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ORQUÍDEAS: UN LLAMADO a LA EVOLUCIÓN Volumen 3 / Enero - Junio De 2018 CONTENIDO ¿Qué Son Las Orquídeas?

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ORQUÍDEAS: UN LLAMADO a LA EVOLUCIÓN Volumen 3 / Enero - Junio De 2018 CONTENIDO ¿Qué Son Las Orquídeas? ISSN: 2539-1690 ORQUÍDEAS: UN LLAMADO A LA EVOLUCIÓN Volumen 3 / enero - junio de 2018 CONTENIDO ¿Qué son las orquídeas? ..................................1 ¿Por qué resultan atractivas las orquídeas? ....2 ¿Qué son las orquídeas? Morfología ........................................................3 ¿Cuáles son las interacciones de las Las orquídeas constituyen una de las familias orquídeas? .........................................................4 más numerosas del Reino Vegetal, se estiman ¿Hay orquídeas en el bosque seco del 760 géneros y entre 19.500 y 25.000 especies Caribe colombiano? ........................................5 en el mundo. Este grupo de plantas pertene- Importancia y aportes ecológico de las cientes al orden Asparagales, dentro de las orquídeas ..........................................................6 monocotiledóneas, es decir, son plantas que Afrodisíaco milenario ....................................7 durante su germinación generan una sola Amenazas y conservación de las orquídeas ...8 hoja embrionaria o cotiledón. Orquideólogo memorable ..............................9 Glosario ......................................................... 13 Etimológicamente, el nombre “orquídea” pro- Bibliografía .................................................... 14 viene de la palabra griega “Orkhis” que signifi- ca testículos, haciendo alusión al par de tubér- AUTORES culos que tienen muchas especies de orquídeas † Diego Armando Yepes-Rapelo1,2 mediterráneas. La familia Orchidaceae se dis- M. Victoria Leon1 tribuye en casi todas las regiones del mundo, a excepción de ambientes desérticos extremos y lugares muy fríos como los polos, siendo EDITORES más diversa en el Neotrópico. Su origen data Claudia Morales1, del Cretácico, en la región de Malaya al sur de 1 Juan D. Ospino Cerpa Asia, a partir de un antecesor común con las Kevin Ramírez Roncallo1 Liliaceae y las Burmaniaceae. María Negritto3 En Colombia, se registran cerca de 230 géneros ILUSTRACIONES Y FOTOGRAFÍAS y 4.200 especies de orquídeas, convirtiendo a Diego Armando Yepes-Rapelo,1,2 nuestro país en una de las naciones más ricas en orquídeas del mundo; siendo nuestra mayor 1. Biólogo, Universidad del Magdalena representante la flor nacional Cattleya trianae. 2. Grupo de Investigación en Orquídeas, Ecología y Sistemática Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Palmira Las orquídeas constituyen una de las familias 3. Profesor Asociado, Universidad del Magdalena de plantas con flores más vistosas y son reco- nocidas fácilmente por la mayoría de las perso- INFOFLORA Boletín de Botánica nas. La diversidad de formas y ornamentacio- ¿Por qué resultan atractivas nes han sido conocidas y apreciadas por varias culturas del mundo. En países orientales como las orquídeas? China y Japón, el comercio de orquídeas y la El interés científico por las orquídeas surge admiración por la belleza de estas plantas se en 1873 con la Real Expedición Botánica del Universidad del Magdalena Universidad remonta desde por lo menos 25 siglos. Sin em- Nuevo Reino de Granada, dirigida por José bargo, aunque muchas de sus especies presen- Celestino Mutis, quien quedó admirado con ten flores grandes, hermosas y exóticas que son lo que llamarían “jardines sobre árboles”, ya empleadas en la decoración de interiores, tam- que eran plantas con flores de exótica belle- bién existen otras especies de belleza discreta, za que crecían sobre los árboles y que resul- menos vistosas que carecen de valor comercial. taban muy interesantes. Más tarde, con los trabajos de Charles R. Darwin, “Fertilization En general, se distinguen dos grandes grupos of Orchids” aunque el título completo y bien según la forma de vida o hábito: terrestres largo del libro es “Sobre las variadas estrate- y epífitas. La mayoría de las orquídeas pre- gias por las cuales las orquídeas británicas y sentes en Colombia son epífitas, viven sobre foráneas son fertilizadas por insectos y sobre otras plantas que les brindan soporte, allí los buenos efectos de la polinización cruzada” encuentran luz y aire. Algunos ejemplos de de 1862, explicó las relaciones ecológicas en- orquídeas epífitas son: los géneros Cattleya, tre las orquídeas y los insectos, evidenciando Epidendrum y Masdevallia. Es necesario acla- rar que las orquídeas epífitas no son plantas la coevolución entre ambos grupos. parásitas pues se hospedan sobre la planta, pero no extraen su alimento. La variación de tamaños, formas, colores y 2 aromas vuelve a las orquídeas muy atractivas Las orquídeas terrestres crecen erguidas so- para floricultores de todo el mundo y fue así bre la tierra, poseen abultamientos tuberoi- como se inició en Europa, desde mediados des, cuya función es almacenar nutrientes y del siglo pasado un importante comercio de agua para la planta. Entre las terrestres, se orquídeas tropicales con destino a los inver- mencionan los géneros Cleiste, Govenia y naderos de los jardines botánicos y de per- Orchis. Algunas orquídeas son rupículas, es sonas dedicadas al cultivo de estas exóticas decir crecen sobre rocas como Prosthechea y plantas. Debido al doble interés, científico algunas Cattleya brasileras, otras son subte- y horticultural, llegaron a países tropicales rráneas y saprófitas como el caso de las or- exploradores enviados por jardines botánicos quídea australiana Rhizanthella y algunas europeos, casas comerciales y sociedades de pocas semiacuáticas, como las especies de aficionados a los trópicos para buscar y des- Habenaria. pachar a Europa los ejemplares encontrados. Morfología madas polinios, por lo general de consistencia algo dura. El ovario es ínfero. Para identificar una orquídea debemos te- ner en cuenta lo siguiente: por lo general son Otras características importantes es que las plantas herbáceas, con flores hermafroditas, raíces se encuentran cubiertas por una en- aunque en algunos casos puede haber flores voltura blanca denominada velamen que le unisexuales, las flores se componen de tres permite captar y absorber mayor cantidad de sépalos y tres pétalos, uno de los pétalos se ha agua. Las hojas varían mucho, son simples, modificado en forma y color, resultando más llamativo que los demás y al que se le atribu- enteras, alternas, a veces dísticas, opuestas, ye la función de atraer los polinizadores, es el verticiladas, algunas veces son basales o están labelo. Los verticilos florales, del androceo y reducidas a escamas, con nervadura paralela, parte del gineceo se fusionan en una sola es- algo carnosas, conduplicadas, teretes, aplana- tructura a la que se denomina columna. El das, a veces lateralmente o plegadas. El fruto polen no se dispersa libremente sino que per- es seco, es una cápsula dehiscente con nume- manece en los sacos polínicos o bolsitas lla- rosas semillas de muy pequeño tamaño. 3 Figura 1. Tallos, hojas e inflorescencias en las orquídeas. A)Xylobium , pseudobulbos ovoides y hojas e inflorescencias basales. B) Myoxanthus, tallo ramicaule, hojas e inflorescencias fasciculadas. C) Camaridium, pseudobulbos ovoides unidos por un rizoma largo, hojas e inflorescencias axilares. D)Caularthron , pseudobulbos alargados, hojas conduplicadas e inflorescencia terminal. E)Lycaste, pseudobulbos ovoides, hojas y uniflora. F) Cohniella, pseudobulbos cortos o reducidos, hojas teretes, inflorescencia racemosa. Universidad del Magdalena Universidad Volumen 3 / enero - junio de 2018 INFOFLORA Boletín de Botánica ¿Cuáles son las interacciones de las orquídeas? Las orquídeas, altamente diversificadas, han generado interacciones estrechas con dife- Universidad del Magdalena Universidad rentes organismos. La adaptación más sobre- saliente son las micorrizas, simbiosis que for- man con los hongos y las raíces de las plantas que va desde antes de la germinación de la semilla y se mantiene permitiéndole obtener agua y nutrientes que son retenidos por el velamen. Las orquidáceas y otras plantas de las fa- milias Araceae, Piperaceae, Gesneriaceae y Bromeliaceae tienen hábito epífito. El epifi- tismo es la capacidad de algunas plantas de vivir sobre otra planta o forófito y de esa for- ma alcanzar la luz. Es común que las perso- nas definan a las epífitas como parásitas, pero no lo son, solo necesitan un sustrato donde apoyarse y no se nutren de ellas. 4 Por último, pero no menos importante, es la Figura 2. A) Detalle de la flor de una orquídea del polinización que generalmente es realizada género Cattleya. Se observan tres sépalos similares entre por insectos, especialmente las abejas euglo- sí y tres pétalos, uno de ellos es el labelo. 1. Labelo, 2. sinas y además se encuentran abejorros, ma- Sépalo lateral, 3. Columna, 4. Pétalo lateral, 5. Sépalo dorsal. B) Detalle de la columna. 1. Estigma, 2. Ovario, riposas, moscas y mosquitos. Hay diferentes 3. Antera, 4. Polinia. estrategias para la polinización que van desde Sabías que… El filósofo griego y discípulo de Aristóteles, Teofrasto de Ereso (371-287 a.C.), en su obra Causis Plantarum dio el nombre de orquídeas haciendo alusión al par de tubérculos parecidos a las gónadas masculinas. engañar a los polinizadores con falsas recom- En cuanto al néctar, que es apetecido por ma- pensas, flores con formas que asemejan nec- riposas y colibríes, que, al llegar y tomar el tarios que no contienen néctar, o también el néctar del nectario, se le adhiere a la probós- engaño por pseudocópula, como el caso de cide de la mariposa y al pico de los colibríes. las orquídeas del género Ophrys donde la flor Algunas tienen nectarios tan profundos que ha desarrollado la forma de la hembra invi- solo llegan
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