Western North American Naturalist

Volume 68 Number 2 Article 16

6-10-2008

Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project by

Duane Jeffery Brigham Young University

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Recommended Citation Jeffery, Duane (2008) "Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project by Spencer Wells," Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 68 : No. 2 , Article 16. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol68/iss2/16

This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western North American Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Western North American Naturalist 68(2), © 2008, pp. 260–261 BOOK REVIEW

Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic a brief introduction to the project itself, Wells Project. 2006. Wells, Spencer. National takes his readers on the mandatory introduction Geographic Society, Washington, DC. to DNA structure, mutations, and as $12.95, paperback; 247 pp. ISBN-13: markers for tracing ancestries. And he explains 978-1426201189. the logic of using accumulated mutations to give estimates of time in the ancient past and The human species is very diverse, and I estimates of , the combinations of suspect that Spencer Wells has explored more human populations shown by common haplo- of that diversity in person than has any other types to share common ancestries. These por- living being—likely more than any other tions are spare but generally adequate. A short human being ever. It helps to have a title like glossary also helps. From there Wells launches Explorer in Residence at the National Geo- into the major thrusts of his story. graphic Society, but it is clear that for a lot of The stories of individual humans, which give the time he is explorer-not-in-residence. a personal touch to the overall summaries of It is a rare human who has ridden Russian data, open each chapter. Wells’s own grand- armored personnel carriers into the deep win- mother, a Nebraskan born to Danish immi- ter fastnesses of Siberia to herd reindeer with grants, is the focus to review what we know of the Chukchi people, and who has supped with the peopling of Europe. Phil Bluehouse, a Navajos in Arizona, hunter-gatherers in Africa, Navajo, is our entry to the peopling of the Aborigines in Australia, and folks in hidden Americas. And Virumandi, from southern India, villages in India. But Wells has done all that is a link to understanding the ancestry of Aus- and far more. The man has both a gift and an tralian Aborigines, whose ancestors apparently inner drive not only to visit such diverse peo- passed through India on their journey from ples but to collect their DNA and tease out Africa to the “island continent.” Lastly, Julius, their ancestry and origins. He seems to have a chief of a hunter-gatherer people on the edge inherited this drive from the 1st major worker of Africa’s Great Rift Valley, takes us back to to undertake such a project, Stanford’s Luigi humanity’s birthplace. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, with whom Wells did his There is a certain tenderness in these per- postdoctoral work. sonal stories. Phil Bluehouse cries for joy when Wells will be known to many readers as the the DNA confirms what he has long suspected author of the 2002 book : and hoped: his ancestry goes back into Siberia. A Genetic Odyssey and for his work on various He has long harbored an unfathomed affinity television programs with the PBS, Discovery, toward the people of Siberia. (Some readers and National Geographic channels. Deep An- will be familiar with Navajos’ cultural exchanges cestry continues that tradition: an update on the in recent years with the Khanty tribe of Siberia, progress of the Genographic Project. (For those who seem to the Navajos like long-lost cousins.) who may not be familiar with it, this is a joint Julius’s people, on the other hand, have a dif- project sponsored by IBM and the National ferent story: they have always lived right where Geographic Society to gather DNA not only they are now. And Wells confirmed that for from the world’s while they them: the original humans apparently evolved still exist and are identifiable, but also from just about where Julius and his tribe (the Had - anyone else who is willing to purchase a kit— zabe or Hadza) live now. They have kept the as over 160,000 people have done.) home place, it seems. I anticipate that we will see more works in I do not suggest that all such peoples have this genre, and they will be most welcome. After their stories confirmed; most emphatically do

260 2008] BOOK REVIEWS 261 not. But Wells does not dwell on those. He therefrom into the Levant about 100,000 years does, however, venture a guess about what the ago, but then “disappeared” from there, (2) original members of our species probably humans made a 2nd exit from Africa about looked like. “If Africans have had dark skin for 60,000 years ago, and (3) all modern Euro- 50,000 years, it is a certainty that our distant peans came from peoples who moved into ancestors were dark skinned. They also were Europe about 40,000 years ago. But just as likely to have been thin people of a height sim- the 1st emigration is detectable only from fos- ilar to African hunter-gatherer populations to- sils, it would take only 1 or 2 more fossil finds day (perhaps 56፳ on average). . . . Basically, . . . to alter this scenario. our earliest ancestors of 50,000 years ago pro - After his main story, Wells provides an over- bably looked very much like modern Africans” view of the future of the Genographic Project (p. 155). and then a rather extended appendix of mito- Attentive readers will catch a major omis- chondrial and Y-chromosome histo- sion from the continents I’ve mentioned above: ries. These histories will be especially useful what about Asia? Never fear; Asia’s story is for readers wishing to trace these molecular woven throughout all the others. While Africa markers. is the mother continent, everybody who did The book is written for a popular audience, not stay there had to exit through Asia. The but I do wish it had footnotes, or chapter end- DNA story makes this clear. The greatest notes at least, to give guidance to specific points amount of human is in of the fascinating histories told. A brief, though Africa; humans there have had the longest well-chosen, listing for further reading is given, time to accumulate diversity by mutation. (Just and some of these references are ongoing for beginners, the tallest and shortest humans websites. live there also: the Maasai and the Pygmies.) But I end with some data with which Wells Wells’s writing does not quite match some began his book. Summarizing work from his of the more popular science writers’ prose, but own Ph.D. adviser at Harvard (Richard Lew - it is definitely adequate and clear, and he has ontin), Wells emphasizes that the old idea of an admirable knack for picking useful illustra- human “races” just does not hold up. That idea tions for his story (clonal groves of aspens, for would suggest that there are major differences instance, to illustrate human haplogroups). between the races. Lewontin demonstrated, Wells weaves archeology and linguistics however, that 85% of human genetic diversity into his genetic story, though only to clarify is found within populations and “shared across some of the observed genetic patterns. Typos all populations and races.” Seven percent is are present but rare, and an occasional slip of found between populations within a single race, fact or interpretation may be evident. Wells such as between the Germans and the British. says, for instance, that the famous Hapsburg Only 8 percent is found between the classic lip of European royalty was made prominent “races,” and these are seemingly associated by inbreeding. But since the trait is due to an primarily with external appearances. The take- autosomal dominant allele, inbreeding is quite home message? Under the skin we are all fam- irrelevant to its history. ily, all siblings and cousins, and Wells uses the Wells makes a couple of broad assertions well-known ancestry of the Thomas Jefferson which may be modified by future research. / Sally Hemings family to illustrate that point. While recognizing that a couple of skeletal re - The Genographic Project already reveals mains do seem to show features of both Nean- the major outlines of our familial history; we derthals and modern humans, he says that the eagerly anticipate further and finer details. DNA data provide a “definitive answer” to the question of whether they interbred. They did Duane Jeffery not, says he, though many other workers still Department of Biology do not regard that as a fully resolved question. Brigham Young University Similarly, Wells asserts that (1) our own Provo, UT 84602 species evolved in Africa, made a brief exit E-mail: duane_ [email protected]