1 2 H He Hydrogen Helium Discovered 1766 Discovered 1895 ` From the Greek From the Greek for water-forming for sun, 1st found in the sun’s corona

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Discovered 1817 Discovered 1797 Discovered 1808 Prehistoric Discovered 1772 Discovered 1774 Discovered 1886 Discovered 1898 ` From the Greek From the Greek From the Arabic From the Latin From the Greek From the Greek From the Latin From the Greek “lithos” (stone) for beryl, a “burqa” (borax) “carbo” (charcoal) for nitre-forming for acid-forming “fluere” (to flow) “neos” (new) gemstone

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Discovered 1807 Discovered 1755 Discovered 1825 Discovered 1824 Discovered 1669 Prehistoric Discovered 1774 Discovered 1894 ` From the English For Magnesia, a From the Latin From the Latin From the Greek Sanskrit “sulvere” From the Greek From the Greek “soda” district in Thessaly, “alum” “silex” (flint) for light-bringing or Latin “chloros” “argos” (idle) Greece (bitter salt) “sulfurium” (greenish yellow)

19 20 31 32 33 34 35 36 K CA Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Potassium Calcium Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Discovered 1807 Discovered 1808 Discovered 1875 Discovered 1886 Discovered ~1250 Discovered 1817 Discovered 1826 Discovered 1898 ` From the English From the Latin From the Latin From the Latin From the Greek From the Greek From the Greek From the Greek “potash” “calex” (lime) name for France name for Germany “arsenikon” (a name for the “bromos” “kryptos” (hidden) (“Gallia”) (“Germania”) yellow pigment) moon (“Selene”) (stench) 1 Henry Cavendish 2 Helium was de- discovered hydro- tected in the sun by gen. He showed its spectral lines that when hydro- long before it was gen is burned, it found on Earth. It is used to cool super- forms water, end- conducting mag- ing the belief that nets in the Large water was an ele- Hadron Collider ment. and MRI machines.

3 Lithium was dis- 4 Beryllium is 5 Boron is essential 6 Carbon is unique 7 Nitrogen in the 8 Oxygen first ap- 9 Fluorine is the 10 In a vacuum covered from a relatively soft used for the cell walls of discharge tube in its ability to form of ammoni- peared in the most reactive of all mineral, while oth- in gears and cogs plants. Some boron form strongly um chloride was Earth’s atmos- neon glows a red- er alkali metals in the aviation compounds are the elements and dish orange color. bonded chains, known to alche- phere 2 billion yrs were discovered industry. being studied as a mists as sal ammo- ago, It is soluble in quickly attacks all But only red signs from plant materi- Gemstones beryl possible treatment sealed off by hy- contain pure neon. drogen atoms. nia. It was manu- water, which metals. Steel wool al. This may explain and emerald are for brain tumors. It factured by heating makes aerobic life Other inert gases These hydrocar- provide different its name. It has the both forms of is also used in a mixture of dung, in rivers, lakes and bursts into flames lowest density of beryllium flares; it gives a bons occur natural- colors in many salt and urine. oceans possible. when exposed to all the metals. aluminum silicate. green color. ly as fossil fuels. “neon” signs.

11 Salt (sodium 12 Chlorophyll, 13 This malleable, 14 Silicon makes 15 Phosphorus was 16 Sulfur is men- 17 Chlorine is a 18 Found by W. chloride) used to used by plants for corrosion-resistant up 27.7% of the 1st made by Hennig tioned 15 times in Ramsey and M. Earth’s crust by Brandt who evapo- toxic gas, used as a Williams, this totally flavor and preserve photosynthesis, is non-toxic metal is nd the Bible, and was food and soda a magnesium- used in numerous mass and is the 2 rated urine and best known for chemical weapon inert gas was antici- centered porphyrin products. Orna- most abundant heated the residue. destroying Sodom pated by Henry (sodium car- He thought he had but the chloride bonate) used to complex. Without ments found in a element (after O). and Gomorrah. Cavendish in 1785, found the Philoso- ion is essential to who noted that 1% make glass have magnesium, life as 3rd century Chi- Silica flints were Burning sulfur is some of the 1st pher’s Stone which of air does not react we know it would nese leader’s tomb known as life. We get the been known since tools made by ear- could turn base even under extreme not exist! % prehistoric times. were 85 aluminum ly humans. metals into gold. “brimstone.” chloride we need conditions. Argon!

19 Potassium salts 20 Lime (calcium 31 Ga was predict- 32 In Sept 1885 a 33 Arsenic was 34 Selenium was 35 The only ele- 36 Krypton was ed by Mendeleev and potash were oxide) was used for miner working in a known to ancient discovered by Jöns ment other than discovered acci- used for centuries centuries to make and discovered by silver mine near Egyptians, used in Jacob Berzelius in mercury that is in gunpowder and mortar and plaster. Lecoq de Boisbau- Freiberg, Germany gilding metals. . He was liquid at room tem- dently by W. Ram- soap-making. Calcium phosphate dran. He observed a came across an Prawns contain intrigued by the perature, bromine sey and M. Wil- is the main violet line in the high levels of arse- red-brown sedi- Humphry Davy unusual ore. Clem- is a deep-red, oily, liams, during their exposed potash to component of atomic spectrum of ens Winkler identi- nic, in an organo- ment at the toxic liquid with a bone. The average some zinc and knew electric current and fied Ge, as predict- arsenic form which bottom of cham- very unpleasant search for Argon. It human contains an unknown ele- found the metal. ed by Mendeleev. is not harmful to bers where sulfuric smell. is used to fill fluo- ~1kg of calcium. ment was present. health. acid was made. 37 38 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe Rubidium Strontium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Discovered 1861 Discovered 1790 Discovered 1863 ~ 2,100 BC ~1,600 BC Discovered 1783 Discovered 1811 Discovered 1898 ` From the Latin For Strontian, a From the Latin From the Anglo- From the Greek From the Latin From the Greek From the Greek “rubidius” town in Scotland “indicium” (indigo) Saxon word “tin” “anti-monos” (not “tellus” (Earth) “iodes” (violet) “xenos” (stranger) (deepest red) alone)

55 56 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Cesium Barium Thallium Lead Bismuth Radon Discovered 1860 Discovered 1808 Discovered 1861 Ancient ~ 1,500 Discovered 1898 Discovered 1940 Discovered 1900 ` From the Latin From the Greek From the Greek From the Anglo- From the German Named for Poland, From the Greek From , as it “caesius” (sky “barys” (heavy) “thallos” (a green Saxon word for “bisemutum” native country of “astatos” was detected from blue) twig) lead loosely “white (unstable) radioactive decay

87 88 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Francium Radium Discovered 1939 Discovered 1898 Discovered 2004 Discovered 1999 Discovered 2010 Discovered 2000 Discovered 2010 Discovered 2006

` Named for From the Latin From the Japanese Named to honor Named for Named for Law- Named for the Named to honor France “radius” (ray) name for Japan Russian Moscow, Russia rence Livermore state of Tennessee Russian physicist Georgy Flerov National Laboratory Yuri Oganessian 37 R. Bunsen and 38 Sr is best known 49 Most indium is 50 When copper is 51 Ancient Egyp- 52 Franz Joseph 53 Iodine is a 54 Xenon was dis- G. Kirchhoff isolat- for the brilliant used to make indi- alloyed with tin it tians used antimo- Müller von black, shiny, crys- covered by W. ed Rb from lepido- reds its salts give um tin oxide for produces bronze, ny sulfide as a mas- Reichenstein was talline solid, but Ramsey and M. lite and examined to fireworks. Stron- touch screens, a hard metal that is cara. It was used in intrigued by a me- when heated, io- Williams who dis- its atomic spec- tium aluminate is flatscreen TVs and ideal for tools and “reusable” laxative tallic ore which he dine sublimes to tilled krypton and trum. Two intense used in glow-in-the solar panels. It weapons. The pills in the Middle suspected was form a purple va- isolated the new ruby red lines indi- -dark products; it conducts electrici- Bronze Age began Ages. Today it is native antimony or por. Many species gas. In a vacuum tube, it gave a cated a new ele- absorbs light dur- ty, bonds strongly in the region of used to make sem- bismuth. It was of seaweed con- ment, now named ing the day and to glass and is actually gold tellu- beautiful blue Egypt and Mesopo- iconductor devices. tain iodine. after this color. releases it slowly. transparent. tamia ~3,000 BC. ride (AuTe2). glow.

55 Cesium is a 56 All barium 81 Thallium may 82 Lead has been 83 A whitish metal 84 Discovered by 85 Dangerously 86 Radon is a col- soft, gold-colored compounds are be the deadliest mined for more with a pink hue, Pierre and Marie radioactive, the orless and odorless metal that is quick- toxic; but barium element, as it mim- than 6,000 years. bismuth burns with Curie, Polonium is half-life of asta- gas. It is chemically ly attacked by air sulfate is insoluble ics other biochemi- “White lead” was a blue flame and most famously tine’s most stable inert, but radioac- and reacts explo- and so can be cals (e.g. K). Previ- the base for paints emits yellow known for being isotope is only 8 tive. It decays into sively in water. safely swallowed. ously used in rat until 1978, when it fumes. Despite the poison used to hours. Chemically, radioactive poloni- Mr. Dingle proba- It enables x-rays of poisons, it was was restricted due sitting among so kill former KGB it behaves like oth- um and alpha par- banned in the US to growing con- agent Alexander ticles. This emitted bly spells it the stomach and many poisons, Bi is er halogens, partic- in 1972, but poi- cerns about its the active ingredi- Litvinenko in Lon- radiation is used in “caesium.” intestines. ularly iodine. sonings still occur. toxicity. ent in Pepto-Bismol don in 2006. cancer therapy.

87 Mendeleev pre- 88 Radium is 113 IUPAC con- 114 Georgy Flerov 115 Moscovium 116 Livermorium 117 Oak Ridge 118 Oganesson has dicted this ele- always found with firmed the discov- founded the Joint and Tennessine does not occur National Labs in TN the highest atomic ment, which was uranium ores. It ery of Nh by scien- Institute for Nucle- were discovered by naturally. It is produced the radi- number and high- found by Margue- was discovered by tists from RIKEN ar Research in collaborating scien- made by bombard- oisotope berkeli- est atomic mass all rite Perey at the Marie and Pierre (The Institute of Dubna, Russia in tists from Dubna, ing atoms -249 used to find known elements. Curie Institute in Curie, who Physical and Chem- 1956 as an interna- Russia, Livermore with calcium. The this element. The Highly radioactive Paris. With a half- extracted 1 mg of ical Research) in tional research Labs in California most stable iso- “ine” suffix indi- and very unstable, life of only 22 radium from ten Japan in 2015. center for nuclear and Oak Ridge Na- tope has a half-life cates that it is a only 4 atoms have Little is known of about 53 milli- minutes, it has no tons of uranium science. tional Labs in Ten- halogen. been detected. known uses. ore pitchblende. about it. nessee. seconds. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Discovered 1879 Discovered 1791 Discovered 1801 Discovered 1798 Discovered 1774 ~3,500 BC Discovered 1730 Discovered 1669 ` From the Latin for From Titans in For Vanadis, the From the Greek Maybe from the From the Anglo- From the German From the German Scandinavia Greek mythology old Norse name “chroma” (color) Latin “magnes” Saxon word “iren” “kobald” (goblin) “kupfernickel” for goddess Freyja (magnet) (devil’s copper)

29 30 Cu Zn Copper Zinc Prehistoric Known to Greeks, Romans, 200 BC From the Latin “Cyprium aes” (a From Persian metal from Cyprus) “sing” (stone)

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Discovered 1794 Discovered 1789 Discovered 1801 Discovered 1781 Discovered 1937 Discovered 1844 Discovered 1803 Discovered 1803 ` For Ytterby, a From the Arabic For Niobe, daugh- From the Greek From the Greek From the Latin From the Greek For the asteroid, town in Sweden “zargun” (gold- ter of King Tanta- “molybdos” (lead) “tekhnetos” name for Russia “rhodon” (rose- Pallas (Greek God- colored) lus in Greek myth (artificial) (“Ruthenia”) colored) ess of wisdom)

47 48 Ag Cd Silver Cadmium ~3,000 BC Discovered 1817

From the Anglo- From the Latin Saxon “siolfur” “cadmia” (the mineral calmine) 21 Predicted by 22 Although identi- 23 Vanadium was 24 Discovered by 25 Manganese in 26 Iron objects 27 Cobalt has been 28 Nickel resists Mendeleev, Scania fied by William discovered in 1801 the French the form of the found in Egypt used as a blue pig- corrosion and is was discovered by Gregor in 1791, it by Andrés Manuel Nicholas Louis black ore pyrolu- date from 3500 BC. ment for glass and used to plate other Lars Frederik Nil- was not until 1910 del Rio in Mexico Vauquelin, who cite (manganese They contain about pottery for millen- metals to protect son of the Univ. of that a General City, but his find- was Intrigued by dioxide) was used 7.5% nickel, which nia. King Tut’s them. Baked beans Uppsala, Sweden. Electric scientist ings were disputed the range of colors by the pre-historic indicates a meteor- tomb (1352 BC) contain a surpris- It is used in an al- made pure titani- by French chem- that it produced. cave painters of ic origin. The contained a small ing amount of nick- loy with aluminum um by heating tita- ists. He was vindi- The green color of the Lascaux region Hittites were glass object col- el, which is an es- in high-end bicycle nium tetrachloride cated by Swedish emeralds is due to of France around smelting iron by ored deep blue sential element of frames. and sodium metal. in 1831. chromium. 30,000 years ago. 1500 BC. with cobalt. many beans.

29 Copper beads 30 Zinc was known more than 10 to the Romans but thousand years old rarely used. Today have been excavat- zinc is used to gal- ed in northern vanize other met- Iraq. Copper was als, such as iron, to widely used in the prevent rusting. ancient world as Galvanized steel is bronze, its alloy used to make car with tin. bodies.

39 The 1st of 7 rare 40 Gems that con- 41 Niobium is used 42 A master sword 43 Technetium was 44 Ruthenium is 45 Rhodium is the 46 By 1700 miners earth elements tain zirconium are in alloys such as maker in 14th cen- discovered by Emil- one of the most rarest of all non- in Brazil knew of a discovered in rocks known as zircon. stainless steel. It tury Japan added io Segrè while in- effective hardeners radioactive metals. metal called ouro from a mine in Ancient Egyptians improves the Mo to steel to make vestigating Mo that for platinum and It occurs uncom- podre (worthless coveted samurai Ytterby, Sweden. It used zircon gem- strength of the had been exposed palladium, and is bined in nature, gold) which is an stones in jewelry. alloys, particularly swords, whose to high energy ra- alloyed with these along with other alloy of palladium was found by Jo- blades never dulled. han Gadolin, for Cubic zirconia is at low tempera- diation. Today, it is metals to make platinum metals, in and gold. William His secret recipe Wollaston isolated whom element 64 similar to diamond tures. These alloys extracted from electrical contacts river sands in in refractivity and are used in jet en- died with him and spent nuclear fuel for severe wear North and South Pd from ordinary is named. was lost for 500 yrs. appearance. gines and rockets. rods. resistance. America. platinum in 1803.

47 Slag heaps near 48 Cadmium oc- ancient mines in curs naturally in Turkey and Greece the Earth’s crust. prove that silver 80% of cadmium mining started produced is used in around 3000 BC. rechargeable nickel Sterling silver con- -cadmium batter- tains 92.5% silver. ies, but it is being The rest is copper phased out due to or another metal. its toxicity. 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Discovered 1839 Discovered 1923 Discovered 1802 Discovered 1783 Discovered 1925 Discovered 1803 Discovered 1803 Known in S. America

` From the Greek From the Latin For Tantalus, the From the Swedish From the Latin From the Greek For the Greek From the Spanish “lanthanein” (to name for Copen- legendary Greek “tung sten” (heavy name for the river ”osme” (smell) Goddess of the “platina” (little lie hidden) hagen (Hafnia) King stone) Rhine (“Rhenus”) Rainbow (Iris) silver)

79 80 Au Hg Gold Mercury ~ 3,000 BC ~ 1,500 BC

Anglo-Saxon or For the Roman Germanic: “gehl” or God and planet “gulþą ” (to gleam) Mercury

89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 Ac Rf DB Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Actinium Discovered 1899 Discovered 1964 Discovered 1968-70 Discovered 1974 Discovered 1981 Discovered 1984 Discovered 1982 Discovered 1994

` From the Greek Named to honor For the Russian Named to honor Named to honor For the German Named to honor For Darmstadt, , Germany where it “actinos” (a ray) town, Dubna (near Glenn Seaborg, who Danish physicist state of Hesse where Austrian physicist who explained the Moscow) found 10 elements Niels Bohr it was 1st made was 1st made structure of atoms

111 112 Rg Cn Rontgenium Copernicum Discovered 1994 Discovered 1996

Named to honor Named to honor German physicist Renaissance scientist Wilhelm Röentgen Nicolaus Copernicus 57 Lanthanum is 72 Hafnium is 73 One of the main 74 Tungsten has 75 Rhenium was 76 Osmium is the 77 Iridium is the 78 Unknown in the 1st of the 15 chemically very the highest melting uses of tantalum is the last stable, non densest of all the most corrosion- Europe prior to lanthanide ele- similar to Zirconi- in the production point of all metals, ments, which with um. Hafnium is of electronic com- it is alloyed with -radioactive, natu- elements, twice as resistant material Columbus’ the chemically sim- pyrophoric, mean- ponents. It causes other metals to rally-occurring ele- dense as lead. Its known and one of voyages, native ilar scandium and ing that fine parti- strengthen them no immune re- ment to be discov- name reflects the the rarest natural South Americans yttrium, are often cles can spontane- sponse in mam- The Chinese used it collectively known ously combust mals, and is used for centuries to ered. It can best strong odor it gave elements. A very used platinum in as the rare earth when exposed to create peach- surgical implants. burial goods dating elements. air. colored porcelain. be described as off when it was thin layer exists in

79 Gold’s symbol 80 Mercury’s sym- (Au) comes from bol (Hg) comes its Latin name, from the Greek Aurum. It is one of hydrargyros mean- the least reactive ing “water silver.” chemical elements. It is the only metal This property is that is liquid at

89 Actinium is 1st 104 Ernest Ruther- 105 This element 106 Glenn Seaborg 107 Niels Bohr 108 Hassium does 109 Lise Meitner 110 A team head- of the 15 elements ford was a New was originally provided critical was the 1st physi- ed by Yuri Oganes- was an American not occur in in the se- Zealand physicist named for Otto chemist whose insights into atom- cist to recognize sian made isotope- ries. These ele- who discovered Hahn, who unfairly involvement in the ic structure and nature. Highly the discovery of 273 by bombarding ments are all radio- the concept of ra- received the 1945 synthesis and quantum theory. radioactive, its nuclear fission. The plutonium with active. Actinium dioactive half-life for Lise During WWII, he 1945 Nobel Prize sulfur. Of its 15 discovery elements most stable known was 1st extracted and differentiated Meitner’s work on earned him a share helped numerous for her work was known isotopes, the heaviest is the from uranium ore between alpha and nuclear fission. The of the 1951 Nobel Jewish scientists isotope has a half- unfairly given to a pitchblende by beta particles. He IUPAC decided to escape the Nazi collaborator, Otto longest-lived, with Prize in . André Debierne. is called the father name it dubnium. regime in Europe. life of only Hahn. a half-life of 4 min of nuclear physics. 9.7 seconds.

111 Wilhelm 112 is Röentgen was the a synthetic ele- 1st to study elec- ment of which only tromagnetic radi- a few atoms have tion waves that he ever been made. It called x-rays. For is formed by fusing this, he won the lead and zinc at- 1st Nobel Prize in oms in a heavy ion Physics in 1901 accelerator. 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Ceres Europium Terbium Discovered 1839 Discovered 1885 Discovered 1885 Discovered 1945 Discovered 1879 Discovered 1901 Discovered 1880 Discovered 1843 ` For the asteroid, From the Greek From the Greek From Prometheus From “samarskite” Named for Named to honor Also named to Ceres (Roman god- “prasios didy- “neos didy- of Greek myth, mineral from which Europe Johan Gadolin, a honor Ytterby, dess of agriculture) mos” (green twin) mos” (new twin) who stole fire it was isolated Finnish scientist Sweden

66 67 68 69 70 71 Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Lanthanide Actinide Dysprosium Erbium Ytterbium Lutetium

Discovered 1886 Discovered 1878 Discovered 1843 Discovered 1879 Discovered 1878 Discovered 1907 series series ` From the Greek From the Latin 3rd element From Thule, an 4th element From the Latin “dysprositos” name for Stock- named to honor ancient name for named to honor name for Paris (hard to get) holm (Holmia) Ytterby, Sweden Scandinavia Ytterby, Sweden (Lutetia)

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Curium Discovered 1829 Discovered 1913 Discovered 1789 Discovered 1940 Discovered 1940 Discovered 1944 Discovered 1944 Discovered 1949 ` For the From the Greek For the planet For the planet For the (then) Named for Named to honor Named for Scandinavian “protos” (first) and Uranus Neptune planet Pluto America, where it Pierre and Marie Berkeley, God Thor actinium was first made Curie California

98 99 100 101 102 103 Cf Ei Fm Md No Lr Discovered 1950 Discovered 1952 Discovered 1953 Discovered 1955 Discovered 1963 Discovered 1965 ` From the State Named to honor Named to honor Named to honor Named to honor Named to honor and University of Albert Einstein Enrico Fermi , Alfred Nobel, found- Ernest Lawrence, California creator of this table er of Nobel Prize inventor of cyclotron 58 is the 59 Didymium was 60 Neodymium is 61 Promethium’s 62 Paul-Émile 63 Europium is 64 Famous for his 65 The 3rd an element for 40 used in an alloy Lecoq de Boisbau- element to be most abundant of longest-lived used in the printing discovery of the years but it was with iron and bo- isotope has a half- dran extracted di- 1st rare earth ele- named after the lanthanides. It really a mix of lan- ron to make very life of only 18 dymium from the of euro banknotes. ment, Yttrium. He Ytterby, terbium is mineral samarskite, is little used be- thanoids. Carl Auer strong magnets. years, so it is not It glows red under also demonstrated easier to observe von Welsbach suc- This discovery in and precipitated the today as it has cause it tarnishes found naturally on new element sa- UV light, and for- that the rocks held ceeded in splitting 1983 made it pos- Earth. It was 1st other unknown fluoresces a marium. Sm then brilliant yellow easily, reacts with didymium into its sible to miniaturize created in a UC geries can be de- “earths.” Six were two components, electronic devices, yielded other rare- green. cyclotron in 1939. earths: Gd and Eu. later found. water and burns Pr and Nd in 1885. mobile phones. tected by the lack

66 Dy was discov- 67 Another of the 68 In 1843 Stock- 69 Tm was 1st iso- 70 A pure sample 71 The story began ered by Paul-Émile rare earths to be holm, Carl Mosan- lated as its oxide by of Yb was not ob- with the discovery Lecoq de Boisbau- extracted from der obtained two Per Teodor Cleve. In tained until 1953. of yttrium in 1794 dran, but pure sam- ytterbium, holmi- new metal oxides 1911, Theo. Rich- It is increasingly from which other ples didn’t exist um can absorb from yttrium. One ards performed being used as an elements – the rare until Frank Spedding neutrons, so it is was erbium oxide, 15,000 recrystalliza- industrial catalyst, earths (aka lantha- tions of thulium noids) – were to be and others at Iowa used in nuclear which was pink. replacing other State developed ion bromate in order to separated, starting reactors to keep a (The other was obtain a pure sam- catalysts that are with erbium in 1843 -exchange chroma- chain reaction un- terbium oxide, too toxic or pol- tography in 1950. ple and determine and ending with der control. which was yellow.) its atomic weight. luting. lutetium in 1907.

90 The radioactivity 91 Mendeleev pre- 92 Ancient natural 93 Np was first 94 Pu was first 95 Am once exist- 96 Curium was first 97 Berkelium was of thorium was dicted an element nuclear fission reac- made at Berkeley. It made at Berkeley by ed on Earth, having first produced at demonstrated in between Th and U, tors exist in Oklo, came from a urani- Glenn Seaborg’s been produced in made by the team UC Berkeley. 1898 by Gerhard but it evaded detec- Gabon. The uranium um target that had team. By 1945 the ancient natural of Glenn Seaborg, Seaborg’s team Schmidt and con- tion until K. Fajans ore fissioned in pre- been bombarded Americans had sev- nuclear reactions Ralph James, and took americium- firmed by Marie and O. Göhring historic times when with slow neutrons eral kilograms, in Oklo, Gabon 241, bombarded it 3% of the natural Curie. Its isotopes found isotope pro- and which then enough to make 3 These reactors Albert Ghiorso in with alpha have long half-lives; tactinium-234, uranium existed as emitted unusual atomic bombs, one u-235, enough to died a billion years 1944, using the particles for hours thorium-232’s half which has a half-life beta-rays indicating of which exploded ago, and no natural in the 60-inch life is 14 billion yrs. of 6 hrs 42 mins. sustain the chain a new isotope. over Nagasaki. cyclotron at Berke- reaction. Am remains. cyclotron.

98 Cf is a very 99 Einsteinium was 100 Italian physi- 101 Russian chem- 102 US and Russia 103 In 1934 Ernest strong neutron discovered by cist Enrico Fermi ist Dmitri Mendele- both discovered this Lawrence invented emitter. It is used Berkeley created the world's ev described the element in 1958. In the cyclotron, a in portable metal in the fall-out de- first nuclear reac- periodic law, creat- 1992, IUPAC deter- type of particle detectors, for iden- bris of the first ed the first modern mined that the Rus- tor at the Univ. of sians were 1st, but accelerator. He tifying gold and thermonuclear Chicago. He has , and won the 1939 No- silver ores, to de- explosion which predicted 8 un- ratified Nobelium as been called the the name, for Alfred bel Prize for this tect metal fatigue took place on a "architect of the known elements. invention. and stress in air- Pacific atoll, on 1 (He is to blame for Nobel, the inventor nuclear age." of dynamite. planes November 1952. all of this!) Legend Tasting Notes

The Transition Metals plus the Alkali Alkaline Transition Basic Nonmetal Lanthanide and Actinide series element

Metal Earth Metal Metal cupcakes are chocolate!

IUPAC refers to the International Union Noble Lanthanide Actinide Semimetal Halogen of Pure and Applied Chemistry. IUPAC Gas standardizes nomenclature in chemistry.

Number of elements named for: References Mythological figures: 14 People: 15 The Royal Society of Chemistry Places: 28 Interactive Periodic Table: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table Their own properties: 59 Other things: 2 (cobalt, nickel) Periodictable.com Colors of the Elements http://periodictable.com/Properties/A/Color.html

The Disappearing Spoon and other True Tales of Madness, Love and the History of the World from The Periodic Table of the Elements. © 2010 by Sam Kean, Bay Back Books, Little, Brown & Company

Blogging the Periodic Table by Sam Kean, for Slate.com See: http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/elements/features/2010/blogging_the_periodic_table/ ytterby_the_tiny_swedish_island_that_gave_the_periodic_table_four_different_elements.html

Kenatro Sato blog: Focusing on the Elements—Colors and Chemical Names (1) and (2) TCI America, Chemistry Chat http://www.tcichemicals.com/en/us/support-download/chemistry-clip/160-17_ChemistryChat.html http://www.tcichemicals.com/en/us/support-download/chemistry-clip/161-02_ChemistryChat.html

About.com, About Education—10 Element Facts Series http://chemistry.about.com/od/10elementfacts/

Wikipedia entries for various elements and biographical information