Vision Lecture 13 Notes: Review of the Visual System
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Neuronal Activity in Monkey Ventral Striatum Related to the Expectation of Reward
The Journal of Neuroscience. December 1992. 72(12): 45954610 Neuronal Activity in Monkey Ventral Striatum Related to the Expectation of Reward Wolfram Schultz, Paul Apicella,” Eugenio Scarnati,b and Tomas Ljungbergc lnstitut de Physiologie, Universitk de Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Projections from cortical and subcortical limbic structures The anatomical substrate underlying these functions may con- to the basal ganglia are predominantly directed to the ventral sist in the conjunction of afferents from limbic structures and striatum. The present study investigated how the expecta- mesencephalicdopamine neurons. Major limbic structures in tion of external events with behavioral significance is re- monkeys, such asthe anterior cingulate gyms, orbitofrontal cor- flected in the activity of ventral striatal neurons. A total of tex, and amygdala, project to the ventral striatum, including the 420 neurons were studied in macaque monkeys performing nucleus accumbens,in a particularly dense and interdigitating in a delayed go-no-go task. Lights of different colors in- fashion, whereas their projections to the dorsal striatum are structed the animal to do an arm-reaching movement or re- more sparseand scattered(Baleydier and Mauguiere, 1980; Par- frain from moving, respectively, when a trigger light was ent et al., 1983; Russchenet al., 1985; Selemonand Goldman- illuminated a few seconds later. Task performance was re- Rakic, 1985). The amygdala is involved in the association of inforced by liquid reward in both situations. A total of 60 external stimuli with primary and secondaryreinforcers for sus- ventral striatal neurons showed sustained increases of ac- taining performance in learning tasks (Gaffan and Harrison, tivity before the occurrence of individual task events. -
Audiovisual Integration of Letters in the Human Brain
Neuron, Vol. 28, 617±625, November, 2000, Copyright 2000 by Cell Press Audiovisual Integration of Letters in the Human Brain Tommi Raij,* Kimmo Uutela, and Riitta Hari dalities to allow them then to interact. Therefore, brain Brain Research Unit areas participating in, e.g., audiovisual integration would Low Temperature Laboratory be expected to show signs of (1) convergence (both Helsinki University of Technology auditory and visual stimuli should activate the same P.O. Box 2200 region) and (2) interaction (the activation evoked by au- FIN-02015-HUT diovisual stimulation should differ from the sum of uni- Espoo modally presented auditory and visual activations). Finland Our aim was to study the human brain's audiovisual integration mechanisms for letters, i.e., for stimuli that have been previously associated through learning. For Summary literate people, the alphabet is effortlessly transformed between the auditory and visual domains (and transmit- Letters of the alphabet have auditory (phonemic) and ted to the motor systems for speech and writing). Our visual (graphemic) qualities. To investigate the neural subjects received auditory, visual, and audiovisual let- representations of such audiovisual objects, we re- ters of the roman alphabet and were required to identify corded neuromagnetic cortical responses to audi- them, regardless of stimulus modality. Audiovisual let- torily, visually, and audiovisually presented single let- ters included matching letters, in which the auditory ters. The auditory and visual brain activations first and visual stimulus corresponded to each other based converged around 225 ms after stimulus onset and on previous experience, and nonmatching (randomly then interacted predominantly in the right temporo- paired) letters. -
Boosting Learning Efficacy with Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Intact and Brain-Damaged Humans
This Accepted Manuscript has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. Research Articles: Behavioral/Cognitive Boosting learning efficacy with non-invasive brain stimulation in intact and brain-damaged humans F. Herpich1,2,3, F. Melnick, M.D.4 , S. Agosta1 , K.R. Huxlin4 , D. Tadin4 and L Battelli1,5,6 1Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems@UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto (TN), Italy 2Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy 3kbo Klinikum-Inn-Salzach, Gabersee 7, 83512, Wasserburg am Inn, Germany 4Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA 5Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215 Massachusetts, USA 6Cognitive Neuropsychology Laboratory, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3248-18.2019 Received: 28 December 2018 Revised: 10 April 2019 Accepted: 8 May 2019 Published: 27 May 2019 Author contributions: F.H., M.D.M., K.H., D.T., and L.B. designed research; F.H., M.D.M., and S.A. performed research; F.H., M.D.M., and D.T. analyzed data; F.H., M.D.M., and L.B. wrote the first draft of the paper; M.D.M., S.A., K.H., D.T., and L.B. edited the paper; K.H., D.T., and L.B. wrote the paper. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests. The present study was funded by the Autonomous Province of Trento, Call “Grandi Progetti 2012”, project “Characterizing and improving brain mechanisms of attention — ATTEND (FH, SA, LB), “Fondazione Caritro — Bando Ricerca e Sviluppo Economico” (FH), NIH (DT, MM and KRH: R01 grants EY027314 and EY021209, CVS training grant T32 EY007125), and by an unrestricted grant from the Research to Prevent Blindness (RPB) Foundation to the Flaum Eye Institute. -
AN ANALYSIS of RIGHT- and LEFT-BRAIN THINKERS and CERTAIN STYLES of LEARNING by Steven D. Bielefeldt a Research Paper Submitted
AN ANALYSIS OF RIGHT- AND LEFT-BRAIN THINKERS AND CERTAIN STYLES OF LEARNING BY Steven D. Bielefeldt A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree Education Approved: 2 Semester Credits Ax I Dr. Robert Sedlak The Graduate School University of Wisconsin -Stout May 2006 The Graduate School University of Wisconsin -Stout Menomonie, WI Author: Bielefeldt, Steven D. Title: An Analysis of Right- and Left-Brain Thinkers and Certain Styles of Learning Graduate Degree I Major: MS Education Research Advisor: Robert Sedlak, Ph.D. Month I Year: May, 2006 Number of Pages: 29 Style Manual Used: American Psychological Association, sth edition ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze right- and left- brain thinkers and certain styles of learning (specifically visual, auditory, or kinesthetic) in college- level adult learners. This study includes data collected from approximately 100 adult learners with a survey, as well as a comprehensive review and analysis of literature concerning the brain, brain-based learning, and certain learning styles. Research-based evidence from the study will be used to ellcourage instructors to develop and use appropriate styles of teaching to enhance their student's educational experience. Table of Contents ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ......................................................................................................... V Chapter I: -
Neural Plasticity Underlying Visual Perceptual Learning in Aging
brain research ] ( ]]]]) ]]]– ]]] Available online at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/brainres Research Report Neural plasticity underlying visual perceptual learning in aging Jyoti Mishraa,n, Camarin Rollea, Adam Gazzaleya,b,c,nn aDepartment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA bDepartment of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA cDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA article info abstract Article history: Healthy aging is associated with a decline in basic perceptual abilities, as well as higher-level Accepted 2 September 2014 cognitive functions such as working memory. In a recent perceptual training study using moving sweeps of Gabor stimuli, Berry et al. (2010) observed that older adults significantly Keywords: improved discrimination abilities on the most challenging perceptual tasks that presented Aging paired sweeps at rapid rates of 5 and 10 Hz. Berry et al. further showed that this perceptual fi Visual perception training engendered transfer-of-bene t to an untrained working memory task. Here, we Cognitive training investigated the neural underpinnings of the improvements in these perceptual tasks, as Perceptual learning assessed by event-related potential (ERP) recordings. Early visual ERP components time- Working memory locked to stimulus onset were compared pre- and post-training, as well as relative to a no- fi Transfer of benefit contact control group. The visual N1 and N2 components were signi cantly enhanced after ERP training, and the N1 change correlated with improvements in perceptual discrimination on the task. Further, the change observed for the N1 and N2 was associated with the rapidity of the perceptual challenge; the visual N1 (120–150 ms) was enhanced post-training for 10 Hz sweep pairs, while the N2 (240–280 ms) was enhanced for the 5 Hz sweep pairs. -
The Visual Corticostriatal Loop Through the Tail of the Caudate: Circuitry and Function
HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY ARTICLE published: 06 December 2013 SYSTEMS NEUROSCIENCE doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00104 The visual corticostriatal loop through the tail of the caudate: circuitry and function CarolA.Seger* Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA Edited by: Although high level visual cortex projects to a specific region of the striatum, the tail of the Ahmed A. Moustafa, University of caudate, and participates in corticostriatal loops, the function of this visual corticostriatal Western Sydney, Australia system is not well understood. This article first reviews what is known about the anatomy Reviewed by: of the visual corticostriatal loop across mammals, including rodents, cats, monkeys, and Erick J. Paul, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, USA humans. Like other corticostriatal systems, the visual corticostriatal system includes Greg Ashby, University of California, both closed loop components (recurrent projections that return to the originating cortical Santa Barbara, USA location) and open loop components (projections that terminate in other neural regions). *Correspondence: The article then reviews what previous empirical research has shown about the function Carol A. Seger, Program in of the tail of the caudate. The article finally addresses the possible functions of the closed Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neuroscience, Department of and open loop connections of the visual loop in the context of theories and computational Psychology, Colorado State models of corticostriatal function. University, Mail code 1876, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Keywords: striatum, caudate, category learning, basal ganglia, corticostriatal, recurrent neural network, e-mail: [email protected] reinforcement learning, Area TE INTRODUCTION forming both open and closed loops. -
Towards a Theory of Visual Learning
Towards a Theory of Visual Learning Learning can be seen as a mental function that relies on the acquisition of knowledge (of different types and range) that is grounded in information – whether specific or perceived. What is learned is used as the basis of further learning, skills, values, belief systems, ideologies and competences. The visual learning process is one that can be seen to underpin others (cf. Ostensiveness: Piaget, 1953.) The assumptions that follow are drawn from current thinking about the relationships between what we see, what we remember and what we know. They help to explain why visual learning may be important, and how a range of technologies may contribute to these processes. What Science suggests Connections in the brain are constantly changing: they are not hardwired (Greenfield, 2003). The synapses relating to vision peak at around 10 months. The density of these synapses then declines and stabilises around 10 years of age. It is the pattern, however, rather than the number of connections that is most important. In terms of cognitive development there are ‘windows of time’ in the developing brain: critical periods for neural connections and pathways (Hubel & Weisel, 1981). The concept of plasticity is relevant here, in terms of the ways in which organisms adapt to environmental stimulus – in particular the brain, and the ways in which it adapts to stimuli (Maturana & Varela, 1981.) Plasticity refers to the ways in which brain structures can change to better cope with the environment: neurons or synapses can change their internal parameters in response to inputs and stimuli. The theory of neuroplasticity (Shaw & McEachern, 2001) describes the ways in which thinking, learning, and acting actually change both the brain’s physical structure and functional organization from top to bottom. -
The Retina the Retina the Pigment Layer Contains Melanin That Prevents Light Reflection Throughout the Globe of the Eye
The Retina The retina The pigment layer contains melanin that prevents light reflection throughout the globe of the eye. It is also a store of Vitamin A. Rods and Cones Photoreceptors of the nervous system responsible for transforming light energy into the electrical energy of the nervous system. Bipolar cells Link between photoreceptors and ganglion cells. Horizontal cells Provide inhibition between bipolar cells. This is the mechanism of lateral inhibition which is important to edge detection and contrast enhancement. Amacrine cells Transmit excitatory signals from bipolar to ganglion cells. Thought to be important in signalling changes in light intensity. Neural circuitry About 125 rods and 5 cones converge on each optic nerve fibre. In the central portion of the fovea there are no rods. The ratio of cones to optic nerves in the fovea is one. This increases the visual acuity of the fovea. Rods and Cones Photosensitive substance in rods is called rhodopsin and in cones is called iodopsin. The Photochemistry of Vision Rhodopsin and Iodopsin Cis-retinal +Opsin Light sensitive Light Trans-retinal Opsin Light insensitive This is a reversible reaction Cis-retinal +Opsin Light sensitive Vitamin A In the presence of light, the rods and cones are hyperpolarized mv t Hyperpolarizing potential lasts for upto half a second, leading to the perception of fusion of flickering lights. Receptor potential – rod and cone potential Hyperpolarizing receptor potential caused by rhodopsin decomposition. Hyperpolarizing potential lasts for upto half a second, leading to the fusion of flickering lights. Light and dark adaptation in the visual system The eye is capable of vision in conditions of light that vary greatly in intensity The eye adapts dynamically to lighting conditions Light and Dark Adaptation We are able to see in light intensities that vary greatly. -
Informing Computer Vision with Optical Illusions
Informing Computer Vision with Optical Illusions Nasim Nematzadeh David M. W. Powers Trent Lewis College of Science and Engineering College of Science and Engineering College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Flinders University Flinders University Adelaide, Australia Adelaide, Australia Adelaide, Australia [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— Illusions are fascinating and immediately catch the increasingly detailed biological characterization of both people's attention and interest, but they are also valuable in retinal and cortical cells over the last half a century (1960s- terms of giving us insights into human cognition and perception. 2010s), there remains considerable uncertainty, and even some A good theory of human perception should be able to explain the controversy, as to the nature and extent of the encoding of illusion, and a correct theory will actually give quantifiable visual information by the retina, and conversely of the results. We investigate here the efficiency of a computational subsequent processing and decoding in the cortex [6, 8]. filtering model utilised for modelling the lateral inhibition of retinal ganglion cells and their responses to a range of Geometric We explore the response of a simple bioplausible model of Illusions using isotropic Differences of Gaussian filters. This low-level vision on Geometric/Tile Illusions, reproducing the study explores the way in which illusions have been explained misperception of their geometry, that we reported for the Café and shows how a simple standard model of vision based on Wall and some Tile Illusions [2, 5] and here will report on a classical receptive fields can predict the existence of these range of Geometric illusions. -
Interaction of Inferior Temporal Cortex with Frontal Cortex and Basal Forebrain: Double Dissociation in Strategy Implementation and Associative Learning
The Journal of Neuroscience, August 15, 2002, 22(16):7288–7296 Interaction of Inferior Temporal Cortex with Frontal Cortex and Basal Forebrain: Double Dissociation in Strategy Implementation and Associative Learning David Gaffan,1 Alexander Easton,2 and Amanda Parker2 1Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom, and 2School of Psychology, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom Macaque monkeys learned a strategy task in which two groups TSϩAMϩFX cannot be generally attributed to the partial tem- of visual objects needed to be treated differently, one with poral–frontal disconnection that this lesion creates, and there- persistent and one with sporadic object choices, to obtain food fore support the hypothesis that the amnesic effects of this rewards. After preoperative training, they were divided into two lesion are caused primarily by the disconnection of temporal surgical groups of three monkeys each. One group received cortex from ascending inputs from the basal forebrain. The crossed unilateral removals of frontal cortex and inferior tem- results also show that temporal–frontal interaction in strategy poral cortex (IT ϫ FC) and were severely impaired in performing implementation does not require those routes of temporal– the strategy task. The other group received bilateral transection frontal interaction that are interrupted in TSϩAMϩFX, and of anterior temporal stem, amygdala, and fornix (TSϩAMϩFX) therefore support the hypothesis that projections to other pos- and were unimpaired in performing the strategy task. Subse- terior cortical areas allow temporal and frontal cortex to interact quently the same animals were tested in visual object–reward with each other by multisynaptic corticocortical routes in strat- association learning. -
A Neural Model of the Scintillating Grid Illusion: Disinhibi- Tion and Self-Inhibition in Early Vision
LETTER Communicated by Sidney Lehky A Neural Model of the Scintillating Grid Illusion: Disinhibi- tion and Self-Inhibition in Early Vision Yingwei Yu Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/18/3/521/816498/neco.2006.18.3.521.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 [email protected] Yoonsuck Choe [email protected] Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3112, U.S.A A stationary display of white discs positioned on intersecting gray bars on a dark background gives rise to a striking scintillating effect—the scin- tillating grid illusion. The spatial and temporal properties of the illusion are well known, but a neuronal-level explanation of the mechanism has not been fully investigated. Motivated by the neurophysiology of the Limulus retina, we propose disinhibition and self-inhibition as possible neural mechanisms that may give rise to the illusion. In this letter, a spa- tiotemporal model of the early visual pathway is derived that explicitly accounts for these two mechanisms. The model successfully predicted the change of strength in the illusion under various stimulus conditions, indicating that low-level mechanisms may well explain the scintillating effect in the illusion. 1 Introduction The scintillating grid illusion consists of bright discs superimposed on in- tersections of orthogonal gray bars on a dark background (see Figure 1A; Schrauf, Lingelbach, & Wist, 1997). In this illusion, illusory dark spots are perceived as scintillating within the white discs. Several important prop- erties of the illusion have been discovered and reported inrecent years. (1) The discs that are closer to a fixation show less scintillation (Schrauf et al., 1997), which might be due to the fact that receptive fields in the periphery are larger than those in the fovea. -
Color Appearance Models Second Edition
Color Appearance Models Second Edition Mark D. Fairchild Munsell Color Science Laboratory Rochester Institute of Technology, USA Color Appearance Models Wiley–IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology Series Editor: Michael A. Kriss Formerly of the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratories and the University of Rochester The Reproduction of Colour (6th Edition) R. W. G. Hunt Color Appearance Models (2nd Edition) Mark D. Fairchild Published in Association with the Society for Imaging Science and Technology Color Appearance Models Second Edition Mark D. Fairchild Munsell Color Science Laboratory Rochester Institute of Technology, USA Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 This book was previously publisher by Pearson Education, Inc Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to [email protected], or faxed to (+44) 1243 770571. This publication is designed to offer Authors the opportunity to publish accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered.