Estudo Morfológico E Sintático Da Língua Mundurukú (Tupi)

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Estudo Morfológico E Sintático Da Língua Mundurukú (Tupi) UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LINGÜÍSTICA, LÍNGUAS CLÁSSICAS E VERNÁCULA ESTUDO MORFOLÓGICO E SINTÁTICO DA LÍNGUA MUNDURUKÚ (TUPÍ) Dioney Moreira Gomes Orientador: Prof. Dr. Aryon Dall’Igna Rodrigues Brasília junho/2006 ii UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LINGÜÍSTICA, LÍNGUAS CLÁSSICAS E VERNÁCULA ESTUDO MORFOLÓGICO E SINTÁTICO DA LÍNGUA MUNDURUKÚ (TUPÍ) Dioney Moreira Gomes Tese apresentada ao Departamento de Lingüística, Línguas Clássicas e Vernácula da Universidade de Brasília como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Lingüística. Brasília junho/2006 iii UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LINGÜÍSTICA, LÍNGUAS CLÁSSICAS E VERNÁCULA TESE DE DOUTORADO ESTUDO MORFOLÓGICO E SINTÁTICO DA LÍNGUA MUNDURUKÚ (TUPÍ) Dioney Moreira Gomes Orientador: Prof. Dr. Aryon Dall’Igna Rodrigues Banca examinadora: Prof. Dr. Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues (UnB) Profa. Dr. Francisco Queixalós (CNRS/IRD) Profa. Dra. Yonne de Freitas Leite (UFRJ) Profa. Dra. Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral (UnB) Profa. Dra. Daniele Marcelle Grannier (UnB) iv Dedico esta tese aos índios Mundurukú, povo receptivo, amigo e esperançoso de um Brasil melhor também para eles; dedico igualmente àqueles pesquisadores que não medem esforços para fazer ciência em nosso país, sobretudo aos que sabem da importância do registro, análise e preservação de nossas línguas indígenas, nosso maior bem cultural. v Toda forma de poder é uma forma de morrer por nada. (Humberto Gessinger, do grupo de rock Engenheiros do Hawaii) Eu prefiro ser essa metamorfose ambulante do que ter aquela velha opinião formada sobre tudo. (Raul Seixas) Liberdade pra dentro da cabeça... (Natiruts, grupo de reggae de Brasília) vi AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao meu orientador, professor Aryon Rodrigues, os anos dedicados à minha formação, conduzida com simplicidade, esmero e profundidade, qualidades indispensáveis a um pesquisador; à Universidade de Brasília, que foi fundamental para minha integração acadêmica e social, tendo me oferecido as chances de sobrevivência financeira e moral em uma sociedade de desigualdades sociais exacerbadas; ao professor Francisco Queixalós, gênio indomável, participante ativo desta fase; agradeço a confiança e o apoio incondicional; à professora Colette Grinevald, com admiração, respeito e profunda gratidão pelos ensinamentos e pela convivência, e também aos amigos do Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage (DDL), pelo incentivo e abertura ao debate, em especial à Françoise Rose; ao professor Jon Landaburu e demais membros do Centre d'Études des Langues Indigènes d'Amériques (CELIA), agradeço as discussões, as orientações e a receptividade; à professora Ana Suelly Cabral, pesquisadora incansável, forte e atuante, que ocupa um lugar de destaque no Laboratório de Línguas Indígenas da UnB; às professoras Daniele Grannier, Denise Martins, Enilde Faulstich, Heloísa Sallles, Luciana Dourado, Maria Christina Leal, Poliana Alves, Rachel Dettoni, que deixaram muito de si em minha trajetória; a elas o meu carinho e admiração eternos; aos indíos Mundurukú Luciano Burum, Amâncio Kaba, o Biboy, Misael Kaba, Valdemar Puxu, Zenildo Saw, Lauro Akay, Beto Kaba, e tantos outros que me ensinaram o real valor do altruísmo; aos sempre dispostos funcionários do departamento de Lingüística (LIV) da UnB, Jacinta e Diogo; aos amigos de percurso acadêmico, em especial à Adriana Viana (in memoriam), de quem não cansaremos de lembrar; à Fundação Nacional do Índio – FUNAI, pela permissão para entrada na Terra Indígena Mundurukú; ao Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-França), pela bolsa de estudos concedida, em função de acordo bilateral com o Conselho Nacional de vii Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) e o Laboratório de Línguas Indígenas do Instituto de Letras da Universidade de Brasília; aos meus queridos, companheiros e admiráveis pais, Anita e Venâncio, o meu obrigado especial; agradeço a vida, o carinho, a perseverança que aprendi a ter com vocês; ao meu estimado professor José Gadelha (Centro Educacional 09, em Ceilândia), por sua maestria na formação de cidadãos conscientes e atuantes; à minha flor, Tânia Cristina, mulher doce, amável e pesquisadora sagaz. viii RESUMO Esta tese aborda aspectos da morfologia e da sintaxe da língua Mundurukú (Tupí). No capítulo 1, apresentamos os marcadores pessoais e os prefixos relacionais, os primeiros de natureza clítica e os segundos sem caráter pessoal. O entendimento desses dois fenômenos é importante para compreender o restante das análises aqui feitas, uma vez que há tanto classes de palavras que ocorrem com eles (verbos, nomes e posposições), quanto classes que não os tomam (pronomes, advérbios, palavras interrogativas, conjunções e partículas). O capítulo 2 é dedicado ao verbo e mostra suas principais características morfossintáticas a partir da distinção de suas subclasses e da análise de sua morfologia flexional e derivacional. O capítulo 3 é reservado aos nomes e posposições, duas classes que compartilham marcação pessoal e flexão relacional. As demais classes e sua morfossintaxe são apresentadas no capítulo 4, que traz os pronomes, os advérbios, as palavras interrogativas, as conjunções e as partículas. Os pronomes foram divididos em três subclasses: os pessoais, os quantificadores (numerais e indefinidos) e os demonstrativos. Os advérbios estão divididos em advérbios de tempo, de lugar, de modalidade, de intensidade e de maneira. As palavras interrogativas são de dois tipos, as diretamente derivadas de demonstrativos e as derivadas de outras classes, tendo algumas dessas classes origem nos demonstrativos. As conjunções apresentadas expressam causa, tempo e condição. E, fechando o capítulo 4, apresentamos as partículas, um grupo de palavras associadas diretamente com noções de focalização e/ou modalização. No capítulo 5, tratamos do sistema de classificação nominal e buscamos definir a natureza e amplitude dos nomes em função classificadora. Procuramos aí também comparar os dados do Mundurukú com os de outras línguas do tronco Tupí, como o Kuruáya (língua também da família Mundurukú) e o Káro (família Ramaráma), além de procurar situar o sistema de classificação do Mundurukú no âmbito das propostas mais gerais de tipologia dos sistemas classificatórios. O último capítulo trata dos processos de incorporação nominal e da anáfora, considerando dois tipos de incorporação nominal – a incorporação por repetição e a incorporação por subida – e a relação entre os nomes inalienáveis e as retomadas anáforicas de sintagmas nominais. ix ABSTRACT This dissertation approaches aspects of morphology and syntax of the Mundurukú (Tupí) language. In chapter 1, the personal markers and the relational prefixes are presented, the first ones of clitic nature, and the second ones without personal character. The knowledge of these two phenomena is important for the understanding of the other analyses carried out here, since there are word classes which occur with them (verbs, nouns and postpositions), as well as classes that do not take them (pronouns, adverbs, interrogative words, conjunctions and particles). Chapter 2 is dedicated to the verb and shows its main morphosyntactic characteristics, starting with the distinction of its subclasses and the analysis of its flectional and derivational morphology. Chapter 3 is reserved to nouns and postpositions, two classes that share personal markers and relational inflection. Other classes and their morphosyntax are presented in chapter 4, which brings the pronouns, the adverbs, the interrogative words, the conjunctions and the particles. The pronouns are divided into three subclasses: the personal, the quantifiers (numerals and indefinite) and the demonstratives. The adverbs are divided into adverbs of time, of place, of modality, of intensity and of manner. The interrogative words are of two types, those directly derived from demonstratives and those derived from other classes, some of these having a demonstrative origin. The conjunctions express cause, time and condition. Finally, chapter 4 presents the particles, a group of words directly associated with notions of focalization and/or modality. Chapter 5 treats the nominal classification system and seeks to define the nature and amplitude of nouns in classifying function. It also seeks to compare the data of Mundurukú with those of other languages of the Tupí stock, like the Kuruáya (another language of the Mundurukú family) and the Káro (Ramaráma family), as well as to consider the system of classification of Mundurukú in relation to more general proposals for the typology of classificatory systems. The last chapter deals with the processes of noun incorporation and of anaphora, considering two types of noun incorporation – incorporation by repetition and incorporation by rising – and the relation between the inalienable nouns and the anaphoric retaking of noun phrases. x SUMÁRIO RESUMO...................................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................. ix LISTA DE TABELAS................................................................................................. xvi ABREVIATURAS E SÍMBOLOS.............................................................................. xvii MAPA 1 - Localização atual da Terra Indígena Mundurukú................................. 04 MAPA 2 - Localização
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