Trends and Spatial Patterns of Crime in India a Case Study of a District in India
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LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 8 : 12 December 2008 ISSN 1930-2940 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D. A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D. Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D. K. Karunakaran, Ph.D. Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D. Trends and Spatial Patterns of Crime in India A Case Study of a District in India A Doctoral Dissertation Approved for Ph.D. in Sociology, Annamalai University M. Jayamala, Ph.D. Language in India www.languageinindia.com 86 8 : 12 December 2008 Trends and Spatial Patterns of Crime in India – A Case Study of a District in India M. Jayamala, Ph.D. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations List of Tables CHAPTER 1 Introduction 2 Review of Literature 3 Methodology 4 Area Profile 5 Trend of Crime in Coimbatore Region 6 Property Offences in Coimbatore Region 7 Grave Offences in Coimbatore Region 8 Crimes Against Women in Coimbatore Region 9 Summary and Conclusion Bibliography Appendices Language in India www.languageinindia.com 87 8 : 12 December 2008 Trends and Spatial Patterns of Crime in India – A Case Study of a District in India M. Jayamala, Ph.D. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 3.1. Location of the Area of Study 3.2. Location of Police Subdivisions and Police Stations in Coimbatore District 3.3 Location of Police Stations in Coimbatore City 3.4. Location of Police Subdivisions and Police Stations in Erode District 3.5. Location of Police Subdivisions and Police Stations in Nilgiris District 5.1. Trend of Crime in Coimbatore District 5.2. Trend of Crime in Erode District 5.3. Trend of Crime in Nilgiris District 5.4. Trend of Crime in Coimbatore Region 1993-2002 5.5. Spatial Spread of Crime in Coimbatore District 5.6. Spatial Spread of Crime in Erode District 5.7. Spatial Spread of Crime in Nilgiris District 6.1. Thefts Reported in Coimbatore Police Subdivisions 6.2. Thefts Reported in Erode Police Subdivisions 6.3. Thefts Reported in Nilgiris Police Subdivisions 6.4. Burglaries Reported in Coimbatore Police Subdivisions 6.5. Burglaries Reported in Erode Police Subdivisions Language in India www.languageinindia.com 88 8 : 12 December 2008 Trends and Spatial Patterns of Crime in India – A Case Study of a District in India M. Jayamala, Ph.D. 6.6. Burglaries Reported in Nilgiris Police Subdivisions 6.7. Property Offences in Coimbatore District 6.8. Spatial Spread of Property Offences in Coimbatore District 6.9. Property Offences in Erode District 6.10. Spatial Spread of Property Offences in Erode District 6.11. Property Offences in Nilgiris District 6.12. Spatial Spread of Property Offences in Nilgiris District 8.1. Dowry Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Coimbatore District 8.2. Dowry Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Erode District 8.3. Dowry Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions in Nilgiris District 8.4. Molestation Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Coimbatore District 8.5. Molestation Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Erode District 8.6. Rape Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Coimbatore District 8.7. Rape Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Erode District 8.8. Kidnap/Abduction Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Coimbatore District 8.9. Kidnap/Abduction Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Erode District Language in India www.languageinindia.com 89 8 : 12 December 2008 Trends and Spatial Patterns of Crime in India – A Case Study of a District in India M. Jayamala, Ph.D. LIST OF TABLES 5.1. Trend of Crime in Coimbatore District 5.2. Trend of Crime in Erode District 5.3. Trend of Crime in Nilgiris District 5.4. Spatial Spread of Crime in Coimbatore Region – 2002 6.1. Thefts in Coimbatore Region – 2002 6.2. Timings of Thefts Reported in Coimbatore Region 6.3. Gender of the Accused in Theft Cases 6.4. Number of the Accused in Theft Cases 6.5. Age Distribution of the Accused in Theft Cases 6.6. Types of Property Stolen by Thieves in Coimbatore Region 6.7. Burglaries in Coimbatore Region – 2002 6.8. Timings of Burglaries Reported in Coimbatore Region 6.9. Gender of the Accused in Burglary Cases 6.10. Number of the Accused in Burglary Cases 6.11. Age Distribution of the Accused in Burglary Cases 6.12. Types of Property Stolen by Burglars in Coimbatore Region 6.13. Dacoities in Coimbatore Region – 2002 6.14. Timings of Dacoities Reported in Coimbatore Region 6.15. Number of the Accused in Dacoity Cases 6.16. Age Distribution of the Accused in Dacoity Cases 6.17. Types of Property looted by Dacoits in Coimbatore Region Language in India www.languageinindia.com 90 8 : 12 December 2008 Trends and Spatial Patterns of Crime in India – A Case Study of a District in India M. Jayamala, Ph.D. 6.18. Robberies in Coimbatore Region – 2002 6.19. Timings of Robberies Reported in Coimbatore Region 6.20. Number of the Accused in Robbery Cases 6.21. Age Distribution of the Accused in Robbery Cases 6.22. Types of Property Looted by Robbers in Coimbatore Region 6.23. Property Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Coimbatore District 6.24. Property Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Erode District 6.25. Property Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Nilgiris District 7.1. Murders for Gain in Coimbatore Region – 2002 7.2. Timings of Murders for Gain in Coimbatore Region 7.3. Number of the Accused in Murder for Gain Cases 7.4. Age Distribution of the Accused in Murder for Gain Cases 7.5. Types of Property Gained by Murderers in Coimbatore Region 7.6. Murders for Other Purposes in Coimbatore Region – 2002 7.7. Number of the Accused in Murder for Other Purpose Cases 7.8. Age Distribution of the Accused in Murder for Other Purpose Cases 7.9. Gender of the Accused in Murder for Other Purpose Cases 8.1. Dowry Offences in Coimbatore Region – 2002 8.2. Dowry Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Coimbatore District 8.3. Dowry Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Erode District 8.4. Dowry Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions in Nilgiris District Language in India www.languageinindia.com 91 8 : 12 December 2008 Trends and Spatial Patterns of Crime in India – A Case Study of a District in India M. Jayamala, Ph.D. 8.5. Age Distribution of Victims in Reported Dowry Cases 8.6. Molestation Offences in Coimbatore Region – 2002 8.7. Molestation Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Coimbatore District 8.8. Molestation Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Erode District 8.9. Age Distribution of Victims in Reported Molestation Cases 8.10. Rape Offences in Coimbatore Region – 2002 8.11. Rape Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Coimbatore District 8.12. Rape Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Erode District 8.13. Age Distribution of Victims in Reported Rape Cases 8.14. Kidnap/Abduction Offences in Coimbatore Region – 2002 8.15. Kidnap/Abduction Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Coimbatore District 8.16. Kidnap/Abduction Offences Reported in Police Subdivisions of Erode District 8.17. Age Distribution of Victims in Reported Kidnap/Abduction Cases CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Crime is the violation of the rules and regulations enforced by the society from time to time for which definite punishment is prescribed by law. Language in India www.languageinindia.com 92 8 : 12 December 2008 Trends and Spatial Patterns of Crime in India – A Case Study of a District in India M. Jayamala, Ph.D. Members in every society are expected to act according to its established norms and laws. But when an individual finds it difficult or impossible to satisfy his wants and desires in a direct and socially accepted manner, he encounters the alternative of renouncing his motive or attempting to find a substitute satisfaction. When good solutions are not available, he engages himself in anti-social behaviour of criminal nature. Concept of Crime According to Paul Tappan, “crime is an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law (statutory and case law) committed without defense or justification, and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor” 1. “Crime is an act of violation of law, and criminal is a person 2 who does an act in violation of law” . The concept of crime is an unusually difficult one, since it is difficult to find any definition of crime that does not have a large element of circularity. In general, crimes are committed as events and actions that are prescribed by the criminal law of a particular country. It is not easy to sociologically define crime particularly because of its implicit roots in the concept of crime. Crime is considered as a deviant behaviour, because it is an act of human against prevailing norms of the society. A crime is further viewed by different parts of the world, even by different sections of the same people differently. Crime by a particular 1 Paul Tappan, Crime, Justice and Correction (New York: McGraw Hill, 1960), p. 10. 2 International Encyclopedia of the Social Science, Vol. 3&4, (New York: The Mac Millan Company and The Free Press, 1972), p. 476. Language in India www.languageinindia.com 93 8 : 12 December 2008 Trends and Spatial Patterns of Crime in India – A Case Study of a District in India M. Jayamala, Ph.D. society at a particular period of time may not be so at a different time and for different people. Generally speaking, in India bigamy is illegal; in a Muslim society, a man can have as many as four wives. In some communist countries, free enterprise is illegal; the free enterprise system is a social tradition in the United States and many American laws reinforce them.