Transhumanizm I Sztuka Cyfrowa

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Transhumanizm I Sztuka Cyfrowa Technokultura: transhumanizm i sztuka cyfrowa Technokultura: transhumanizm i sztuka cyfrowa pod redakcją Damiana Gałuszki, Grzegorza Ptaszka i Doroty Żuchowskiej-Skiby © Copyright by Authors Kraków 2016 ISBN 978-83-65148-40-7 Redakcja naukowa: Damian Gałuszka (AGH w Krakowie) Grzegorz Ptaszek (AGH w Krakowie) Dorota Żuchowska-Skiba (AGH w Krakowie) Redakcja językowa (język angielski): Aleksander Skrzypek Recenzja: prof. dr hab. Ignacy Fiut dr hab. Jerzy Kochan, prof. Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Redakcja językowa: Ilona Turowska Korekta: Kinga Stępień Projekt okładki: LIBRON Skład: LIBRON Na okładce wykorzystano fotografię autorstwa Grzegorza Ptaszka Wydanie książki dofinansowane przez Akademię Górniczo-Hutniczą im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie (dotacja podmiotowa na utrzymanie potencjału badawczego nr 11.11.430.158) Publikacja wydana na licencji CC-BY-NC-ND 3.0 Polska Wydawnictwo LIBRON – Filip Lohner al. Daszyńskiego 21/13 31-537 Kraków tel. 12 628 05 12 e-mail: [email protected] www.libron.pl Spis treści Damian Gałuszka, Grzegorz Ptaszek, Dorota Żuchowska-Skiba Wyzwania i dylematy humanistyki XXI wieku 9 Challenges and Dillemas of Humanities in Twenty-First Century TRANSHUMANIZM I OKOLICE Kamil Szymański Transhumanizm w kontekście stanowisk historiozoficznych 25 Transhumanism in the Context of Historiosophical Positions Elżbieta Olzacka Od Homo sapiens do Homo immortalis. Idea nieśmiertelności w rosyjskich projektach filozoficznych i społeczno-politycznych 47 From Homo sapiens to Homo immortalis. The Idea of Immortality in the Russian Philosophical and Socio-Political Projects Katarzyna Nowaczyk-Basińska Nieśmiertelność – nowy performans kulturowo-technologiczny XXI wieku 63 Immortality – a New Cultural and Technological Performance of Twenty-First Century Wiktor Rorot Forever off? Status śmierci podmiotu posthumanistycznego w mediach cyfrowych 83 Forever off? Death of the Posthuman in Digital Media Janusz Bohdziewicz Myślenie w dobie po-myślności (trial) 97 Thinking in an Era of Prosperity (a Trial) Anna Kalinowska (Re)transmisja wartości. Społeczno-kulturowe przesunięcie w pojmowaniu generacyjnej roli nowych technologii 113 (Re)transmission of Values. Cross-Generational and Socio-Cultural Shift in New Technologies Przemysław Zawadzki Zarys filozoficzno-etyczno-społecznych implikacji rozwoju interfejsów mózg–komputer i mózg–mózg 131 Philosophical, Ethical and Social Implications of Brain-to-Computer and Brain-to-Brain Interfaces SZTUKA CYFROWA Marcin Petrowicz Gry wideo – medium XXI wieku 155 Videogames – Twenty-First Century Medium Martyna Bakun Nurt empathy games w niezależnych grach wideo 173 The Empathy Trend in Independent Video Games Mateusz Chaberski Proteusz i boidy. Technologiczno-społeczne asamblaże w najnowszych sztukach performatywnych 189 Proteus and Boids. Techno-Social Assemblages in Contemporary Performing Arts Edyta Kilian Roman Bromboszcz jako poeta-cyborg. Narzędzia i techniki współczesnego twórcy 213 Roman Bromboszcz as a Cyborg Poet. Tools and Techniques of a Modern Creator Gerard Ronge Inwazja symulakrów. Motyw „dramatu wyboru” jako dominanta kompozycyjna filozoficznych utworów fantastycznonaukowych 237 The Invasion of Simulacra. The Theme of “Drama Selection” as a Compositional Dominant of the Philosophical Science Fiction Works Katarzyna Kopeć Zawód: artysta. Specyfika zawodów artystycznych w elastycznym kapitalizmie 255 A Occupation: an Artist. A Specificity of Artistic Occupations in Flexible Capitalism Noty o autorach 273 Damian Gałuszka, AGH w Krakowie Grzegorz Ptaszek, AGH w Krakowie Dorota Żuchowska-Skiba, AGH w Krakowie Wyzwania i dylematy humanistyki XXI wieku Challenges and Dillemas of Humanities in Twenty-First Century Streszczenie W tekście zostały poglądowo omówione wybrane zjawiska wchodzące w obszar zainteresowania współczesnej humanistyki cyfrowej. Autorzy, wychodząc od kon- cepcji zwrotu w kulturze, zwracają uwagę na rosnące w XXI wieku zainteresowanie specyficznym typem sprawczości już nie tylko podmiotów ludzkich, ale i rzeczy (a nawet programów komputerowych). Ten zwrot jest niejako konieczny, ponieważ wzrasta rola technologii w procesach kulturowych, co określa się mianem techno- kultury. W tym kontekście opisywane są zróżnicowane formy tego oddziaływania, takie jak: algorytmy wyszukiwarek, proces cyborgizacji człowieka, rozwijający się nurt filozofii postludzkiej, nazywany transhumanizmem, oraz gry wideo – traktowa- ne jako główne medium symulacyjne, które funkcjonuje w obszarze współczesnej popkultury. Słowa kluczowe: zwroty w kulturze, technokultura, transhumanizm, humanistyka cyfrowa. Abstract This text demonstratively discusses the selected phenomena that are in the area of interest of modern digital humanities. The authors, starting from the concept of the culture turn, point out the increasing attention to a specific type of agency not only of human beings but also of items (or even computer programmes) in the XXI century. This turn is somehow necessary because the role of technology in cultural processes is increasing what is defined as technoculture. In this context, various forms of this interaction such as: algorithms of browsers, the proces of cyborgisation of a human being, a developing current of posthuman philosophy defined as transhumanism and video games – are treated as a primary simulation medium which functions within modern popculture. Keywords: culture turns, technoculture, transhumanism, digital humanities. Zwrot ku nie-rzeczom w humanistyce Druga połowa XX wieku to czas, w którym nastąpił zwrot kulturo- wy. Spowodował on nowe spojrzenie na kulturę. Jonatan Turner ten termin odnosi do szkoły frankfurckiej, postulującej teorię krytyczną do analizy społeczeństwa (Turner 2004: 639–664). Określenie to też jest używane w ujęciu szerszym – obejmuje teorie antropolo- giczne i socjologiczne, które podkreślały znaczenie i rolę kultury w tworzeniu społeczeństwa (Alexander 2010: 99–100). Takie ro- zumienie zwrotu kulturowego ma istotny wpływ na współczesną refleksję nad zmianami w rzeczywistości społeczno-kulturowej. W ramach tego trendu pojawiły się dwa podejścia. Pierwsze z nich ukazywało znaczenie kultury jako istotnego elementu reproduk- cji stosunków społecznych, który można wyjaśnić wyłącznie za pomocą analizy zmiennych istniejących w strukturze społecznej. W ramach drugiego podejścia kultura stanowiła element autono- miczny względem struktury społecznej. W rezultacie zaczęto jej przypisywać względną autonomię w kształtowaniu działań jedno- stek i grup oraz instytucji (Alexander 2010: 100–101). To, co łączyło oba podejścia, to wspólnie podzielane stanowisko, wskazujące na procesualny charakter rzeczywistości i ukazujące działanie jako podstawowy mechanizm jej kształtowania. Ostatecznie zaczęła ona być postrzegana jako wytwarzana przez aktorów społecznych, traktowanych jako podmioty sprawcze, nastawione na dokonywa- nie zmian, których jest sprawcą, a nie tylko obiektem (Leszczyńska, Skowronek 2012: 14–18). Zdaniem Ewy Domańskiej (2007: 52–53) 12 | Damian Gałuszka, Grzegorz Ptaszek, Dorota Żuchowska-Skiba to zainteresowanie w naukach humanistycznych i społecznych problemem sprawczości stanowiło podstawę kolejnego zwrotu, określanego jako performatywny, w którym performatywność była specyficznym rodzajem sprawczości „nie tylko ludzi, lecz także by- tów nieożywionych (na przykład rzeczy), zwrotem ku materialności, czyli zwrotem ku rzeczom, oraz niezwykle szybko rozwijającym się zainteresowaniem posthumanizmem (zwrot ku temu-co-nie- -ludzkie)” (Domańska 2007: 52). Zadaniem humanistów w erze posthumanizmu, na co zwraca uwagę Kazimierz Krzysztofek, ma być właśnie wyjaśnianie „po jakie nowe, nieznane wcześniej władze, sięga dziś homo sapiens” (Krzysztofek 1999: 18). Wpływ techniki na człowieka i kulturę Przełom XX i XXI – wraz z szybkim rozwojem technologii informa- cyjnych oraz cyfrowych – spowodował wyraźną zmianę w kulturze, co stanowiło i wciąż stanowi wyzwanie dla tradycyjnie rozumianej humanistyki. Niektórzy badacze na określenie specyficznej relacji między kulturą a nowymi technologiami stworzyli pojęcie „techno- kultura”, używane dla podkreślenia ogromnego wpływu techniki i technologii na sferę kultury oraz jej modyfikacje i przeobrażenia, zwłaszcza w obszarze komunikacji i władzy społecznej. Constance Penley i Andrew Ross twierdzą nawet, że […] technologie kulturowe są daleko od bycia neutralnymi i że są wynikiem procesów społecznych i stosunków władzy. Podobnie jak wszystkie technologie, są one tworzone w inte- resie zysków przemysłowych i korporacyjnych, a nie w imię większego udziału społeczeństwa lub twórczej niezależności (Penley, Ross 1991: xii). Zdaniem Kevina Robinsa i Franka Webstera, autorów książki Times of the Technoculture. From the Information Society to Virtu- al Life, technokultura obejmuje bardzo szeroki zakres zagadnień Wyzwania i dylematy humanistyki XXI wieku | 13 od polityki gospodarczej do wirtualnej kultury popularnej, tym samym uruchamiając różne dyskursy (Robins, Webster 1999: 3). Badania nad technokulturą powinny polegać na śledzeniu relacji między technologią i kulturą oraz jej przejawach we wzorach życia społecznego, strukturach ekonomicznych, polityce, sztuce, litera- turze i kulturze popularnej (Shaw 2008: 4). Chociaż w literaturze naukowej pojęcie „technokultura” pojawiło się dopiero na początku lat 90. XX wieku wraz z wydaniem w 1991 roku książki Technocultu- re pod redakcją Constance Penley i Andrew Rossa, od końca lat 60. XX wieku zaczęto zwracać uwagę na relację między dynamicznie rozwijającą się technologią i kulturą.
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