1 2 H He Hydrogen Helium Discovered 1766 Discovered 1895 ` From the Greek From the Greek for water-forming for sun, 1st found in the sun’s corona 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Discovered 1817 Discovered 1797 Discovered 1808 Prehistoric Discovered 1772 Discovered 1774 Discovered 1886 Discovered 1898 ` From the Greek From the Greek From the Arabic From the Latin From the Greek From the Greek From the Latin From the Greek “lithos” (stone) for beryl, a “burqa” (borax) “carbo” (charcoal) for nitre-forming for acid-forming “fluere” (to flow) “neos” (new) gemstone 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Discovered 1807 Discovered 1755 Discovered 1825 Discovered 1824 Discovered 1669 Prehistoric Discovered 1774 Discovered 1894 ` From the English For Magnesia, a From the Latin From the Latin From the Greek Sanskrit “sulvere” From the Greek From the Greek “soda” district in Thessaly, “alum” “silex” (flint) for light-bringing or Latin “chloros” “argos” (idle) Greece (bitter salt) “sulfurium” (greenish yellow) 19 20 31 32 33 34 35 36 K CA Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Potassium Calcium Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Discovered 1807 Discovered 1808 Discovered 1875 Discovered 1886 Discovered ~1250 Discovered 1817 Discovered 1826 Discovered 1898 ` From the English From the Latin From the Latin From the Latin From the Greek From the Greek From the Greek From the Greek “potash” “calex” (lime) name for France name for Germany “arsenikon” (a name for the “bromos” “kryptos” (hidden) (“Gallia”) (“Germania”) yellow pigment) moon (“Selene”) (stench) 1 Henry Cavendish 2 Helium was de- discovered hydro- tected in the sun by gen. He showed its spectral lines that when hydro- long before it was gen is burned, it found on Earth. It is used to cool super- forms water, end- conducting mag- ing the belief that nets in the Large water was an ele- Hadron Collider ment. and MRI machines. 3 Lithium was dis- 4 Beryllium is 5 Boron is essential 6 Carbon is unique 7 Nitrogen in the 8 Oxygen first ap- 9 Fluorine is the 10 In a vacuum covered from a relatively soft used for the cell walls of discharge tube in its ability to form of ammoni- peared in the most reactive of all mineral, while oth- in gears and cogs plants. Some boron form strongly um chloride was Earth’s atmos- neon glows a red- er alkali metals in the aviation compounds are the elements and dish orange color. bonded chains, known to alche- phere 2 billion yrs were discovered industry. being studied as a mists as sal ammo- ago, It is soluble in quickly attacks all But only red signs from plant materi- Gemstones beryl possible treatment sealed off by hy- contain pure neon. drogen atoms. nia. It was manu- water, which metals. Steel wool al. This may explain and emerald are for brain tumors. It factured by heating makes aerobic life Other inert gases These hydrocar- provide different its name. It has the both forms of is also used in a mixture of dung, in rivers, lakes and bursts into flames lowest density of beryllium flares; it gives a bons occur natural- colors in many salt and urine. oceans possible. when exposed to all the metals. aluminum silicate. green color. ly as fossil fuels. “neon” signs. 11 Salt (sodium 12 Chlorophyll, 13 This malleable, 14 Silicon makes 15 Phosphorus was 16 Sulfur is men- 17 Chlorine is a 18 Found by W. chloride) used to used by plants for corrosion-resistant up 27.7% of the 1st made by Hennig tioned 15 times in Ramsey and M. Earth’s crust by Brandt who evapo- toxic gas, used as a Williams, this totally flavor and preserve photosynthesis, is non-toxic metal is nd the Bible, and was food and soda a magnesium- used in numerous mass and is the 2 rated urine and best known for chemical weapon inert gas was antici- centered porphyrin products. Orna- most abundant heated the residue. destroying Sodom pated by Henry (sodium car- He thought he had but the chloride bonate) used to complex. Without ments found in a element (after O). and Gomorrah. Cavendish in 1785, found the Philoso- ion is essential to who noted that 1% make glass have magnesium, life as 3rd century Chi- Silica flints were Burning sulfur is some of the 1st pher’s Stone which of air does not react we know it would nese leader’s tomb known as life. We get the been known since tools made by ear- could turn base even under extreme not exist! % prehistoric times. were 85 aluminum ly humans. metals into gold. “brimstone.” chloride we need conditions. Argon! 19 Potassium salts 20 Lime (calcium 31 Ga was predict- 32 In Sept 1885 a 33 Arsenic was 34 Selenium was 35 The only ele- 36 Krypton was ed by Mendeleev and potash were oxide) was used for miner working in a known to ancient discovered by Jöns ment other than discovered acci- used for centuries centuries to make and discovered by silver mine near Egyptians, used in Jacob Berzelius in mercury that is in gunpowder and mortar and plaster. Lecoq de Boisbau- Freiberg, Germany gilding metals. Stockholm. He was liquid at room tem- dently by W. Ram- soap-making. Calcium phosphate dran. He observed a came across an Prawns contain intrigued by the perature, bromine sey and M. Wil- is the main violet line in the high levels of arse- red-brown sedi- Humphry Davy unusual ore. Clem- is a deep-red, oily, liams, during their exposed potash to component of atomic spectrum of ens Winkler identi- nic, in an organo- ment at the toxic liquid with a bone. The average some zinc and knew electric current and fied Ge, as predict- arsenic form which bottom of cham- very unpleasant search for Argon. It human contains an unknown ele- found the metal. ed by Mendeleev. is not harmful to bers where sulfuric smell. is used to fill fluo- ~1kg of calcium. ment was present. health. acid was made. 37 38 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe Rubidium Strontium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Discovered 1861 Discovered 1790 Discovered 1863 ~ 2,100 BC ~1,600 BC Discovered 1783 Discovered 1811 Discovered 1898 ` From the Latin For Strontian, a From the Latin From the Anglo- From the Greek From the Latin From the Greek From the Greek “rubidius” town in Scotland “indicium” (indigo) Saxon word “tin” “anti-monos” (not “tellus” (Earth) “iodes” (violet) “xenos” (stranger) (deepest red) alone) 55 56 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Cesium Barium Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Discovered 1860 Discovered 1808 Discovered 1861 Ancient ~ 1,500 Discovered 1898 Discovered 1940 Discovered 1900 ` From the Latin From the Greek From the Greek From the Anglo- From the German Named for Poland, From the Greek From radium, as it “caesius” (sky “barys” (heavy) “thallos” (a green Saxon word for “bisemutum” native country of “astatos” was detected from blue) twig) lead loosely “white Marie Curie (unstable) radioactive decay 87 88 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Francium Radium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Discovered 1939 Discovered 1898 Discovered 2004 Discovered 1999 Discovered 2010 Discovered 2000 Discovered 2010 Discovered 2006 ` Named for From the Latin From the Japanese Named to honor Named for Named for Law- Named for the Named to honor France “radius” (ray) name for Japan Russian physicist Moscow, Russia rence Livermore state of Tennessee Russian physicist Georgy Flerov National Laboratory Yuri Oganessian 37 R. Bunsen and 38 Sr is best known 49 Most indium is 50 When copper is 51 Ancient Egyp- 52 Franz Joseph 53 Iodine is a 54 Xenon was dis- G. Kirchhoff isolat- for the brilliant used to make indi- alloyed with tin it tians used antimo- Müller von black, shiny, crys- covered by W. ed Rb from lepido- reds its salts give um tin oxide for produces bronze, ny sulfide as a mas- Reichenstein was talline solid, but Ramsey and M. lite and examined to fireworks. Stron- touch screens, a hard metal that is cara. It was used in intrigued by a me- when heated, io- Williams who dis- its atomic spec- tium aluminate is flatscreen TVs and ideal for tools and “reusable” laxative tallic ore which he dine sublimes to tilled krypton and trum. Two intense used in glow-in-the solar panels. It weapons. The pills in the Middle suspected was form a purple va- isolated the new ruby red lines indi- -dark products; it conducts electrici- Bronze Age began Ages. Today it is native antimony or por. Many species gas. In a vacuum tube, it gave a cated a new ele- absorbs light dur- ty, bonds strongly in the region of used to make sem- bismuth. It was of seaweed con- ment, now named ing the day and to glass and is Egypt and Mesopo- actually gold tellu- beautiful blue iconductor devices. tain iodine. after this color. releases it slowly. transparent. tamia ~3,000 BC. ride (AuTe2). glow. 55 Cesium is a 56 All barium 81 Thallium may 82 Lead has been 83 A whitish metal 84 Discovered by 85 Dangerously 86 Radon is a col- soft, gold-colored compounds are be the deadliest mined for more with a pink hue, Pierre and Marie radioactive, the orless and odorless metal that is quick- toxic; but barium element, as it mim- than 6,000 years.