they have almost 50 years of service, and they benefited from their help and over 14,000 tonnes of furniture has are just three of the sixty or so people who turn out in all weathers been saved from going into landfill sites. If any residents wish to to ensure that you get your community magazine on time. make further donations in the future either of furniture, or a financial Our distributon network ensures that we reach 3,600 homes - donation helping us keep our vans on the road, please telephone that’s over 7000 people - with Dore to Door every quarter.
    [Show full text]
  • Chief Executive
    STRABANE IN WORLD WAR 1 As reported in The Strabane Chronicle & The Strabane Weekly News July 1914 – November 1919 Thanks are due to all those who contributed to the compilation of material for this research project. The group painstakingly combed the microfilm copies of the Strabane Chronicle and Strabane Weekly news and selected material and these included John Rogan, James Johnston, Joseph O’Kane, Hugh McGarrigle, Kathleen Patton, Chris McDermott, Pat McGuigan, William Allen, Ronnie Johnston, Michael Kennedy and John Dooher. Thanks are also due to Ms Geraldine Casey for her assistance. The group is grateful to the staff of Strabane Library for their unfailing help and to Libraries N.I. for making the resources available. Photo on front cover shows a military parade at The Diamond, Lifford, in 1914. CONTENTS 1914 page 4 1915 page 34 1916 page 146 1917 page 240 1918 page 318 1919 page 416 1914 Strabane Chronicle 4th July 1914 RURAL LABOUR PROBLEM There has been for many years the report states a marked scarcity of agricultural labourers, which was becoming more and more acute. The increase in the cost of living and the increased prices which the farmers was getting for his produce had been mainly instrumental in bringing about increased wages. The wages however are still very low. The usual daily wage current in 1913 were for men 2s to 3s 6d, for women 1s 6d to 3s. RESERVES CALLED UP IMMEDIATELY At the start of WW1 58,000 Irishmen were already enlisted in the British Regular Army or Navy – 21,000 serving regular soldiers, 18,000 reservists, 12,000 in the Special Reserve, 5,000 Naval ratings and 2,000 officers.
    [Show full text]