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The Schwatka-Haynes Winter Expedition in Yellowstone, 1887 Portland State University PDXScholar History Faculty Publications and Presentations History Winter 1983 "At the Greatest Personal Peril to the Photographer": The Schwatka-Haynes Winter Expedition in Yellowstone, 1887 William L. Lang Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/hist_fac Part of the United States History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Lang, W. L. (1983). "At the Greatest Personal Peril to the Photographer": The Schwatka-Haynes Winter Expedition in Yellowstone, 1887. Vol. 33, No. 1 (Winter, 1983), pp. 14-29. This Article is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. "At the Greatest Personal Peril by William L. Lang needed no embellishment but inevitably sug- gested it. It was the kind of story that ideally Step by plodding step the four weary skiers suited the histrionics of popular lecturers like felt their way around the mountain, peering John L. Stoddard. And it was the kind of event into the white fastness and hoping to strike a that becomes legend practically before it has familiar landmark before their energy and concluded. Listeners, no doubt, involuntarily time faded. It was January 1887, in the middle gripped their chair arms as Stoddard pulled of the worst winter on record in the northern them along with the frozen and threatened Rockies, and the four disoriented men were quartet. "The cold and wind seemed unen- in a lost blizzard on the slopes of Mt. Wash- durable, even for an hour," Stoddard told burn in the howling sub-zero chill of Yellow- them in icy tones, "but they endured them for stone National Park. two One guide, sturdy three days. A sharp sleet cut their faces like a outdoorsmen and a photographer from Fargo, rain of needles, and made it perilous to look Dakota Territory, the last of a much larger ahead. Almost dead from sheer exhaustion, force that had begun a mid-winter circuit of they were unable to lie down for fear of freez- the Park some twenty days earlier, had left ing; chilled to the bone, they could make no that morning, a day's ski from shelter. Their fire; and, although fainting, they had not a story of near disaster and eventual success mouthful for seventy-two hours. What a ter- justified the photographer's claim to have ac- rific chapter for any man to add to the quired views "at the Greatest Personal Peril mysterious volume we call lifel"1 to the Photographer." It was the kind of true adventure drama that '0-Ts *^^ixCon, '^e' 14~.. MOTN TH MGZNOF WSEN H i STO::uRY , 14 MONTANA THE MAGAZINE OF WESTERN HISTORY This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.75 on Fri, 7 Dec 2012 11:43:02 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 0 0CD to thE Photographer" (A 0< CL AD R . Stoddard exaggerated the perils, although Arctic wastes appealed too much, especially c they were real enough, but so did everyone when Westerners talked about a self-impor- else who told and retold the story of photo- tant easterner, like Schwatka, who underesti- 0 grapher F. Jay Haynes and his companions' mated the rigors of the frontier. CD narrow escape from an icy death. And in the With or without the element of personal tellings, comparisons between Haynes and competition, the story is as terrific as Stod- !F. Is the great Lt. Frederick Schwatka, famous dard said it was. But how accurately has it Arctic explorer, invariably spiced the conver- been told? What actually happened out there cn0 sations. It was Schwatka who initially led the in the merciless sub-zero cold of Yellow- CD Yellowstone trek and it was Schwatka who stone's worst winter? What happened to presumably knew the methods of exploring Schwatka and his party and what prompted a frozen terrain, but the veteran explorer's man who had skied only a few times to slog health gave out quickly and forced him to his way for nearly 200 miles when he knew stop, while Haynes skied on in pursuit of the danger lurked? And why did any of the ex spectacular winter views that had originally pedition members eagerly start off on such a lured him on the mission. In some versions journey in the first place? the personalities of Schwatka and Haynes nearly overshadow the death-cheating drama itself. The image of the plucky Dakota photo- .;9 l. X grapher outdistancing the conqueror of of the ~~~_Z WINTER1983 15 This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.75 on Fri, 7 Dec 2012 11:43:02 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions T HE FIRSTPRINCIPAL in the story of the Yellowstone winter expedition in 1887 brought with him a considerable reputation as an explorer and adventurer. In that era of highly publicized expeditions to remote areas of the globe, > anyone interested in the Arctic regions knew of Lt. Frederick Schwatka of the U.S. Army. The leader of ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- the last great expedition seeking to learn the fate of Sir JohnFranklin, who had disappeared in the Arctic 0 in 1847-1848,Schwatka vaulted to fame as readers of James Bennett's New York Herald followed his pro- gress north from Hudson Bay across the frozen wastes in 1878-1880.Reports in 1878 of new leads in the three-decades-oldsearch for Franklin's ship and records had fired Schwatka's enthusiasm for ex- ploration and high adventure. After much persistent discussion, Schwatka had convinced Judge Charles Daly of the American Geographical Society that his expedition warranted the Society's support, as small A~~~~~~~ as that support promised to be. Daly finally agreed and Bennett added interest by contracting with ex- pedition member William H. Gilder as correspon- dent for the Herald. Herald readers anxiously absorbed each install- ment of Gilder's expedition story, much as they had nearly a decade earlier when Bennett sent Henry M. Stanley to Africa in search of Dr. David Livingstone. "Schwatka's Search" became a colloquialism of the day for anyone's indefatigablepursuit of a goal; such was Schwatka's instant fame. A popular hero in the United States, he received unsolicited honorary Frederick Schwatka, ca. 1881 membershipsfrom explorers' clubs the world over. It was not his search for the Franklin party's remains, however, that made him famous. In Gilder's articles cult from the northernreaches of Hudson Bay in con what im- and in his later book, Schwatka's Search, ditions that few expeditions had endured. All pressed all and triggered the popular imagination previous polar expeditions had avoided similar was the lieutenant's courage and endurance in the overland routes, preferringto travel by water during face of impressive obstacles-his adventure on the the best season for such travel. Even Schwatka's ice. Eskimo guides nearly refused to accompany the Schwatka's force, consisting of four explorers and group into untraversed territory. several Eskimo guides, and lightly outfitted with ne- Gale-force winds and mercury thermometer read- cessary gear, a pack of dogs and sledges, travelled ings of -650 and -70 0 slowed the group to a near crawl just a few days short of one year over the Arctic ice. in January and February 1880 on the return leg of They journeyed over 2,000 miles on a northwardcir- their trek. After all but one Eskimo had deserted them and they had lost all of their forty-two dogs to 1. John L. Stoddard,Stoddard's Lectures Vol. X (Chicago:Belford, Middle- brookand Co., 1898),pp. 291-292.For previouslypublished discussions of the elements, the rugged party followed Schwatka's Haynes'role in the expedition,see FreemanTilden, Following the Frontier lead in pulling the sledges and living off the iced with F. J. Haynes,Pioneer Photographer of the Old West(Knopf, 1964), pp. theGaena, sellinfois,c inae1849, Schwatka'gewupi 339-356;Aubrey L. Haines, The YellowstoneStory (Boulder:Colorado landscape. They fed themselves by hunting musk-ox AssociatedUniversity Press, 2 vols., 1977),II, pp. 8-11;Jack Ellis Haynes, "The First WinterTrip ThroughYellowstone National Park,"Annals of and caribou and learning to eat decaying fish and Wyoming14 (April1942), pp. 89-97. walrus. Schwatka, in one of the longest sledge jour- 2. Schwatka's findings did not contribute significantly to knowledge of neys on record, set new standardsfor Arctic explora- Franklin'sfate, but he did confirm the earlier discoveries of Sir Leopold McClintockand he found the identifiableremains of Lt. JohnIrving of the tion, proving that one could penetrate the northern Terror, one of Franklin's two vessels. William H. Gilder, Schwatka's polar region in winter if Eskimo-styletravel and liv- Search:Sledging in the Arcticin Questof the FranklinRecords (NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1881), pp. vii-xii; Frederick Schwatka, "A Musk-Ox ing were adopted.2 Hunt," The CenturyMagazine 26 (September1883), pp. 671-679;Noel Wright,Quest For Franklin(London: Heineman, 1959), p. 131; L. P. Kir- This epic Arctic journeybegan Schwatka's remark- wan, A Historyof PolarExploration (NY: W. W. Norton,1959), pp. 173-174, able fourteen-yearcareer of daring adventures. Born 257, 299; L. H. Neatby,Conquest of the Last Frontier(Athens, Ohio: Ohio UniversityPress, 1966),pp. 155-165. 16 This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.75 on Fri, 7 Dec 2012 11:43:02 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Salem, Oregon, where his family had relocated the "When I humbly suggested a raft as my future con- following year.
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