TRS-80 Model 1 Clone Loading and Running a Version of the Computer Game Sea Dragon Here
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PDP-11 Handbook
alMml digihl equipmentcorpomtion Copyright 1969 by Digital Equipment Corporation PDP is a registered trademark of Digital Equipment, Corporation The material in this handbook is for information pur- poses only and is subject to change without notice. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPIER 1 lNTRODUCTlOR PDP-11 SYSTEMS . .:.. 1 UNIBUS . , . 1 KAl 1 PROCESSOR . .?. 1 Priority Interrupts ,...............,..... 1 Reentrant Code . General Registers . :... 2 Instruction Set . .._........................................................ Addressing . ..~...............................................~........,...,......... z Asynchronous Operation . L 2 PACKAGJNG . ..I . 2 SOmARE ........................ .: ........................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM INTRODUCTION SYSTEM DEFINITION .................................................................. 5 SYSTEM COMPONENTS ............................................................... 5 UNIBUS ................................................... .................................. 5 Single Bus ................................................................. .......... 5 Bidirectional Lines ............ .......................................... ..* .... 5 Master-Slave Relation ........................... .............................. 5 Interlocked .Communication ................................................ Dynamic Master-Slave Relation ........................................... : KAll CENTRAL PROCESSOR ...................................................... 6 General Registers -
Introduction Mainframes
LL I I I I Introduction . 11.. V ZI i ..O. There is little question that the current enthusiasm in personal computing was catalyzed by the introduction of the MITS Altair computer kit in January 1975. This computer kit demonstrated by its cost (originally less than $400) that individuals could now afford a computer. And by its design the Altair established a standard bus structure for the personal computing industry. Less than six months after MITS announced the Altair computer, other manufacturers were announcing com- patible memory boards, interface boards, and peripherals. Within the year bus-compatible mainframes were also introduced. Today over 50 manufacturers support what is known as the Standard 100 or S-100 bus derived from the 100-wire bus used in the original Altair computer. Over 20,000 mainframes using the S-100 bus are now in the field. One key reason for the rapid growth of the personal computer industry can be found in the widespread adoption of a standard microcomputer bus. A second key reason can be found in the design innovations in mainframes, memories, and I/O interfaces designed for the S-100 bus. Figure 1. The basic personal computer can accept a number of standard 5" x 10" cards designed for the industry standard S-100 microcomputer bus. A large selection of CPU, memory, and interface cards offers a great deal of flexibility in system Mainframes design. The basic personal computer mainframe consists of a CPU, computer bus, and power supply. Most mainframes are sold in kit form (Figure 1). Without exception in the personal computing industry of manufacturer support for the S-100 bus, no fewer than a microprocessor serves as the CPU. -
Hardware Components and Internal PC Connections
Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Instructional Guides School of Multidisciplinary Technologies 2015 Computer Hardware: Hardware Components and Internal PC Connections Jerome Casey Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/schmuldissoft Part of the Engineering Education Commons Recommended Citation Casey, J. (2015). Computer Hardware: Hardware Components and Internal PC Connections. Guide for undergraduate students. Technological University Dublin This Other is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Multidisciplinary Technologies at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Instructional Guides by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Higher Cert/Bachelor of Technology – DT036A Computer Systems Computer Hardware – Hardware Components & Internal PC Connections: You might see a specification for a PC 1 such as "containing an Intel i7 Hexa core processor - 3.46GHz, 3200MHz Bus, 384 KB L1 cache, 1.5MB L2 cache, 12 MB L3 cache, 32nm process technology; 4 gigabytes of RAM, ATX motherboard, Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit operating system, an Intel® GMA HD graphics card, a 500 gigabytes SATA hard drive (5400rpm), and WiFi 802.11 bgn". This section aims to discuss a selection of hardware parts, outline common metrics and specifications -
The Computer History Simulation Project
The Computer History Simulation Project The Computer History Simulation Project The Computer History Simulation Project is a loose Internet-based collective of people interested in restoring historically significant computer hardware and software systems by simulation. The goal of the project is to create highly portable system simulators and to publish them as freeware on the Internet, with freely available copies of significant or representative software. Simulators SIMH is a highly portable, multi-system simulator. ● Download the latest sources for SIMH (V3.5-1 updated 15-Oct-2005 - see change log). ● Download a zip file containing Windows executables for all the SIMH simulators. The VAX and PDP-11 are compiled without Ethernet support. Versions with Ethernet support are available here. If you download the executables, you should download the source archive as well, as it contains the documentation and other supporting files. ● If your host system is Alpha/VMS, and you want Ethernet support, you need to download the VMS Pcap library and execlet here. SIMH implements simulators for: ● Data General Nova, Eclipse ● Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-1, PDP-4, PDP-7, PDP-8, PDP-9, PDP-10, PDP-11, PDP- 15, VAX ● GRI Corporation GRI-909 ● IBM 1401, 1620, 1130, System 3 ● Interdata (Perkin-Elmer) 16b and 32b systems ● Hewlett-Packard 2116, 2100, 21MX ● Honeywell H316/H516 ● MITS Altair 8800, with both 8080 and Z80 ● Royal-Mcbee LGP-30, LGP-21 ● Scientific Data Systems SDS 940 Also available is a collection of tools for manipulating simulator file formats and for cross- assembling code for the PDP-1, PDP-7, PDP-8, and PDP-11. -
OF the 1980S
THAT MADE THE HOME COMPUTER REVOLUTION OF THE 1980s 23 THAT MADE THE HOME COMPUTER REVOLUTION OF THE 1980s First published in 2021 by Raspberry Pi Trading Ltd, Maurice Wilkes Building, St. John’s Innovation Park, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0DS Publishing Director Editors Russell Barnes Phil King, Simon Brew Sub Editor Design Nicola King Critical Media Illustrations CEO Sam Alder with Brian O Halloran Eben Upton ISBN 978-1-912047-90-1 The publisher, and contributors accept no responsibility in respect of any omissions or errors relating to goods, products or services referred to or advertised in this book. Except where otherwise noted, the content of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0). Contents Introduction. 6 Research Machines 380Z. 8 Commodore PET 2001. 18 Apple II. 36 Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81. 46 Commodore VIC-20 . 60 IBM Personal Computer (5150). 78 BBC Micro . 90 Sinclair ZX Spectrum. 114 Dragon 32. 138 Commodore 64. 150 Acorn Electron . .166 Apple Macintosh . .176 Amstrad CPC 464. 194 Sinclair QL . .210 Atari 520ST. 222 Commodore Amiga. 234 Amstrad PCW 8256. 256 Acorn Archimedes . .268 Epilogue: Whatever happened to the British PC? . .280 Acknowledgements . 281 Further reading, further viewing, and forums. 283 Index . .286 The chapters are arranged in order of each computer’s availability in the UK, as reflected by each model’s date of review in Personal Computer World magazine. Introduction The 1980s was, categorically, the best decade ever. Not just because it gave us Duran Duran and E.T., not even because of the Sony Walkman. -
Paper Submission Template
European Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Vol.3, No.1, pp. 15-42, March 2015 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) CATEGORIES AND GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS Ionescu Andreea The Hyperion University from Bucharest ABSTRACT: This scientific article speaks about generations of computers, PC history, saving data, Von Neumann architecture, input/output peripherals, software instructions, programs, mainframe, minicomputers, microcomputers, supercomputers, libraries and operating systems, computer networks and Internet, introduction to the world of computers, evolution of computer systems, from the literature specialized in computer science. Computers are divided into: mechanical computers-water and gas meters, electromechanical computers-electricity meters, electronic computers (I generation of computers, II generation of computers, III generation of computers, IV generation of computers), optical computers and biological computers. After the highest prevalence, electronic computers are divided into: analogue- electronic computers, digital electronic-computers and hybrid electronic computers. KEYWORDS: Mainframe, Minicomputers, Microcomputers, Supercomputers, Computers, Operating Systems; INTRODUCTION This scientific article speaks about: the electronic computer, the computer science, the Information Technology, PC-History, personal computers, Von Neumann Architecture(an electronic computer with four major modeules: Arithmetic-Logic Unit(ALU), Control Unit(CU), Central -
PDP-8 - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia 1/22/12 1:06 PM PDP-8 from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from Pdp8)
PDP-8 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1/22/12 1:06 PM PDP-8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Pdp8) The 12-bit PDP-8 was the first successful commercial minicomputer, produced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the 1960s. DEC introduced it on 22 March 1965, and sold more than 50,000 systems, the most of any computer up to that date.[1] It was the first widely sold computer in the DEC PDP series of computers (the PDP-5 was not originally intended to be a general-purpose computer). The chief engineer who designed the initial version of the PDP-8 was Edson de Castro, who later founded Data General.[2] The earliest PDP-8 model (informally known as a "Straight-8") used diode-transistor logic, packaged on flip chip cards, and was about the size of a minibar-fridge. This was followed by the PDP-8/S, available in desktop and rack-mount models. By using a one-bit serial ALU implementation, the PDP-8/S was smaller, less expensive, but vastly slower than the original PDP-8. The only mass storage peripheral available for the PDP-8/S was the A PDP-8 on display at the DF32 disk. Smithsonian's National Museum of American History in Washington, Later systems (the PDP-8/I and /L, the PDP-8/E, /F, and /M, and the D.C.. This example is from the first PDP-8/A) returned to a faster, fully parallel implementation but used generation of PDP-8s, built with much less-expensive TTL MSI logic. -
The Early Model Personal Computer Contest Oliver Strimpei
3 2 1 D MK0096 t.. ,.1.) ::l''l:1±j~ RAM NOTES: (c ... tlnued Ir~m .h., JIll ,. UNiT. AS SU P PLIEO, IN_ CLUDES" UCl MICR,O PROCESSOR, AND SOLDER JUMPERS AT 80TH POINTS MA ltltEO "~SOl". AND 1tA5 OM ITTED ,.,LL tOMPON_ tNT5 SHOWN WITHI N THE DOTTED BOX. IF' A UOG IS SU.8$TITl1TEO FOR THE c UOZ IT IS NECESSARY TO u.;STAt.1. ALI. COM PON_ £NTS SHOWN. AND TO BR.EAK BOTH SOLDER, IUUDGES NOTEO " 6'>02". 8. UNIT [S SUPPLIED WI TH: Y J."'p... d to eSF Z '."'p",.d to CS[) W '."'p«od 'oal ..... X Jump.tod tOes" R. 5, " no! T. ARt: USI:R S ELECTABl.E OllP SE LXCTS. (4K III..OCKS) .. KYBD ~ OS P AI\.£ INTER RUPT OUTPIITS F ROM PIA. POINTS LABELEO " 111,0". " "NMt" ARE INTERRIIPT NOf('" • INPUTS FROM MIC RO • , PROCESSOR. FOR NOR_ M AL OPERATION NO JUMPE RS A RE R£QIIJlU:O. K£YIIOA IU) SOCKE T, ( B.), '". PIN I S, 18 1T Sf, SHOU\"D 8t JUM PtRtD T O V oe t+ SV ), rOR NORMAL B O P ERATION W[TH SUP PLIED SOF TWARE. NOTE 12 II. PROMS ARE U6 ••. AND MAY liE ONE OF THE FOL.L.OWING TYPES, SIGNETICS USIl9. HARRIS HIOZ4. INTELIM"'I 1601. 12. VOLTAGES (+12. -HlON E Jx;E CONNECTOR ARt UNREGUI..ATto. F II..TERED 0. C • • AND SHOULD NOT lit USED WITHOUT ADDED REGULATION. I I. IF DIotA REQUIRED. IlREAK JUMPtR SHOWN. USt T4SU' AT POSITIONS II~ . 116 . 81. A:<D III. -
TRS-80 Model 4 Computer, Who Have a Thorough Understanding of Electronics and Computer Circuitry
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND LICENSE OF RADIO SHACK COMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE PURCHASED FROM A RADIO SHACK COMPANY-OWNED COMPUTER CENTER, RETAIL STORE OR FROM A RADIO SHACK FRANCHISEE OR DEALER AT ITS AUTHORIZED LOCATION LIMITED WARRANTY I. CUSTOMER OBLIGATIONS A. CUSTOMER assumes full responsibility that this Radio Shack computer hardware purchased (the “Equipment”), and any copies of Radio Shack software included with the Equipment or licensed separately (the “Software”) meets the specifications, capacity, capabilities, versatility, and other requirements of CUSTOMER. B. CUSTOMER assumes full responsibility for the condition and effectiveness of the operating environment in which the Equipment and Software are to function, and for its installation. II. RADIO SHACK LIMITED WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF SALE A. For a period of ninety (90) calendar days from the date of the Radio Shack sales document received upon purchase of the Equipment, RADIO SHACK warrants to the original CUSTOMER that the Equipment and the medium upon which the Software is stored is free from manufacturing defects. THIS WARRANTY IS ONLY APPLICABLE TO PURCHASES OF RADIO SHACK EQUIPMENT BY THE ORIGINAL CUSTOMER FROM RADIO SHACK COMPANY-OWNED COMPUTER CENTERS, RETAIL STORES AND FROM RADIO SHACK FRANCHISEES AND DEALERS AT ITS AUTHORIZED LOCATION. The warranty is void if the Equipment’s case or cabinet has been opened, or if the Equipment or Software has been subjected to improper or abnormal use. If a manufacturing defect is discovered during the stated warranty period, the defective Equipment must be returned to a Radio Shack Computer Center, a Radio Shack retail store, participating Radio Shack franchisee or Radio Shack dealer for repair, along with a copy of the sales document or lease agreement. -
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY Minicomputers
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY Minicomputers JOSEPH B. SIDOWSKI, UNIVERSITY OF I/O buses. Multiply/divide, read-only and then develop and sell applied systems. SOUTH FLORIDA, Tampa, Florida33620 memory (ROM), special instructions, and At the same time, increased competition other features are standard with some and the introduction of new modular The characteristics and costs of machines, but optional with many others. components have sent the prices of minis minicomputers are discussed along with A real-time clock is generally an additional down so that less than $3,000 will peripherals, time-sharing, and turnkey cost. purchase a machine with 4k memory,8-bit systems. The article concludes with a Although alike in many respects, word length, and a l-microsec cycle time. survey of over 100 small computer minicomputers differ in regard to memory The newest addition to the Digital systems. cycle and access times, input/output Equipment Corporation (DEC) line, the methods, interrupt systems, addressing, PDP-8/E, is priced at $4,990 for the basic For the purpose of this paper, a survey software, options, and so on. Perhaps the package and $6,500 with ASR-33 was made of binary computersystemswith most common characteristics of the great teletypewriter. The DEC PDP-I, basic system costs of less than $30,000. majority of these machines, in addition to introduced in 1958, sold for approximately Perhaps this is misleading as a price low cost, is dedication to a particulartask. $120,000. Its more capable grandson,the definition of minicomputers, sincesomeof Large-scale computers are often used for a PDP-8/L, was introduced 10 years later at the machines are expandable to such a variety of purposes and handle large $8,500.