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CERN's Prowess in Nothingness CERN’s prowess in nothingness A miniature robot for in situ surface treatments of LHC beam screens, pictured inside the 74 mm-aperture beam screen of a superconducting magnet. The whole robot moves axially along the beam screen via inchworm steps while its “head” turns to direct a laser in the radial direction. (Image credit: CERN.) A constant flow of challenging projects, a wealth of in-house expertise and the freedom to explore ideas make CERN a unique laboratory for vacuum technology for particle physics and beyond. From freeze-dried foods to flat-panel displays and space simula- Since it is in the few-nanometre-thick top slice of materials that cryogenic pumps and vacuum gauges that are still in use today. The coexistence in the same team of both NEG and thin-film tion, vacuum technology is essential in many fields of research and vacuum technology concentrates most effort, CERN has merged The technological successes of the ISR also allowed a direct meas- expertise was the seed for another breakthrough in vacuum industry. Globally, vacuum technologies represent a multi-billion- in the same group: surface-physics specialists, thin-film coating urement in the laboratory of the lowest ever achieved pressure at technology: NEG thin-film coatings, driven by the LHC project dollar, and growing, market. However, it is only when vacuum is experts and galvanic-treatment professionals, together with teams room temperature, 2 × 10 –14 mbar, a record that still stands today. requirements and the vision of LHC project leader Lyn Evans. applied to particle accelerators for high-energy physics that the of designers and colleagues dedicated to the operation of large The Large Electron Positron collider (LEP) inspired the next The NEG material, a micron-thick coating made of a mixture of technology displays its full complexity and multidisciplinary vacuum equipment. Bringing this expertise together “under one chapter in CERN’s vacuum story. Even though LEP’s residual gas titanium, zirconium and vanadium, is deposited onto the inner nature – which bears little resemblance to the common perception roof” makes CERN one of the world’s leading R&D centres for density and current intensities were less demanding than those wall of vacuum chambers and, after activation by heating in the of vacuum as being just about pumps and valves. extreme vacuum technology, contributing to major existing and of the ISR, the exceptional length and the intense synchrotron- accelerator, provides pumping for most of the gas species pre- Particle beams require extremely low pressure in the pipes in future accelerator projects at CERN and beyond. light power distributed along its 27 km ring triggered the need for sent in accelerators. The Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) was the which they travel to ensure that their lifetime is not limited by inter- unconventional solutions at reasonable cost. Responding to this first CERN accelerator to implement extensive NEG coating in actions with residual gas molecules and to minimise backgrounds Intersecting history challenge, the LEP vacuum team developed extruded aluminium around 2006. For the LHC, one of the technology’s key benefits in the physics detectors. The peculiarity of particle accelerators is Vacuum technology for particle accelerators has been pioneered vacuum chambers and introduced, for the first time, linear pump- is its low secondary-electron emission, which suppresses the that the particle beam itself is the cause of the main source of gas: by CERN since its early days, with the Intersecting Storage Rings ing by non-evaporable getter (NEG) strips. growth of electron clouds in the room-temperature part of the ions, protons and electrons interact with the wall of the vacuum (ISR) bringing the most important breakthroughs. At the turn of In parallel, LEP project leader Emilio Picasso launched machine (figure 2, overleaf). vessels and extract gas molecules, either due to direct beam losses the 1960s and 1970s, this technological marvel – the world’s first another fruitful development that led to the production of the first or mediated by photons (synchrotron radiation) and electrons (for hadron collider – required proton beams of unprecedented inten- superconducting radio-frequency (RF) cavities based on niobium Studying clouds example by “multipacting”). sity (of the order of 10 A) and extremely low vacuum pressures thin-film coating on copper substrates. The ability to attain very Electron clouds had to be studied in depth for the LHC. CERN’s Nowadays, vacuum technology for particle accelerators is in the interaction areas (below 10–11 mbar). The former challenge low vacuum gained with the ISR, the acquired knowledge in film vacuum experts provided direct measurements of the effect in the focused on this key challenge: understand, simulate, control and stimulated studies about ion instabilities and led to innovative sur- deposition, and the impressive results obtained in surface treat- Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) with LHC beams, contributing to mitigate the direct and indirect effects of particle beams on mate- face treatments – for instance glow-discharge cleaning – to miti- ments of copper were the ingredients for success. The present a deeper understanding of electron emission from technical sur- rial surfaces. It is thanks to major advances made at CERN and gate the effects. The low-vacuum requirement, on the other hand, accelerating RF cavities of the LHC and HIE-ISOLDE (figure 1, faces over a large range of temperatures. New concepts for vacuum elsewhere in this area that machines such as the LHC are able to drove the development of materials and their treatments – both overleaf) are essentially based on the expertise assimilated for LEP systems at cryogenic temperatures were invented, in particular the achieve the high beam stability that they do. chemical and thermal – in addition to novel high-performance (CERN Courier May 2018 p26). beam screen. Conceived at BINP (Russia) and further developed at 26 27 CCJun18_Vacuum_v3.indd 26 18/05/2018 11:12 CCJun18_Vacuum_v3.indd 27 18/05/2018 11:12 CERNCOURIER www. V OLUME 5 8 N UMBER 5 J U N E 2 0 1 8 CERN’s prowess in nothingness A miniature robot for in situ surface treatments of LHC beam screens, pictured inside the 74 mm-aperture beam screen of a superconducting magnet. The whole robot moves axially along the beam screen via inchworm steps while its “head” turns to direct a laser in the radial direction. (Image credit: CERN.) A constant flow of challenging projects, a wealth of in-house expertise and the freedom to explore ideas make CERN a unique laboratory for vacuum technology for particle physics and beyond. From freeze-dried foods to flat-panel displays and space simula- Since it is in the few-nanometre-thick top slice of materials that cryogenic pumps and vacuum gauges that are still in use today. The coexistence in the same team of both NEG and thin-film tion, vacuum technology is essential in many fields of research and vacuum technology concentrates most effort, CERN has merged The technological successes of the ISR also allowed a direct meas- expertise was the seed for another breakthrough in vacuum industry. Globally, vacuum technologies represent a multi-billion- in the same group: surface-physics specialists, thin-film coating urement in the laboratory of the lowest ever achieved pressure at technology: NEG thin-film coatings, driven by the LHC project dollar, and growing, market. However, it is only when vacuum is experts and galvanic-treatment professionals, together with teams room temperature, 2 × 10 –14 mbar, a record that still stands today. requirements and the vision of LHC project leader Lyn Evans. applied to particle accelerators for high-energy physics that the of designers and colleagues dedicated to the operation of large The Large Electron Positron collider (LEP) inspired the next The NEG material, a micron-thick coating made of a mixture of technology displays its full complexity and multidisciplinary vacuum equipment. Bringing this expertise together “under one chapter in CERN’s vacuum story. Even though LEP’s residual gas titanium, zirconium and vanadium, is deposited onto the inner nature – which bears little resemblance to the common perception roof” makes CERN one of the world’s leading R&D centres for density and current intensities were less demanding than those wall of vacuum chambers and, after activation by heating in the of vacuum as being just about pumps and valves. extreme vacuum technology, contributing to major existing and of the ISR, the exceptional length and the intense synchrotron- accelerator, provides pumping for most of the gas species pre- Particle beams require extremely low pressure in the pipes in future accelerator projects at CERN and beyond. light power distributed along its 27 km ring triggered the need for sent in accelerators. The Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) was the which they travel to ensure that their lifetime is not limited by inter- unconventional solutions at reasonable cost. Responding to this first CERN accelerator to implement extensive NEG coating in actions with residual gas molecules and to minimise backgrounds Intersecting history challenge, the LEP vacuum team developed extruded aluminium around 2006. For the LHC, one of the technology’s key benefits in the physics detectors. The peculiarity of particle accelerators is Vacuum technology for particle accelerators has been pioneered vacuum chambers and introduced, for the first time, linear pump- is its low secondary-electron emission, which suppresses the that the particle beam itself is the cause of the main source of gas: by CERN since its early days, with the Intersecting Storage Rings ing by non-evaporable getter (NEG) strips. growth of electron clouds in the room-temperature part of the ions, protons and electrons interact with the wall of the vacuum (ISR) bringing the most important breakthroughs. At the turn of In parallel, LEP project leader Emilio Picasso launched machine (figure 2, overleaf).
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