APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Afghanistan Peshawar Accord 4/24/1992 Comprehensive Afghanistan Islamabad Accord 3/7/1993 Comprehensive Afghanistan Jalalabad Agreement 5/20/1993 Comprehensive Afghanistan Mahipar Agreement 5/24/1996 Comprehensive Angola Bicesse Accords 5/31/1991 Comprehensive Angola Lusaka Protocol 11/15/1994 Comprehensive Angola Luena Memorandum 4/4/2002 Comprehensive Angola (Cabinda) Cabinda Agreement 4/11/1996 Ceasefi re Azerbaijan Bishkek Protocol 5/5/1994 Comprehensive (Nagorno-Karabakh) Bangladesh Chittagong Hill Tracts 12/2/1997 Comprehensive (Chittagong Hill Peace Accord Tracts) Bosnia and Washington Agreement 3/1/1994 Comprehensive Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia) Bosnia and Agreed Basic Principles 9/8/1995 Preliminary Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia and Srpska) Bosnia and Further Agreed Basic 9/26/1995 Preliminary Herzegovina Principles (Herzeg-Bosnia and Srpska)
© The Author(s) 2016 163 A.G. Reiter, Fighting Over Peace, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40102-7 164 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Bosnia and Ceasefi re Agreement 10/5/1995 Ceasefi re Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia and Srpska) Bosnia and Dayton Agreement 11/21/1995 Comprehensive Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia and Srpska) Bosnia and Framework Agreement 12/9/1998 Implementation Herzegovina (Srpska) on Police Reform Burundi Arusha Peace and 8/28/2000 Comprehensive Reconciliation Agreement Burundi Burundi Ceasefi re 12/2/2002 Preliminary Agreement Burundi Pretoria Protocol 10/8/2003 Preliminary Burundi Pretoria II Protocol 11/2/2003 Preliminary Burundi Global Ceasefi re 11/16/2003 Comprehensive Agreement Burundi Comprehensive 9/7/2006 Ceasefi re Ceasefi re Agreement Burundi Joint Declaration on 5/26/2008 Ceasefi re Ceasefi re Burundi Summit Declaration 12/4/2008 Comprehensive Burundi Declaration on 4/8/2009 Implementation Implementation Cambodia Comprehensive 10/23/1991 Comprehensive Political Settlement Central African Peace Accord with 2/2/2007 Preliminary Republic FDPC and UFDR Central African Birao Peace Agreement 4/13/2007 Preliminary Republic Central African Peace Accord with 5/9/2008 Preliminary Republic APRD Central African Global Peace Accord 6/2/2008 Comprehensive Republic Chad El Geina Agreement 10/31/1992 Comprehensive Chad Tripoli 1 Agreement 10/16/1993 Comprehensive Chad Bangui 2 Agreement 8/11/1994 Comprehensive Chad Abeche Agreement 10/12/1994 Comprehensive Chad Dougia Accord 11/22/1995 Comprehensive Chad AFUD Ceasefi re 1/25/1996 Comprehensive Chad FARF Ceasefi re 4/18/1997 Comprehensive APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 165
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Chad Frolinat-FAP Ceasefi re 8/14/1997 Ceasefi re Chad Donya Agreement 5/7/1998 Comprehensive Chad RAFAD Ceasefi re 6/1/2000 Preliminary Chad Tripoli 2 Agreement 1/7/2002 Comprehensive Chad ANR Agreement 1/9/2003 Ceasefi re Chad MDJT Agreement 12/14/2003 Comprehensive Chad Yebibou Agreement 8/18/2005 Comprehensive Chad Tripoli Accord 12/24/2006 Comprehensive Chad Syrte Agreement 10/25/2007 Comprehensive Colombia Political Agreement 3/9/1990 Comprehensive with M-19 Colombia Final Accord with PRT 1/25/1991 Comprehensive Colombia Final Accord with EPL 2/15/1991 Comprehensive Colombia Final Accord with 5/27/1991 Comprehensive Quintin Lame Colombia Caracas Agenda 6/6/1991 Preliminary Colombia Accord with Comandos 3/20/1992 Comprehensive Ernesto Rojas Colombia Final Political Accord 4/9/1994 Comprehensive with CRS Colombia Accord with Urban 5/26/1994 Comprehensive Militias of Medellin Colombia Final Accord with 6/30/1994 Comprehensive Frente Francisco Garnica Colombia Final Accord with 7/29/1998 Comprehensive MIR-COAR Colombia Accord for Colombia 11/24/2001 Preliminary with ELN Colombia Agreement with ERG 8/2/2008 Comprehensive Comoros (Anjouan) Famboni Declaration 8/26/2000 Comprehensive Comoros (Anjouan) Famboni II Agreement 2/17/2001 Comprehensive Comoros (Anjouan) Maroni Accord 12/20/2003 Comprehensive Congo-Brazzaville Cessation of Hostilities 11/16/1999 Preliminary Accord Congo-Brazzaville Ceasefi re and Cessation 12/29/1999 Comprehensive of Hostilities Accord Congo-Brazzaville Pool Peace Agreement 3/17/2003 Comprehensive Congo/Zaire Lusaka Accord 7/10/1999 Preliminary Congo/Zaire Declaration of 5/4/2001 Preliminary Fundamental Principles Congo/Zaire Gaborone 8/24/2001 Preliminary Engagement Act 166 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Congo/Zaire Political Agreement on 4/16/2002 Preliminary Consensual Management of the Transition Congo/Zaire Pretoria Agreement 12/16/2002 Preliminary Congo/Zaire Memorandum for the 3/7/2003 Preliminary Formation of a National Army Congo/Zaire Sun City Agreement 4/2/2003 Comprehensive Congo/Zaire South Kivu Ceasefi re 1/23/2008 Ceasefi re Congo/Zaire North Kivu Ceasefi re 1/23/2008 Ceasefi re Congo/Zaire Ihusi Accord 3/23/2009 Comprehensive Côte d’Ivoire Cessation of Hostilities 10/17/2002 Ceasefi re Accord Côte d’Ivoire Lomé Accord 11/1/2002 Preliminary Côte d’Ivoire Linas-Marcoussis 1/24/2003 Comprehensive Agreement Côte d’Ivoire Accra II Accord 3/8/2003 Implementation Côte d’Ivoire Ceasefi re Accord 5/3/2003 Ceasefi re Côte d’Ivoire Joint Declaration of the 7/4/2003 Implementation Defense and Security Forces Côte d’Ivoire Accra III Agreement 7/30/2004 Implementation Côte d’Ivoire Pretoria I 4/6/2005 Comprehensive Côte d’Ivoire Pretoria II 6/29/2005 Implementation Côte d’Ivoire Ouagadougou 3/4/2007 Implementation Agreement Côte d’Ivoire First Complementary 3/4/2007 Implementation Agreement Côte d’Ivoire Second Complementary 3/27/2007 Implementation Agreement Côte d’Ivoire Third Complementary 11/28/2007 Implementation Agreement Côte d’Ivoire Fourth Complementary 11/28/2007 Implementation Agreement Croatia (Krajina) Erdut Agreement 11/12/1995 Comprehensive Djibouti Peace Accord 12/26/1994 Comprehensive Djibouti Final Accord on Civil 2/7/2000 Comprehensive Reform Djibouti Accord on Civil Reform 5/12/2001 Implementation El Salvador Mexico Agreements 4/27/1991 Preliminary El Salvador New York Agreement 9/25/1991 Preliminary and Compressed Negotiations APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 167
Case Peace agreement Date Type
El Salvador New York Act 12/31/1991 Preliminary El Salvador Chapultepec Peace 1/16/1992 Comprehensive Agreement and New York Act II El Salvador Complementary 12/22/1992 Implementation Agreement El Salvador Supplementary 2/5/1993 Implementation Agreement El Salvador Agreement of the 9/8/1993 Implementation Tripartite Meeting El Salvador Timetable for 5/19/1994 Implementation Implementation Georgia (Abkhazia) Ceasefi re Agreement 5/14/1993 Ceasefi re Georgia (Abkhazia) Sochi Agreement 7/27/1993 Preliminary Georgia (Abkhazia) Memorandum of 12/1/1993 Preliminary Understanding Georgia (Abkhazia) Communiqué on the 1/13/1994 Preliminary Second Round of Negotiations Georgia (Abkhazia) Declaration on a 4/4/1994 Preliminary Political Settlement and Quadripartite Agreement Georgia (Abkhazia) Proposal for the 5/11/1994 Preliminary Establishment of a Coordinating Commission Georgia (Abkhazia) Agreement on a 5/15/1994 Ceasefi re Ceasefi re and Separation of Forces Georgia (Abkhazia) Gagra Protocol 5/26/1998 Ceasefi re Georgia (Abkhazia) Concluding Statement 7/25/1998 Preliminary of the Second Meeting Georgia (Abkhazia) Meeting on 9/24/1998 Preliminary Stabilization of the Separating Lines Georgia (Abkhazia) Athens Meeting 10/18/1998 Preliminary Georgia (Abkhazia) Istanbul Statement 6/9/1999 Preliminary Georgia (Abkhazia) Yalta Declaration 3/16/2001 Preliminary Georgia (South Memorandum on 5/16/1996 Preliminary Ossetia) Georgian–Ossetian Confl ict Guatemala Queretaro Agreement 7/25/1991 Preliminary Guatemala Framework Agreement 1/10/1994 Preliminary 168 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Guatemala Agreements on 3/29/1994 Preliminary Negotiations and Human Rights Guatemala Agreement on 6/17/1994 Preliminary Resettlement of Population Groups Guatemala Agreement to Establish 6/23/1994 Preliminary Commission to Clarify Past Human Rights Violations Guatemala Agreement on the 3/31/1995 Preliminary Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples Guatemala Agreement on the 5/6/1996 Preliminary Social and Economic Aspects and Agrarian Situation Guatemala Agreement on the 9/19/1996 Preliminary Armed Forces Guatemala Agreement on a 12/4/1996 Ceasefi re Defi nitive Ceasefi re Guatemala Agreement on 12/7/1996 Preliminary Constitutional Reforms and the Electoral Regime Guatemala Agreement on 12/12/1996 Preliminary Integration of the URNG Guatemala Agreement on a 12/29/1996 Comprehensive Firm and Lasting Peace Guinea-Bissau Ceasefi re Agreement 8/26/1998 Ceasefi re Guinea-Bissau Abuja Accord 11/1/1998 Comprehensive Guinea-Bissau Additional Protocol to 12/15/1998 Implementation the Abuja Accord Haiti Governors Island 7/3/1993 Comprehensive Accord India (Bodoland) Bodo Accord 2/20/1993 Comprehensive India (Bodoland) Bodoland Ceasefi re 3/29/2000 Ceasefi re India (Bodoland) Memorandum of 2/10/2003 Comprehensive Settlement India (Nagaland) Naga Truce 8/1/1997 Ceasefi re India (Tripura) Memorandum of 8/23/1993 Comprehensive Settlement APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 169
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Indonesia (Aceh) Joint Understanding on 5/12/2000 Ceasefi re Humanitarian Pause Indonesia (Aceh) Second Meeting of the 8/6/2000 Ceasefi re Joint Forum Indonesia (Aceh) Third Meeting of the 9/24/2000 Ceasefi re Joint Forum Indonesia (Aceh) Provisional 1/9/2001 Ceasefi re Understanding Indonesia (Aceh) Agreed Directive 2/16/2001 Ceasefi re Indonesia (Aceh) Cessation of Hostilities 12/9/2002 Preliminary Framework Agreement Indonesia (Aceh) Memorandum of 8/15/2005 Comprehensive Understanding Indonesia (East Dili Peace Accord 4/21/1999 Comprehensive Timor) Israel (Palestine) Oslo Accords 9/13/1993 Preliminary Israel (Palestine) Paris Economic 4/29/1994 Preliminary Relations Pact Israel (Palestine) Cairo Agreement 5/4/1994 Preliminary Israel (Palestine) Agreement on 8/29/1994 Preliminary Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities Israel (Palestine) Protocol on Further 8/27/1995 Preliminary Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities Israel (Palestine) Oslo II 9/28/1995 Preliminary Israel (Palestine) Agreement on the 4/9/1996 Preliminary Temporary International Presence in the City of Hebron Israel (Palestine) Protocols Concerning 1/17/1997 Preliminary Hebron Israel (Palestine) Wye River 10/23/1998 Preliminary Memorandum Israel (Palestine) Sharm el-Sheikh 9/4/1999 Preliminary Memorandum Israel (Palestine) Reefah Crossing 11/15/2005 Preliminary Agreement Israel (Palestine) Joint Understanding on 11/27/2007 Preliminary Negotiations Liberia Banjul III Agreement 10/24/1990 Preliminary Liberia Bamako Ceasefi re 11/28/1990 Preliminary Agreement 170 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Liberia Banjul IV Agreement 12/21/1990 Preliminary Liberia Lomé Agreement 2/13/1991 Preliminary Liberia Yamoussoukro I Accord 6/30/1991 Preliminary Liberia Yamoussoukro II Peace 7/29/1991 Preliminary Agreement Liberia Yamoussoukro III 9/17/1991 Preliminary Peace Agreement Liberia Yamoussoukro IV 10/30/1991 Comprehensive Accord Liberia Geneva Agreement 4/7/1992 Implementation Liberia Cotonou Accord 7/25/1993 Comprehensive Liberia Akosombo Agreement 9/12/1994 Implementation Liberia Agreement on the 12/21/1994 Implementation Clarifi cation of the Akosombo Agreement Liberia Abuja Peace Accord 8/19/1995 Implementation Liberia Supplement to the 8/17/1996 Implementation Abuja Accord Liberia Accra Ceasefi re 6/17/2003 Ceasefi re Agreement Liberia Comprehensive Peace 8/18/2003 Comprehensive Agreement Macedonia Ohrid Agreement 8/13/2001 Comprehensive Mali (Azawad) Tamanrasset Accord 1/6/1991 Ceasefi re Mali (Azawad) National Pact 4/11/1992 Comprehensive Mexico (Chiapas) Actions and Measures 1/17/1996 Preliminary for Chiapas Mexico (Chiapas) The San Andrés 2/16/1996 Preliminary Accords Moldova Memorandum on the 5/8/1997 Comprehensive (Transnistria) Bases for Normalization of Relations Mozambique Agreement on a Partial 12/1/1990 Ceasefi re Ceasefi re Mozambique Protocol I 10/18/1991 Preliminary Mozambique Protocol II 11/13/1991 Preliminary Mozambique Protocol III 3/12/1992 Preliminary Mozambique Joint Declaration 7/8/1992 Preliminary Mozambique Protocols IV–VII 10/4/1992 Comprehensive Nepal 25-Point Ceasefi re 5/25/2006 Ceasefi re Code of Conduct Nepal 8-Point Agreement 6/16/2006 Preliminary Nepal Decisions of the 11/8/2006 Preliminary Summit Meeting APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 171
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Nepal Comprehensive 11/21/2006 Comprehensive Agreement with CPN-M Nepal 7-Point Agreement 11/1/2011 Implementation Nicaragua Toncontin Agreement 3/23/1990 Comprehensive Nicaragua Defi nitive Ceasefi re 4/18/1990 Ceasefi re Agreement Nicaragua Yatama Ceasefi re 4/18/1990 Ceasefi re Agreement Nicaragua Managua Protocol 5/30/1990 Implementation Niger Paris Accord 6/10/1993 Preliminary (Air and Azawad) Niger Ouagadougou Accord 10/9/1994 Preliminary (Air and Azawad) Niger Accord to Establish a 4/25/1995 Comprehensive (Air and Azawad) Defi nitive Peace Niger Additional Protocol 11/29/1997 Comprehensive (Air and Azawad) Pakistan North West Frontier 5/21/2008 Comprehensive Agreement Pakistan Malakand Accord 2/16/2009 Comprehensive Papua New Guinea Agreement to End 3/1/1990 Ceasefi re (Bougainville) Hostilities on Bougainville Papua New Guinea Endeavor Accord 8/5/1990 Preliminary (Bougainville) Papua New Guinea Honiara Commitments 9/3/1994 Ceasefi re (Bougainville) to Peace Papua New Guinea Burnham Truce 10/10/1997 Ceasefi re (Bougainville) Papua New Guinea Cairns Commitment 11/24/1997 Preliminary (Bougainville) Papua New Guinea Lincoln Agreement 1/23/1998 Preliminary (Bougainville) Papua New Guinea Arawa Agreement 4/30/1998 Ceasefi re (Bougainville) Papua New Guinea Matakana and Okataina 4/22/1999 Preliminary (Bougainville) Understanding Papua New Guinea Bougainville Peace 8/30/2001 Comprehensive (Bougainville) Agreement Philippines General Agreement 10/13/1995 Comprehensive for Peace Philippines Comprehensive 3/16/1998 Preliminary Agreement on Human Rights 172 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Philippines Oslo Joint Statements 2/14/2004 Preliminary Philippines Closure Agreement 1/18/2011 Comprehensive Philippines Interim Ceasefi re 11/7/1993 Ceasefi re (Mindanao) Agreement Philippines Interim Agreement, 9/5/1994 Preliminary (Mindanao) Second Round Philippines Interim Agreement, 12/1/1995 Preliminary (Mindanao) Third Round Philippines Jakarta Accord 9/2/1996 Comprehensive (Mindanao) Philippines Interim Cessation of 1/27/1997 Ceasefi re (Mindanao) Hostilities in Buldon, Maguindanao Philippines Agreement for General 7/18/1997 Ceasefi re (Mindanao) Cessation of Hostilities Philippines Agreement to Sustain 2/6/1998 Preliminary (Mindanao) the Quest for Peace I Philippines Resolution Creating a 10/16/1998 Preliminary (Mindanao) Joint Monitoring Contingent Philippines Rules and Procedures 5/18/1999 Preliminary (Mindanao) regarding the Cessation of Hostilities Philippines Tripoli Agreement 6/22/2001 Preliminary (Mindanao) on Peace Philippines GRP–MILF Joint 8/7/2001 Implementation (Mindanao) Communiqué Philippines Implementing 5/7/2002 Implementation (Mindanao) Guidelines for Tripoli Agreement Philippines Agreement on Ancestral 8/5/2008 Implementation (Mindanao) Domain Philippines International Contact 9/15/2009 Implementation (Mindanao) Group Agreement Philippines Agreement on Civilian 10/27/2009 Implementation (Mindanao) Protection Russia (Chechnya) Agreement on the 7/30/1995 Ceasefi re Peaceful Regulation of the Situation in the Chechen Republic Russia (Chechnya) Agreement on the Basic 12/3/1995 Preliminary Principles of Relations Russia (Chechnya) Draft Treaty on the 5/31/1996 Comprehensive Delimitation of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 173
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Russia (Chechnya) Protocols of the 6/10/1996 Implementation Meeting of the Commissions on the Negotiations Russia (Chechnya) Khasavyurt Accords 8/31/1996 Preliminary Russia (Chechnya) Russian–Chechen 11/23/1996 Preliminary Agreement Russia (Chechnya) Peace Treaty and 5/12/1997 Preliminary Principles of Interrelation Rwanda N’SELE Ceasefi re 7/12/1992 Preliminary Agreement Rwanda Protocol of Agreement 8/18/1992 Preliminary on the Rule of Law Rwanda Protocol of Agreement 10/30/1992 Preliminary on Powersharing Rwanda Arusha Accords 8/4/1993 Comprehensive Senegal (Casamance) Agreement with MFDC 3/16/2001 Preliminary Senegal (Casamance) General Peace Accord 12/30/2004 Ceasefi re Sierra Leone Abidjan Accord 10/30/1996 Comprehensive Sierra Leone Agreement on Ceasefi re 5/18/1999 Ceasefi re Sierra Leone Lomé Agreement 7/7/1999 Comprehensive Sierra Leone Abuja Ceasefi re 11/10/2000 Preliminary Agreement Somalia General Agreement 1/8/1993 Ceasefi re Somalia Addis Ababa 3/27/1993 Preliminary Agreement Somalia Nairobi Declaration on 3/24/1994 Preliminary National Reconciliation Somalia Cairo Declaration 12/22/1997 Preliminary Somalia Declaration on 10/27/2002 Comprehensive Cessation of Hostilities Somalia Transitional Federal 1/29/2004 Comprehensive Charter Somalia Djibouti Agreement 6/9/2008 Ceasefi re Somalia Djibouti 10/26/2008 Implementation Implementation Agreement Somalia High Level Committee 11/25/2008 Comprehensive Agreement Somalia Declaration of 6/21/2009 Preliminary Cooperation Somalia Galkayo Agreement 8/23/2009 Comprehensive Somalia Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jamaa 3/15/2010 Comprehensive Agreement 174 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Sri Lanka (Eelam) Declaration of 1/8/1995 Ceasefi re Cessation of Hostilities Sri Lanka (Eelam) Agreement on Ceasefi re 2/23/2002 Ceasefi re Sudan Political Charter 4/10/1996 Preliminary Sudan Peace Agreement with 4/21/1997 Comprehensive UDSF Sudan Nuba Mountains 1/19/2002 Ceasefi re Ceasefi re Agreement Sudan Machakos Protocol 7/20/2002 Preliminary Sudan Memorandum of 10/15/2002 Ceasefi re Understanding on Cessation of Hostilities Sudan Memorandum of 11/18/2002 Preliminary Understanding Sudan Agreement on Security 9/25/2003 Preliminary Arrangements Sudan Framework Agreement 1/7/2004 Preliminary on Wealth Sharing Sudan Humanitarian Ceasefi re 4/8/2004 Ceasefi re Agreement on the Confl ict in Darfur Sudan Protocols on the 5/26/2004 Preliminary Resolution of Confl ict and Powersharing Sudan Declaration on the 11/19/2004 Preliminary Conclusion of IGAD Negotiations Sudan Implementation 12/31/2004 Preliminary Protocols Sudan Sudanese 1/9/2005 Comprehensive Comprehensive Peace Agreement Sudan Darfur Peace 5/5/2006 Comprehensive Agreement Sudan Eastern Sudan Peace 10/14/2006 Comprehensive Agreement Sudan Doha Goodwill 2/17/2009 Preliminary Agreement Sudan JEM Framework 2/23/2010 Preliminary Agreement Sudan LJM Framework 3/18/2010 Preliminary Agreement Sudan LJM Ceasefi re 3/18/2010 Ceasefi re Sudan Agreement on Political 6/28/2011 Preliminary Partnership APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 175
Case Peace agreement Date Type
Sudan LJM Doha Adoption 7/14/2011 Comprehensive Sudan Protocol on Political 7/16/2011 Implementation Participation Tajikistan Tehran Agreement 9/17/1994 Ceasefi re Tajikistan Protocol on Settlement 12/11/1996 Ceasefi re of the Military and Political Situation in the areas of Confrontation Tajikistan Agreement on the 12/23/1996 Preliminary Moscow Meeting Tajikistan Joint Statement 1/19/1997 Preliminary Tajikistan Protocol on Military 3/8/1997 Preliminary Issues Tajikistan Protocol on Political 5/18/1997 Preliminary Issues Tajikistan General Agreement on 6/27/1997 Comprehensive the Establishment of Peace and National Accord Uganda Gulu Ceasefi re 2/2/1994 Ceasefi re Uganda Uganda National 6/15/2002 Ceasefi re Rescue Front II Ceasefi re Uganda Yumbe Peace 12/24/2002 Comprehensive Agreement Uganda Agreement on 8/26/2006 Ceasefi re Cessation of Hostilities Uganda Comprehensive 5/2/2007 Comprehensive Solutions Agreement Uganda Agreement on 6/29/2007 Implementation Accountability and Reconciliation Uganda Annex to 2/19/2008 Implementation Accountability and Reconciliation Uganda Implementation 2/22/2008 Implementation Protocol Uganda Permanent Ceasefi re 2/23/2008 Ceasefi re Uganda Agreement on 2/28/2008 Implementation Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Uganda Implementation and 2/29/2008 Implementation Monitoring Protocol 176 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011
Case Peace agreement Date Type
UK (Northern Good Friday 4/10/1998 Comprehensive Ireland) Agreement Yemen (South Ceasefi re Agreement 6/30/1994 Ceasefi re Yemen) Yugoslavia (Croatia) Ceasefi re Agreement 1/2/1992 Ceasefi re Yugoslavia (Slovenia) Brioni Agreement 7/12/1991 Comprehensive APPENDIX B: SPOILERS
Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective
Afghanistan Peshawar Accord (1992) HIA Modifi cation Angola Bicesse Accords (1991) UNITA Modifi cation Angola Lusaka Protocol (1994) UNITA Modifi cation Azerbaijan Bishkek Protocol (1994) OMON Termination (Nagorno- Karabakh) Azerbaijan Bishkek Protocol (1994) Opposition Parties Modifi cation (Nagorno- Karabakh) Bangladesh Chittagong Hill Tracts BNP Modifi cation Peace Accord (1997) Burundi Arusha Peace and FDD Termination Reconciliation Agreement (2000) Burundi Arusha Peace and FNL Termination Reconciliation Agreement (2000) Burundi Burundi Ceasefi re CNDD-FDD Modifi cation Agreement (2002) Burundi Pretoria Protocol FNL Termination (2003) Burundi Pretoria II Protocol FNL Termination (2003) Burundi Global Ceasefi re FNL Termination Agreement (2003) Cambodia Comprehensive Political Civilian Rioters Termination Settlement (1991) 177 178 APPENDIX B: SPOILERS
Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective
Cambodia Comprehensive Political KR Modifi cation Settlement (1991) Chad Tripoli 2 Agreement MDJT Mardigue Termination (2002) Faction Colombia Political Agreement with Paramilitaries Termination M-19 (1990) Congo/Zaire Lusaka Accord (1999) MLC Modifi cation Côte d’Ivoire Linas-Marcoussis Civilian Rioters Modifi cation Agreement (2003) Côte d’Ivoire Linas-Marcoussis Young Patriots Modifi cation Agreement (2003) Côte d’Ivoire Linas-Marcoussis Military Modifi cation Agreement (2003) Côte d’Ivoire Pretoria II (2005) Young Patriots Modifi cation Djibouti Peace Accord (1994) FRUD-AD Termination El Salvador Chapultepec Peace Paramilitaries Termination Agreement and New York Act II (1992) El Salvador Chapultepec Peace FMLN Modifi cation Agreement and New York Act II (1992) El Salvador Chapultepec Peace Government Modifi cation Agreement and New York Act II (1992) El Salvador Supplementary FMLN Modifi cation Agreement (1993) El Salvador Agreement of the Former Members of Modifi cation Tripartite Meeting the Military (1993) Georgia Agreement on a Abkhazia Rebels Modifi cation (Abkhazia) Ceasefi re and Separation of Forces (1994) Georgia Agreement on a Government Modifi cation (Abkhazia) Ceasefi re and Separation of Forces (1994) Guatemala Queretaro Agreement Military Modifi cation (1991) Guatemala Queretaro Agreement Business Leaders Modifi cation (1991) Guatemala Agreements on URNG Modifi cation Negotiations and Human Rights (1994) APPENDIX B: SPOILERS 179
Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective
Guatemala Agreements on Paramilitaries Termination Negotiations and Human Rights (1994) Haiti Governors Island FRAPH Termination Accord (1993) India (Bodoland) Bodo Accord (1993) BSF Modifi cation Indonesia (Aceh) Cessation of Hostilities FPSG Modifi cation Framework Agreement (2002) Indonesia (Aceh) Cessation of Hostilities TNI Modifi cation Framework Agreement (2002) Indonesia (Aceh) Cessation of Hostilities Government Modifi cation Framework Agreement (2002) Indonesia (East Dili Peace Accord Indonesian Military Termination Timor) (1999) Indonesia (East Dili Peace Accord Militias Termination Timor) (1999) Israel (Palestine) Oslo Accords (1993) Hamas Termination Israel (Palestine) Oslo Accords (1993) DFLP Termination Israel (Palestine) Oslo Accords (1993) PFLP Termination Israel (Palestine) Paris Economic Hamas Termination Relations Pact (1994) Israel (Palestine) Paris Economic DFLP Termination Relations Pact (1994) Israel (Palestine) Paris Economic PFLP Termination Relations Pact (1994) Israel (Palestine) Cairo Agreement (1994) Hamas Termination Israel (Palestine) Cairo Agreement (1994) DFLP Termination Israel (Palestine) Cairo Agreement (1994) PFLP Termination Israel (Palestine) Agreement on Islamic Jihad Termination Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (1994) Israel (Palestine) Agreement on Hamas Termination Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (1994) Israel (Palestine) Agreement on DFLP Termination Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (1994) 180 APPENDIX B: SPOILERS
Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective
Israel (Palestine) Agreement on PFLP Termination Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (1994) Israel (Palestine) Oslo II (1995) Hamas (Factions) Termination Israel (Palestine) Protocols Concerning Hamas Termination Hebron (1997) Liberia Lomé Agreement NPFL Modifi cation (1991) Liberia Yamoussoukro III Peace ULIMO Termination Agreement (1991) Liberia Yamoussoukro IV ULIMO Termination Accord (1991) Liberia Geneva Agreement ULIMO Termination (1992) Liberia Cotonou Accord (1993) NPFL Modifi cation Liberia Accra Ceasefi re Charles Taylor Modifi cation Agreement (2003) Liberia Comprehensive Peace LURD Modifi cation Agreement (2003) Liberia Comprehensive Peace Model Modifi cation Agreement (2003) Macedonia Ohrid Agreement Ljube Boškoski Termination (2001) Macedonia Ohrid Agreement NLA Modifi cation (2001) Mali (Azawad) Tamanrasset Accord FPLA Termination (1991) Mexico (Chiapas) The San Andrés Accords EZLN Modifi cation (1996) Nepal Decisions of the Summit CPN-M Modifi cation Meeting (2006) Nepal Decisions of the Summit CPN-M Modifi cation Meeting (2006) Nepal 7-Point Agreement UCPN-M Modifi cation (2011) Nepal 7-Point Agreement CPN-M Modifi cation (2011) Nicaragua Toncontin Agreement Virgilio Godoy Termination (1990) Nicaragua Toncontin Agreement Re-Contras Modifi cation (1990) Nicaragua Toncontin Agreement Contras Modifi cation (1990) APPENDIX B: SPOILERS 181
Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective
Nicaragua Toncontin Agreement Revueltos Modifi cation (1990) Niger (Air and Paris Accord (1993) FLAA Factions Termination Azawad) Niger (Air and Paris Accord (1993) FLT Modifi cation Azawad) Niger (Air and Accord to Establish a UFRA Modifi cation Azawad) Defi nitive Peace (1995) Papua New Guinea Burnham Truce (1997) BRA Ona Faction Termination (Bougainville) Papua New Guinea Arawa Agreement (1998) BRA Ona Faction Termination (Bougainville) Philippines Jakarta Accord (1996) MILF Termination (Mindanao) Philippines Jakarta Accord (1996) Civilian Rioters Termination (Mindanao) Philippines Agreement on Ancestral BIFF Modifi cation (Mindanao) Domain (2008) Rwanda Arusha Accords (1993) RPF Modifi cation Sierra Leone Agreement on Ceasefi re RUF Modifi cation (1999) Sierra Leone Lomé Agreement RUF Modifi cation (1999) Sierra Leone Abuja Ceasefi re RUF Modifi cation Agreement (2000) Somalia Transitional Federal General Morgan Modifi cation Charter (2004) Somalia Djibouti Agreement ALRS Asmara Termination (2008) Faction Sudan Political Charter (1996) SPLA Garang Termination Faction Sudan Darfur Peace Agreement National Resistance Termination (2006) Front Sudan Agreement of Good Will JEM Modifi cation (2009) Tajikistan General Agreement on Defense Council for Termination the Establishment of South and Central Peace and National Tajikistan Accord (1997) Tajikistan General Agreement on UTO Modifi cation the Establishment of Peace and National Accord (1997) 182 APPENDIX B: SPOILERS
Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective
Uganda Agreement on Cessation LRA Modifi cation of Hostilities (2006) Uganda Agreement on Cessation Government Modifi cation of Hostilities (2006) Uganda Comprehensive LRA Modifi cation Solutions Agreement (2007) UK (Northern Good Friday Agreement CIRA Termination Ireland) (1998) UK (Northern Good Friday Agreement Orange Volunteers Termination Ireland) (1998) UK (Northern Good Friday Agreement RIRA Termination Ireland) (1998) UK (Northern Good Friday Agreement Loyalist Volunteer Termination Ireland) (1998) Force UK (Northern Good Friday Agreement IRA Modifi cation Ireland) (1998) INDEX
A Alliance of the Liberation and Abkhazia , 130 Reconstitution of Somalia Abu Sayyaf, 2, 82 (ALRS), 96 Abuja Ceasefi re , 119 al-Qaeda, 81 Abuja Ceasefi re Agreement, 113 al-Shabaab, 96 Accord to Establish a Angola, 4, 5, 23, 133 Defi nitive Peace, 109, 130 Ankunda, Paddy, 130 Accra Ceasefi re Agreement, 114 Arab Islamic Front of Azawad, 90 Accra, Ghana, 107 Arafat, Yasser, 80, 95 Aceh , 120 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 93 Affi N’Guessan, Pascal, 110 Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL), 94 Afghanistan, 116–18 Armed Resistance Organization African National Congress, 33 (ORA) , 109 African Union, 43, 95 Armenia, 91 Agreement of Goodwill, 131 Arusha Accords, 132 Agreement on Cessation of Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Hostilities, 38, 129 Agreement, 88 Ahmed, Ahmed Assam, 2 Dini, 31, 88 Association of Demobilized Ahmed, Sharif Sheikh, 96 Members of the Armed Forces Air and Azawak Liberation Front (ADEFAES), 128 (FLAA), 88, 130 Australia, 93 Akosombo Agreement, 134 Autonomous Region in Muslim Alaka, Caleb, 121 Mindanao (ARMM), 81, 86 al-Bashir, Omar, 131 Azerbaijan, 91, 92, 108, 109, 151
© The Author(s) 2016 183 A.G. Reiter, Fighting Over Peace, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40102-7 184 INDEX
B Colombia, 2, 5, 34, 35, 46, Baidya, Mohan, 115 91, 151 Bangkok, Thailand, 86 Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist Bangladesh, 119 (CPN-M), 4, 40, 109, 110, 115, Bangladesh Nationalist Party 124, 125, 150 (BNP), 115 Comprehensive Agreement on Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL), 2 Bangsamoro (CAB), 1–3, 82 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Comprehensive Human Rights Fighters (BIFF), 2, 133 Agreement, 125 Banny, Konan, 110, 111 Comprehensive Political Settlement Basque, 5 in Cambodia, 85 Bhattarai, Baburam, 115 Conneh, Sekou, 111 Bicesse Accords, 133 Continuity Irish Republican Army Bishkek Protocol, 91, 108, 151 (CIRA), 78, 151 Bobby, Paul, 81 Contras, 25, 84, 112, 129 Bodo Accord, 119 Coordinating Council of the Bodo Autonomous Council, 119 Southern States, 89 Bodo Security Force (BSF), 119, 120 Co-ordination of Armed Bosco, Jean, 88 Resistance, 130 Boŝkoski, Ljube, 85 Correlates of War (COW), 8, 9 Bougainville, 80 Côte d’Ivoire, 36, 41, 46, 94, 107, Bougainville Burnham Truce, 81 109–12 Bougainville Copper Limited, 80 Cotonou Agreement, 134 Bougainville Revolutionary Army Cristiani, Alfredo, 127 (BRA), 80–2 Bryant, Gyude, 111, 112 Bujumbura, Burundi, 124 D Burundi , 2, 88, 124 Dahir Aweys, Hassan, 96 Darby, John, 3, 45 Darfur, 96, 131 C Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA), 2, Cambodia, 36, 41, 85, 133, 134 14, 95, 96 Cameroon, 114 Dayak, Mano, 88 Canada, 93 Defense Council for South and Cédras, Raoul, 93 Central Tajikistan , 92 Central African Republic, 122 Democratic Front for the Chad, 5, 87 Liberation of Palestine Chamorro, Violeta, 84, 112 (DFLP), 80 Chapultepec Agreement, 127 Democratic Republic of Congo, 130 Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT), de Soto, Álvaro, 127 115–16 diamonds, 55, 62 Cochrane, Feargal, 14, 42 Dili Peace Accord, 92, 93 INDEX 185 disarmament, demobilization, and Front for the Restoration of Unity reintegration, 58, 60, 112, 128 and Democracy-Ahmed Dini Djibouti, 31, 88 Ahmed, 31, 88 Doe, Samuel, 94 Doha Agreement, 2 Doha Goodwill Agreement, 131 G Dostum, Abdul Rashid, 117, 118 Gaddafi , Muammar, 117 drugs, 3, 34, 55, 62 Garang, John, 89 Gbagbo, Laurent, 36, 107, 110, 111 E Georgia, 130 East Timor, 34, 46, 92, 93, 151 Ghana, 107, 117 Economic Community of West Global Ceasefi re Agreement, 89 African States, 107 Godoy, Virgilio, 84 Economic Community of West Good Friday Agreement, 3, 78, 79, African States Monitoring 87, 125, 151 Group (ECOMOG), 94, 113, Goulding, Marrack, 127 116, 117 Governors Island Accord, 93 Ellis, Stephen, 33 Greenhill, Kelly, 26, 58 El Salvador, 4, 33, 39, 46, 82, 83, Guatemala, 4, 24, 46, 82, 127, 129, 132, 151, 155 83, 108, 109, 125, European Union (EU), 3, 51, 85 126, 151 Guatemala City, Guatemala, 108, 154 Guatemalan National Revolutionary F Unity (URNG), 83, 108, 125, Farabundo Martí National Liberation 126, 154 Front (FMLN), 39, 82, 83, 127, Guinea, 114 128, 155 Gurr, Ted, 51 Farid, Ustad, 118 Guterres, Eurico, 93 Forces for the Defense of Democracy (FDD), 88, 89 Foreign & Commonwealth Offi ce of H the United Kingdom, 3 Habyarimana, Juvénal, 132, 133 France, 107 Haiti , 46, 93, 151 Free Aceh Movement, 120, 133 Hamas, 24, 31, 80, 95 Front for the Advancement and Hampson, Fen Osler, 57 Progress of Haiti (FRAPH), 93 Harff, Barbara, 51 Front for the Liberation of Tamoust Hartzell, Caroline, 65 (FLT), 88, 130 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 116–18 Front for the Restoration of High Court of Uganda, 121 Unity and Democracy (FRUD), Hizb-i-Islami Gulbuddin (HIG), 117 31, 88 Hoddie, Matthew, 65 186 INDEX
I Jakarta Agreement, 82 Independent Electoral Janjaweed, 131 Commission, 110 Jaramillo Ossa, Bernardo, 35 Independent National Patriotic Front Javadov, Rovshan, 92 of Liberia (INPFL), 94 Johnson, Prince, 85, 94 India , 2, 116, 119, 120 Johnson-Sirleaf, Ellen, 112 Indonesia, 34, 46, 92, 93, 120, 133 Joint Security Committee (JSC), 120 Indonesian National Armed Justice and Equality Movement Forces, 120 (JEM), 95, 131 Inter-American Development Bank , 108 Intergovernmental Authority on K Development, 114 Kabbah, Ahmad Tejan, 113 International Confl ict Research Kabul, Afghanistan, 117, 118 Institute at the University of Keesing’s World News Archives, 11 Ulster , 9–10 Kenya, 114 International Criminal Court, 111, Khmer Rouge (KR), 36, 85, 120–2, 130, 131 86, 134 International Criminal Tribunal Khudayberdiev, Makhmud, 92 for the Former Yugoslavia, 85 Kismayo, Somalia, 114, 115 International Force for East Kony, Joseph, 120–2 Timor , 93 Kuanyin Bol, Kerubino, 89 International Peace Institute, 3 Kufuor, John, 107 International Support and Verifi cation Kydd, Andrew, 53 Commission, 129 Iran , 42, 108 Irish Republican Army (IRA), L 78, 79, 125 Ledoux, Guy, 3 Irvinestown, Northern Liberia, 41, 94, 97, 111, 112, 114, Ireland, 79 116, 117, 129, 133, 134 Islamabad Accord, 118 Liberians United for Reconciliation Islamic Command Council, 82 and Democracy (LURD), 111, Islamic Jihad, 80, 95 114, 123 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, 2 Libya, 117 Israel, 3, 5, 24, 31, 41, 80, Likud, 95 82, 95,97 Linas-Marcoussis Agreement, Ivorian Popular Front, 110 36, 107 Lions , 85 Lomé Agreement, Liberia, 116 J Lomé Agreement, Sierra Leone, Jakarta Accord, 36, 81, 86 118–119 INDEX 187
Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), 38, Movement for the Liberation of 120–2, 129, 130 Congo (MLC), 130 Loyalist Volunteer Force, Mugabarabona, Alain, 89 88, 153 Lukwiya, Raska, 120–1 Lusaka Accord, 130 N Lusaka Protocol, 134 Nagorno, 151 Nagorno-Karabakh, 91, 108 Nairobi, Kenya, 114 M Najibullah, Mohammad, 117 Macedonia, 84, 85, 125, 126 National Council for the Defense of Mac Ginty, Roger, 87 Democracy—Forces for the Machar, Riek, 89 Defense of Democracy Major, Solomon, 26, 58 (CNDD-FDD) , 89, 124 Makeni, Sierra Leone, 119 National Forces for Liberation Mali, 90 (FNL), 2, 88, 89 Marcos, Ferdinand, 81 Nationalist Republican Alliance, 83 Massoud, Ahmad Shah, 117 National Liberation Army, 85 Maximiliano Hernández Martínez National Opposition Union, 84 Anti-Communist Brigade, 83 National Patriotic Front of Liberia Mazari, Abdul Ali, 117 (NPFL), 94, 116, 117, 134 Memorandum of Agreement on the National Redemption Front Muslim Ancestral Domain, 133 (NRF), 2, 14 Mexico , 132, 133 National Resistance Front, 95 Mindanao, 1, 2, 81, 86 National Salvation Commission, 84 Minnawi, Minni, 95, 96 National Union for the Total Misuari, Nur, 81 Independence of Angola, 4, 133 Mitchell, George, 125 Navarro, Antonio, 91 modifi cation spoiling, 39, 123 Nepal, 4, 40, 109, 112, 115, 124, Monrovia, Liberia, 117 125, 136, 150 Moreno-Ocampo, Luis, 121, 122 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 95 Morgan, Mohammed Siyad Hersie, New Forces, 107 114, 115 Newman, Edward, 56 Moro Islamic Liberation Front Nicaragua, 25, 46, 84, 112, 113, (MILF), 1, 2, 81, 82, 133 129, 132 Moro nationalists, 1 Niger , 88, 109, 112, 129, 130 Moro National Liberation Front Nigeria, 114, 117 (MNLF), 1, 36, 81, 82, 86 Nilsson, Desirée, 45 Movement for Democracy and 19th of April Movement Justice in Chad (MDJT), 87 (M-19) , 91 Movement for Democracy in Liberia Nkurunziza, Peter, 124 (MODEL), 111, 114 Non-State Actor Dataset, 27 188 INDEX
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Peshawar Accord, 117, 118 (NATO), 85, 125 Philippines, 1, 3, 36, 80–2, 86, 133 Northern Ireland, 3, 30–1, 41, 78, 79, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 86 82, 87, 125, 126, 151 Pizarro, Carlos, 91 Political Charter, 89 Polity IV , 63 O Popular Front for the Liberation of Odhiambo, Okot , 121 Palestine (PFLP), 80 Ohrid Agreement, 85, 125 Popular Liberation Front of Azawad Omagh, Northern Ireland, 79 (FPLA), 90 Ona, Francis, 80–2 Popular Movement for the Liberation Ongwen, Dominic, 121 of Azawad, 90 Operation Lightning Thunder, 122 Pot, Pol , 85 Operation Octopus, 117 powersharing, 30, 54, 59, 60, 65, 66, Operation Uphold Democracy, 93 70, 89, 107, 111, 118, 119, 124 Orange Volunteers, 79, 151 Prachanda, 115 Organization for Security and Pretoria Agreement, 110 Co-operation in Europe Pretoria Protocol on Political, (OSCE), 85, 108 Defence and Security Power Organization of American States, Sharing, 124 112, 129 Organization of the Armed Resistance, 130 R Ortega, Daniel, 112 Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 118 Ortega, Humberto, 112 Rabin, Yitzhak, 80 Oslo Accords, 80, 95 Ramos, Fidel, 36, 86 Otti, Vincent, 120 Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA), 31, 78, 79, 151 Re-Contras, 112, 123, 129, 135 P Resistance Front Against GAM Pakistan, 117 Separatists, 120 Palestine, 3, 5, 24, 41, 80, 95 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Palestinian Liberation Organization Colombia (FARC), 2, 35 (PLO), 80, 95 Revolutionary Army for the Liberation Palawan, 81 of Azawad (ARLA), 90 Panama, 93 Revolutionary Front for an Papua New Guinea, 80 Independent East Timor , 93 Paris Accord, 130 Revolutionary United Front (RUF), Paris Accords, 36 40, 113, 114, 118, 119 Patriotic Union, 35 Revueltos, 129 peacekeeping, 8, 25, 29, 36, 41, 58, Reychler, Luc, 14 62, 66, 81, 93, 105, 108, 109, Robow Abu Mansur, Moqtar, 96 111, 127, 133, 148, 157 Romero, Oscar, 83 Pearlman, Wendy, 95 Russia, 108 INDEX 189
Rwanda , 5, 132, 133 Sudan Liberation Movement/Army Rwandese Patriotic Front, 132 (SLM/A), 95, 96, 131 Rwasa, Agathon, 89 Sudan Liberation Movement/ Army-Abdel Wahid, 95 Sudan People’s Liberation Army S (SPLA) , 89 Salamat, Hasham, 81 Sudan People’s Liberation Army-Bahr Samphan, Khieu, 85 al-Ghazel, 89 San Andrès Accords, 132 Suharto, 93 Sandinistas, 25, 84, 112, 129 Sulu, 81 Sandline International, 80 Sun City Agreement, 130 Sankoh, Foday, 40, 113–14, Syria, 42 118,119 Saudi Arabia, 42 Savimbi, Jonas, 4, 23, 133, 134 T Sawyer, Amos, 116, 117 Tajikistan, 92, 129 Senegal, 117 Talavera, Jose Angel, 129 Sen, Hun, 86 Taliban, 118 Sen, Son , 36 Tamanrasset Agreement, 90 Sierra Leone, 40, 94, 114, 118, 119 Taylor, Charles, 94, 114, 116, Sihanouk, Norodom, 85 117, 134 Sisk, Timothy, 14 Thailand, 86 Social Action Party, 108 The Hague, Netherlands, 85, 111 Söderberg Kovacs, Mimmi, 45 Third-Party Peacekeeping Missions Somalia, 5, 96, 114 Dataset, 62 Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 84 Tigers, 98 Soro, Guillaume, 111 Togoi, Adoum , 87 South Africa, 33 Togoïmi, Youssouf, 87 Southern Sudan Defense Forces, 89 Toncontin Agreement, 84 Southern Sudan Independence Transitional Federal Charter, 114 Movement/Army , 89 Transitional Justice Peace Soviet Union, 91, 117 Agreements Database, 9 Spain, 5 Traoré, Moussa, 90 Special Purpose Police Unit Trebos, 85 (OMON), 91, 92, 151 Tripoli Agreement, 81 Sri Lanka, 5 Tripoli 2 Agreement, 87 Srirarm, Chandra Lekha, 60 Tuareg, 88, 90, 109 Stedman, Stephen, 2, 6, 14, Turkey, 108 22, 45, 97 Tutsi , 88, 124 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s Military Expenditure U Database, 62 Uganda , 38, 120–2, 129, 130 Sudan , 2, 5, 89, 95, 96, 131 Ulster, 79, 87 190 INDEX
Unifi ed Communist Party of Nepal- United Tajik Opposition (UTO), Maoist , 125, 136 92, 129 Union of Armed Resistance Force Uppsala Confl ict Data (UFRA), 109 Program/Peace Research United Democratic Salvation Front, 89 Institute Oslo (UCDP/PRIO), United Kingdom, 79 8–10, 14, 62, 63 United Liberation Movement of USS Harlan County , 93 Liberia, 94 Uzbekistan, 92 United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO), 117 V United Movements and Fronts of Vietnam , 134 Azawad, 90 United Nations, 3, 9, 51, 56, 83, 93, 95, 110–12, 114, 118, 119, 126–9, W 131, 132, 134, 152–7 Walter, Barbara, 51, 53 United Nations Mission in Sierra Wolves , 98 Leone , 113, 119 World Bank’s Governance United Nations Offi ce on Drugs and Indicators, 62 Crime , 46 World Bank’s World Development United Nations peacekeeping, 3, 111, Indicators, 62 119, 127, 157 United Nations Peacemaker website, 9 Y United Nations Security Council, 3, Yamoussoukro Accords, 94 14, 107, 157 Yebibou Agreement, 87 United Nations Special Court for Yemen, 3, 14, 42 Sierra Leone, 114 Young Patriots, 36, 107, 110 United Nations Transitional Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 133 Administration in East Timor , 93 United States, 84, 93, 94, 117, 118, 125, 131 Z United States Aid for International Zahar, Marie-Jöelle, 45, 58 Development, 129 Zamboanga, Philippines, 36, 86 United States Department of the Zapatista Army of National Treasury, 14 Liberation, 132 United States Institute of Peace, 10 Zartman, I. William, 58