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Accelerators for Beginners Introduction to Accelerators Rende Steerenberg - CERN - Beams Department CERN Accelerator School Introduction to Accelerator Physics 2 – 14 October 2016 Budapest – Hungary Contents • Why Accelerators and Colliders ? • A very Brief Historic Overview CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – • The Main Ingredients of an Accelerator • Some ways of using Accelerators CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 2 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary • Why Accelerators and Colliders ? • A very Brief Historic Overview CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – • The Main Ingredients of an Accelerator • Some ways of using Accelerators CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 3 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Matter versus Energy 2 During the Big Bang Energy was E = m c transformed in matter CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – In our accelerators we provide energy to the particle we accelerate. In the detectors we observe the matter CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 4 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Looking to smaller dimensions Visible light X-ray Particle accelerators λ = 400 700 nm λ = 0.01 10 nm λ < 0.01 nm CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – Increasing the energy will reduce the λ = h c E wavelength CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 5 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Fixed Target vs. Colliders Fixed Target Collider CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – E µ Ebeam E = Ebeam1 + Ebeam2 Much of the energy is lost in All energy will be available for the target and only part results particle production in usable secondary particles CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 6 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary The Aim Verify and Discover the improve the Higgs Standard boson CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – Model Search for physics beyond the Standard Model Such as dark matter and dark energy CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 7 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary • Why Accelerators and Colliders ? • A very Brief Historic Overview CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – • The Main Ingredients of an Accelerator • Some ways of using Accelerators CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 8 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Accelerators and Their Use Today: ~ 30’000 accelerators operational world-wide* The large majority is used in industry Les than a fraction of a percent is used CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator and medicine for research and discovery science – Industrial applications: ~ 20’000* Cyclotrons Medical applications: ~ 10’000* FFAG Synchrotrons *Source: World Scientific Reviews of Synchrotron light sources (e-) Accelerator Science and Technology A.W. Chao Lin. & Circ. accelerators/Colliders CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 9 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Cockroft & Walton / van de Graaff • 1932: First accelerator – single passage 160 - 700 keV • Static voltage accelerator • Limited by the high voltage needed CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 10 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Cyclotron • 1932: 1.2 MeV – 1940: 20 MeV (E.O. Lawrence, M.S. Livingston) • Constant magnetic field • Alternating voltage between the two D’s • Increasing particle orbit radius • Development lead to the synchro-cyclotron to cope with the relativistic effects. CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – In 1939 Lawrence received the Noble prize for his work. CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 11 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Betatron • 1940: Kerst 2.3 MeV and very quickly 300 MeV • It is actually a transformer with a beam of electrons as secondary winding. • The magnetic field is used to bend the electrons in a circle, but also to accelerate them. • A deflecting electrode is use to deflect the particle for extraction. CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 12 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Linear Accelerator l l l l l l l Source of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 particles RF generator Metalic drift tubes with fixed CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator ~ frequency – . Many people involved: Wideroe, Sloan, Lawrence, Alvarez,…. Main development took place between 1931 and 1946. Development was also helped by the progress made on high power high frequency power supplies for radar technology. Today still the first stage in many accelerator complexes. Limited by energy due to length and single pass. CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 13 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Synchrotrons • 1943: M. Oliphant described his synchrotron invention in a memo to the UK Atomic Energy directorate • 1959: CERN-PS and BNL-AGS • Fixed radius for particle orbit • Varying magnetic field and radio CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator frequency – • Phase stability • Important focusing of particle beams (Courant – Snyder) • Providing beam for fixed target physics • Paved the way to colliders CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 14 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary • Why Accelerators and Colliders ? • A very Brief Historic Overview CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – • The Main Ingredients of an Accelerator • Some ways of using Accelerators CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 15 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Towards Relativity velocity c Einstein: mass increases E mc 2 CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator not velocity } – energy 1 Newton: E mv 2 2 “Relativity” by W. Herr CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 16 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary The CERN Accelerator Complex Mostly Circular Machines CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – “Sources” by D. Faircloth Tuesday “Linear Accelerators” by D. Alesini “Cyclotrons” by M. Seidel Wednesday Friday “Luminosity & Colliders” by G. Papotti “FFAG” by S. Sheehy Friday “Synchrotron Light Machines & FEL” by L. Rivkin . CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 17 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary A Guided Tour Lets have a look at a synchrotron: • Identify the main components and processes • Briefly address their function CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator As an example I took a machine at CERN that can be – seen from the top, even when it is running. LEIR Low Energy Ion Ring CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 18 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary CERN - LEIR as an Example CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 19 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary LEIR as an Example The particle beam: • arrives through a transfer line from a LINAC • is injected • is accelerated and guided over many turns in a “circular” machine Extraction CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator • is extracted – • leaves through a transfer line Injection(s) Acceleration & Increase of magnetic field CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 20 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary LINAC 3, injector of LEIR The CERN LINAC 3 provides different ion species to LEIR The ion source in the blue cage with the spectrometer in the front, follow by the LINAC behind CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – The downstream part of the LINAC with the accelerating structures (Alvarez) in the back of the image and transfer and measurement lines in the front CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 21 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary LINAC Accelerating Structure CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – The CERN LINAC 4 drift tube CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 22 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Injecting & Extracting Particles Injection Extraction CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – Extraction Injection CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 23 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Injecting & Extracting Particles Incoming beam Magnetic field No magnetic field CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – Circulating beam Injected beam Septum Magnet Kicker Magnet CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 24 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Injecting & Extracting Particles Extracted beam Magnetic field No magnetic field CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – Circulating beam Beam to be extracted Septum Magnet Kicker Magnet “Injection and Extraction” by M. Fraser “Kicker, Septa and Beam Transfer” by M. Fraser CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 25 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Septum and Kicker Magnets CERN Accelerator School CERN Accelerator – CAS - 3 October 2014 Rende Steerenberg, CERN 26 Introduction to Accelerators Accelerators to Introduction Budapest - Hungary Make Particles Circulate Main Dipoles
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