TECHNOLOGY

JOSEPH B. SIDOWSKI, UNIVERSITY OF I/O buses. Multiply/divide, read-only and then develop and sell applied systems. SOUTH FLORIDA, Tampa, Florida33620 memory (ROM), special instructions, and At the same time, increased competition other features are standard with some and the introduction of new modular The characteristics and costs of machines, but optional with many others. components have sent the prices of minis minicomputers are discussed along with A real-time clock is generally an additional down so that less than $3,000 will peripherals, time-sharing, and turnkey cost. purchase a machine with 4k memory,8-bit systems. The article concludes with a Although alike in many respects, word length, and a l-microsec cycle time. survey of over 100 small computer minicomputers differ in regard to memory The newest addition to the Digital systems. cycle and access times, input/output Equipment Corporation (DEC) line, the methods, systems, addressing, PDP-8/E, is priced at $4,990 for the For the purpose of this paper, a survey software, options, and so on. Perhaps the package and $6,500 with ASR-33 was made of binary computersystemswith most common characteristics of the great teletypewriter. The DEC PDP-I, basic system costs of less than $30,000. majority of these machines, in addition to introduced in 1958, sold for approximately Perhaps this is misleading as a price low cost, is dedication to a particulartask. $120,000. Its more capable grandson,the definition of minicomputers, sincesomeof Large-scale are often used for a PDP-8/L, was introduced 10 years later at the machines are expandable to such a variety of purposes and handle large $8,500. degree that a fully instrumented system problems; they cost more, generally, Although prices are down, it is with maximum memory and attached because of greater memory size, word important to note that the basic units options can run well over $100,000. Some lengths, and attachments, such as disks, offered by many manufacturers are manufacturers design their machines so tapes, printers,and so on. stripped-down models offering little that the basic processor can be sold at The potential buyer, of course, should flexibility. Some companies offer a prices and then expanded know what he wants out of the machinein relatively inexpensive basic package, but modularly into a system to meet most terms of task performance(s), future accelerate the prices of optional, but needs. So a more appropriate definition demands or plans for system expansion, necessary, units. If a teletypewriter (the might have limited the basicsystemcost to and how much he is willing to pay. In basic minicomputerI/O device) is optional, about $18,000 or less. The $30,000 limit laboratories, the minicomputer has the added cost may range from $800 to was exercised because it provides the functioned as a monitor, a controller, a $2,000. Expanding the metnory of a basic reader with a broader comparative view data-acquisition unit, and as a data reducer $8,000 4k system, including and incorporates. systems which are and analyzer. If the buyer's interest is teletypewriter, to 8k could cost $6,000 presently in use in academic and research merely to use the machine as an oversize merely for the additional 4k. Yet 8k may facilities. Opinions differ over what really calculator or a mini number cruncher,he is be needed for the use of , constitutes a minicomputer. An oft-quoted better advised to travel another route. The which the user may require. (Typically, figure is $25,000 or less. Other differences real laboratory value of the small costs represent about 50% of the relate to capacityand function. is .in its capacity for on-line real-time total processor cost for minis.) A 4,096-word memory can be functioning. A realistic feel for the Fortunately, as prices drop, it may be considered a minicomputer basic, with necessary equipment and the costs of possible to trade off between .program most memories expandable at extra cost to on-line real-time laboratory computer efficiency and memory size. As the prices 16k or 32k. Several are expandable to 65k, systems can be obtained from the reports of additional memory units go down, the and a few basic processors are cited at l k by Haber (1968), Huesmann (1969), languages designed for on-line operations or 2k (a few companies offer central Mayzner (1968), Moise and Jarrard (1969), willbe usedmore. processors with no memory). Memory and Restle and Brown (1969). Of course, Technological trends are toward more cycle times range from 775 nsec (one the machines can be connected to a cost-effective minicomputer processors and machine lists .5/30 microsec) to commonmassdata base,e.g., a magtape or peripherals. The costs of bipolar and MOS 8.0 microsec. Computer word lengths are disk. They can also be tied to larger (metal oxide semiconductors) digital logic 8, 12, 16, 18, 20, and 24 bits, with the computers and to a common data base so electronics are decreasing while speeds 16-bit-word machines being the most that the smaller machine can call for improve. And thin film and semiconductor popular. The 16-bit outnumber the assistance when its capabilities are strained. memories should challenge core memories. 8-bit-word computers by a factor of 3 or 4 In a data communication system, the In projecting 106 -capacity memory trends, to 1~ The other word lengths make up minicomputer can be utilized as a terminal Zirnbel! cites core memory costs over the about 10% of the total. and as a preprocessor of data before next 5 years as 2¢-4¢/bit (0.25- to Minicomputer central processors operate sending it on to a largercomputer. l-microsec cycle time), magnetic thin film in a manner similar to that or the larger Whatever the need, there are many costs at l¢-3¢/bit (0.10- to 0.5-microsec computers--they are not, however, companies to choose from. The number of cycle time), and semiconductor memories considered in the electronicdesk calculator minicomputers on the market has increased at ~d-2¢/bit (0.025- to 0.2-microsec cycle category, although the machines can fulfill tremendously over the last 2-3 years. New time). Plated wire memories provide most of the functions. The processors are manufacturers have appeared, older firms nondestructure readout, and stored data typically fixed-point systems with single have introduced new models or altered old can be modified easily. They alsoconsume address instructions which contain core ones, and middlemen have emerged who little power or space. An all-MOS central memory, registers, an arithmetic unit, and take computers manufactured by others processor might have memory-centered

Behav. Res. Meth.& Instru., 1970,Vol. 2 (6) 267 logic, erasable and ROM stores, and more time sharing, and a survey of over 100 faster memory cycle time may have a complex interrupt logic. small computer systems. Obviously, this longer run time than Computer B. Industry projections made in 1969 information is not new. Minicomputer Memory parity checks and memory indicated an annual growth of 350/0-50% in hardware and software characteristics are protection features are included in some the minicomputer market. The most recent cited in company brochures and reviewed machines, but generally are optional. Parity concensus (September 1970) is that the in a number of technical publications. check systems are used to facilitate error mark will be missed by a substantial Many articles in this journal and elsewhere detection. Memory protect requires that amount. Some of the smaller firms are describe computer-controlled laboratory special instructions be used to write in finding sales outlets drying up, and a few systems; Utall's volume (1968) provides certain regions of memory; otherwise, the firms have decided to postpone public information on real-time computer protect prevents writing in that region. stock issues until market conditions techniques in psychology. And the small Lower- and upper-bound registers improve. computer handbooks supplied by frequently define the restricted core area. Of course, the most substantial manufacturers (e.g., Digital Equipment Paging techniques are used by most minicomputer manufacturer has been the Corporation , Varian, , minicomputers to address core. The size of Digital Equipment Corporation. Thousands Raytheon, and others provide a wealth of the page is determined by the number of of the DEC machines have been sold, and information. adjacent core locations that are specified their service network is worldwide. But by the address field. Although page sizes other companies tum out very fine FACTORSINFLUENCING range from 256 to 2,048 words, the most machines also, and their products warrant MINICOMPUTER OPERATIONS common is 256. So the memory might be investigation. For the behavioral scientist, Several of the important factors thought of as being divided into sections of the DEC Users Society (DECUS) offers an influencing minicomputer operations and 256 words each. advantage because of the opportunity for comparisons are listed below. As noted Instruction sets and speeds must be information exchange between users of earlier, the most critical requirements are considered also. For data and instructions similar machines; selected DECUS that the computer perform the task to be stored interchangeably in memory, Conference Proceedings are reported in the required at the necessary speeds, and that data word length and instruction word September 1969 and March 1970 issuesof the price is right. Comparisons of hardware length should be the same. Some 8-bit this journal. Several other companies have and software capacities are important only machines use two words per instructions, recently organized users' societies (e.g., insofar as they satisfy the critical operating like the 16-bit processors. Others Data General Corporation and Varian Data requirements. Routing data in and out of expand instruction set by a byte-sharing Machines),which, in time, should grow and the machine is obviously important, and so technique-the instructions are divided into become more valuable. A number of is the capability of the peripherals two acts, with one byte stored as part of companies have substantial, tested software associated with the job. the program. The other is stored as a program libraries available. shared byte and is referenced by the first. Ollivier (1970) has developed a quick Hardware A discussion of addressing is involved; and effective technique for selecting small A core memorY"~r 4,096 words should suffice it to say, facilities are provided for computers that places heavy emphasis on be considered minimum. For many addressing the entire core. Generally, evaluating the vendor as well as the laboratory applications, and for the use of indirect addressing and indexing are machine. Both are rated on various factors some software, at least 8,192 words are provided for addressing locations outside which are weighted. Manufacturer criteria required. Obviously, if 4k will do the job, of the page boundaries. Indirect memory that are evaluated include delivery time, there is no need to pay for more memory. addressing is a cross-reference technique past performance, number installed, and But in many on-line real-time experiments, and can refer to any level of addressing others. Several of the computer criteria are researchers have gone to optional disk other than the first level of direct word size, cycle time, addressing, and memories and other means of increasing addressing; for example, an address . Prior to the evaluation, capaci ty. The amount of memory specifies a storage location which contains however, the task is analyzed, an envelope necessary to do the job should be evaluated another address rather than the actual data. of constraints is defined, minimum realistically. It is not unusual to find a user Indirect addressing provides great specifications and maximum dollars are struggling to make a program fit the flexibility, and some machines allow established, initial hardware/software memory. One should also be certain to multilevels of indirect. An tradeoffs are made, and a list of qualified inquire as to which of the manufacturer's augments addressing. Some computers vendors is developed for contact. software will and will not operate with the provide one, some, two or more, and a few In comparing machines, it is important basic computer configuration. have no registers of this type. Index to note that there is no standardization in An 8-bit-word module will cost less than addressing refers to an operation in which a nomenclature and no restriction on the use a 12- or 16-bit-word module, but the 8-bit given address is added to the contents of of descriptive terms. The same type of computer is not as powerful, although it is the index register on command. equipment supplied by various satisfactory if high performance and Reference to double-word-length manufacturers may have different names. sophistication are not required. The longer instructions means that the word is twice An input/output bus may be described as a words allow more bits for data addressing the length (or width, if one prefers) of the multiplexer bus of some type, a party line, and for instruction codes. However, normal word. This increases the address or something else. And the same name may evaluating or comparing machines strictly bits by an additional word length. If the be applied to different items. on the basis of word length is difficult. machine length is 16 bits, a double-word The remainder of this report will address Memory cycle time is an important instruction contains 32 bits. itself to a brief discussion of factors characteristic as an indicator of speed, but Multiply/divide can be executed with influencing minicomputer operations, a it is the time that it takes the machine to hardware or carried out by software somewhat cursory review of peripherals execute a program which indicates the routines. The hardware unit is optional (the purchase of which often quadruple or relative speed of the machine in actual use. with many machines, and the cost is high. quintuple the cost of the computer), some For some applications, Computer A with a On the other hand, execution is faster and

268 Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) the hardware units save memory space is not generally standard. The DMA have standard specifications. Basic and because of the requirements made on channel transfers data directly to and out Focal are interactive languages available memory by the software . of memory, an important feature when with minicomputers. The number of hardware registers and extreme demands are placed on the central For real-time configurations, real-time accumulators provided in different processor by, e.g., special-purpose executive monitors are important, and minicomputers varies. Additional units instruments. The third method for these usually require 8k core and, perhaps, provide programming efficiency, but also interacting with the computer, the data disk storage. Some real-time operations increase costs. General-purpose registers channels, mayor may not be part of the handle multiprogramming environments. can be used as accumulators, as well as for basic computer package. The primary But systems using foreground-background indexing and other operations. function of the data channel is to handle programs are expensive (the background Read-only memories (ROM) are peripherals with relatively high data program handles batch jobs such as standard with only a small number of transfer rates, e.g., disks and tape drives. compiling, and the foreground handles the machines. ROM speeds are much faster Multiplexer channels are generally real-time program). than the main core; the computers noted in optional and are used for time sharing. Finally, the minicomputer user is closer the survey range from 200 to 470 nsec. Optional general-purpose interface devices to his system than is the large-computer One function of the read-only memory is are used for transferring data and person and requires detailed knowledge at to store microprograms which are used to controlling peripherals. the machine level-experience that 'often execute microinstructions, an operation comes hard and necessitates a great deal of which requires that ROMbe faster than core Software hands on practice. memory. The memories are applied also to A few years ago, there were complaints This discussion of factors influencing applications in which one program is con cerning software su pport for minicomputer operations has been, executed repeatedly. Some manufacturers minicomputers, particularly the availability admittedly, brief, and many variables of use ROM to protect and decrease real-time of . That argument no longer importance have been omitted. It does, program execution time. holds, although only a minimum software however, provide descriptions of some of In real-time operations, it is obvious that package is provided with most basic the important characteristics mentioned in input/output (I/O) capabilities are minicomputer systems. the computer system specifications. important. One of the two basic types of All manufacturers supply assemblers, I/O channels transfers data under direct loaders, and certain utilities as basic, and PERIPHERALS control of the processor program with the nearly all provide debugging. Some provide Peripherals are units that are used in data flowing through the registers. The assemblers with macrocapabilities. With conjunction, or in combination, with the second type transfers data directly to the higher languages, macrocapability enables computer. They are not, however, memory. A direct-memory-access channel an operator to execute these programs on co nsidered an integral part of the (DMA) is generally optional. DMA permits other machines with a relatively small computing machine itself. They deal very high-speed data transfer rates. amount of programming. Macroassemblers mainly with input/output operations. Of course, data transfers between have other uses, of course; e.g., they are Included in this category are I/O devices external devices and the computer have to useful when a series of instructions needs (card, tape, or printer units), terminals be initiated. It is the interrupts that to be repeated. (typewriters, CRT, keyboards), drum and coordinate data flow in and out of the Although out of style with larger disk memories, controllers and interfaces, computer, an especially important function machines, assemblers provide the primary and other miscellaneous devices. in real-time operations. External interrupts language for minicomputers. (An assembler Instruments such as multiplexers and 0/A are used under these conditions. Internal converts easy-to-remember mnemonics and A/D converters are considered interrupts usually deal with memory into binary machine code.) One- and peripherals by some computer people, but parity, memory protect, power fail, and two-pass assemblers are generally cited as not by others. real-time clock interrupt. Now interrupts standard. The two-pass is easier to use and a Virtually all minicomputer can also be categorized as single or multiple third pass helps with ASR-33 Teletype manufacturers offer a full line of level. The multilevel priority interrupt is input and output. With a pass, the peripherals. But there is a growing number the most sophisticated and is required for assembler scans the source program; the of independent vendors who offer most real-time applications, although it is number of passes refers to how often the compatible units also. One can find often optional. Priority refers to the fact assembler does the scanning. Simulator numerous supporters in the research that the multiple levels, with devices programs are provided with many community for purchasing either way. A connected to each level, are ranked so that machines, and these allow the programmer primary reason for purchasing from a more important priority interrupt will be to debug his program on a larger machine. independent vendors is cost; the buyer executed immediately, even if another level Separate debugging programs are especially expects a substantial saving for identical is active. A real-time clock (optional for valuable since they allow the user to alter units. And he expects better performance nearly all machines) is essential in the portions of the program. He should be able or additional features for his money. On timing functions associated with the to change the content of memory locations the other hand, buying the computer real-time operations. through the teletypewriter, the printout of system from one source and the peripherals For interacting with the computer, certain registers, and the display section from another may result in compatibility peripherals can be connected through an contents. problems. I/O bus, a direct-memory-access (DMA) Compilers such as the FORTRAN IV Several factors can influence the ability channel, and a data channel. The I/O bus is most often require 8k memories. (A of separate elements' to be connected standard and is generally the main artery translates English or math together and to function properly. There with address lines, data paths, etc. The bus expressions into binary object programs are, for example, hardware can handle more than one device which may create subroutines of machine incompatibilities. For example, are the simultaneously, but timing is crucial. As instructions.) And one should be aware of code and control logics compatible? The noted earlier, direct memory access (DMA) the many varieties of FORTRAN; not all two devices should interpret the same bit

Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) 269 sequences in the same way, and they both single terminals can cost in the conventional computer mag tape drives, should be parallel or serial. Are the neighborhood of $10,000. Some of the but data blocks are written one at a time electrical characteristics, such as voltage minicomputer firms offer lower prices for instead of continuously. Also, data transfer levels, rise and fall times, and loads, CRT terminals incorporated into fairly rate is much slower, e.g., several hundred compatible? Is there a speed mismatch that large systems. But multiterminal systems characters/second compared to several requires buffering? Is there a problem in have a broad range of prices. A common thousand characters/second. Faster speeds matching the software? These are some of screen size is about 7 x 9 in. are often availableas options. For example, the problems which might require With term inals, there is also a the Kennedy Company (540 West consideration. Fortunately, the number of communication distance consideration Woodbury Road, Altadena, California com p anies marketing peripherals because of signal deterioration possibilities 91001) Model 1600 incremental recorder compatible with specific minicomputer at greater distances from the computer. can operate at speeds of 0-300 system requirements is accelerating. And The direct I/O cables of the Raytheon 706 characters/second, with speeds of 0-750 there are techniques for overcoming or computer may have a length of 50 ft; the and 1,500 characters/second available as accommoda ting most mismatches. direct-memory-access cables may have a options. "PIug-to-plug compatibility" generally maximum total length of 24 ft. Data Cassette and cartridge digital tape units means that the unit is software- and General cites data transmission distances are rapidly gaining in popularity, although hard ware-compatible and that the up to 50 ft (including internal wiring) as at this writing they are offered by a connecting hardware is the same. So you providing good noise margins and low relatively small number of computer merely "plug it in." signal delays for the Nova and Supemova. manufacturers. Units are available with Since the volume of data handled in But this problem can be handled by minicomputer interfaces from several minicomputer systems tends to be small interfacing components between the peripheral manufacturers. Cassette and compared to that of large machines, the computer and external equipment. cartridge recorders should be priced speeds of peripherals can be slower for The most efficient use of computer time competitively with paper-tape transports many applications. And, as a result, many can be made with high-speed I/O and, in general, offer the advantages of peripheral units are relatively low in cost, peripherals. A number of minicomputer incremental mag tape units. But computer e.g., disks, printers, cassette devices, some manufacturers offer (generally as options) tape compatibility is a problem. At mag tapes, and other units. But even with various , , present, few appear to be interchangeable. this advantage, the peripherals can cost as magnetic tape, printer, plotter, and other As data storage devices, cores, drums, much or more than some minicomputing configurations. Punched tape, .with its disks, and tapes may function in support of machines. serial organization, is considered in the the computer memory. They may also have The most common input/output, batch slow category of the high-speed I/O data-handling tasks in the peripheral or conversational, terminal is the devices, but it is relatively low in cost. configurations. Disk storage units can be teletypewriter. Of these, the most widely Magnetic tape units are much faster and obtained from just about all minicomputer used is the Teletype ASR-33, which is have greater capacity, but the cost is manufacturers as well as from several often offered as part of the basic system generally higher. peripheral vendors who supply interfaces package. Model 33 is built for medium The methods for reading punched tape for most small computer machines. work loads; Model 35 is a heavy-duty are mechanical (holes are detected by Fixed-head, nonremovable disks are machine designed for high-volume work, mechanical means of some sort, such as popular. (An 18-microsec access time, with but it has a higher price tag. The Teletype sensors) or photoelectric. The latter can 32,000-word capacity and Corporation ASR-33 operates at up to 10 read up to 1,000 characters/second. 100,00D-word/second transfer rate might ASCII-8 characters/second, or 100 Although mechanical readers are slower, describe a typical unit.) In purchasing, it is bits/second in half- or full-duplex modes. they are also less expensive. The Model 33 wise to compare access times and transfer Of course, the input of most and Model 35 Teletype units provide rates, especially in regard to the record teletypewriters is the keyboard; paper-tape hardcopy output at 10 characters/second length being read out at each accessing. readers are added to provide ASR at 72 characters/line. On eight-level tape, A mass storage system which is neither (automatic send-receive)capability. the paper-tape punch and reader operate at disk nor drum is the DA-060 magnetic tape The IBM Selectric typewriter, when 10 characters/second. Other paper punches system for small computers. The unit has a properly instrumented, might be used as a are available which operate at 60 to 1IO 4-m illion -word capacity, bidirectional terminal also. Modular attachments may be characters/second. Eight-channel ASCII is random access, and a 16.6-kC word rate. It purchased which provide the Selectric with the most common punched-tape code. Of is compatible with the DEC PDP-8 on-line terminal characteristics, yet do not course, there are paper-tape readers machines. The manufacturer is Systems destroy the machine as an ordinary available operating at upwards of 300 Industries, Inc., 535 Del Rey Avenue, typewriter. Information concerning such characters/second. (Because of high costs, Sunnyvale, California 94086. units may be obtained from the Terminal card punches and card readers are seldom There are, of course, many other Equipment Co., 750 Hamburg Turnpike, used with minicomputers. This is not to peripheral devices that have not been Pompton Lakes, New Jersey 07442, or deny the fact that some laboratory or mentioned in this section. But more Microdyne, 1600 South Hicks Road, educational systems require and detailed descriptions and explanations of Rolling Meadows, Illinois 60068. incorporate them.) function are best left to other sources. If a keyboard and a CRT are combined, Most magnetic tape units for Several peripherals are listed below. an alphanumeric and/or graphic display minicomputer use are advertised as These are merely representative of a large terminal results which allows for the IBM-eompatible, but care should be taken number of peripherals in numerous display, receipt, and transmission of data. in verifying the claim. The tapes for these categories and indicate no preference for Hard copy of the received data can be machines have seven or nine tracks with any single unit listed or otherwise. obtained by photographing with a camera. packing densities of 200, 556, or 800 Computer manufacturers market similar Alphanumeric CRT terminals can be used bits/inch. Conventional tape drives may be devices. as stand-alone items or in multiterminal used, but incremental drives are less Printers systems. They are, however, expensive; expensive. Incremental drives are similar to The Nortec 200 is a 132-eolumn

270 Behav.Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) machine for minicomputers that prints at Model 2914 Daconics mag tape Orchard Street, Rochester, New York 200 lines/minute and is slightly larger than subsystems sell at a ballpark price of 14606). an electric typewriter. It is not a drum $1 1,500. The equipment includes a unit. The printer is IBM-eompatible and Peripheral Equipment Corporation 6840-9 Disk Memory accepts ASCII-eoded alphanumeric 6-bit tape unit, connecting cables, Daconic's Computer Systems and Software, Inc., is data at rates up to 500 kHz. Price: Over interface and controller 2914-1, and marketing two disk memories, one for the $6,000 for single units (Nortec Computer software. Packing density for the nine Nova and one for the PDP-8 systems. The Devices, Inc., Ashland, Massachusetts channels is 800 bpi and the tape speed is Nova-compatible memory has storage 01721). up to 37.5 ips. Data transfer rate is up to capacity of 250k 8-bit characters and a The Di/An Pony Printer mates directly 30,000 bytes/second. Models are equipped transfer rate of 62.5k words/second. The with a number of minicomputers and is for interfacing with Hewlett-Packard PDP-8-eompatible system has 512k 6-bit priced at approximately $9,900. Printing Computers HP-2114 A/B, 2115A, and character capacity and 128k words/second speed is 1,280 characters/second for 2116B, and the DEC PDP-8 and -9 transfer rate. Access time is 8.4 msec for numeric and 640 characters/second for (Daconics, 50S West Olive Avenue, both systems. Price: $9,000 (Computer alphanumeric. The 32-eolumn machine Sunnyvale, California 94086). Systems and Software, Inc., 811 North prints 2,400 lines/minute for numeric and The Infotec mag tape system is Magnolia Avenue, Orlando, Florida I ,200 lines/minute for alphanumeric compatible with and designed for the 32803). (Di/An Controls, Inc., 944 Dorchester PDP-8 series processor. With read/write Information Data Systems has a disk Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02155). speeds of 25 ips, the TS-8C mag tape memory system with a capacity The Data Products miniprinter costs system has data transfer rates of 20k approaching 145k bits of storage. The over $6,000 for single units and has a drum characters/second. Direct memory access is system has eight data tracks, each with a speed of 1,760 rpm, 80 columns, and possible. Data density for the nine-track capacity of 18,125 bits. Access time is listings as fast as 111 lines/minute for 20 configuration is 800 bpi; for seven-track, 8.5 msec. Price: $1,812 (Information Data columns (Data Products Corporation, 6219 200/556 or 556/800 bpi. Tape velocity of Systems, 8620 East Eight Mile Road, De Soto Avenue, Woodland Hills, 5.0 ips is standard. Data transfer rate is Detroit, Michigan 48234). California 91364). 4k Hz at 800 bpi. Price: $11,300 (Infotec, The Eclectic Model 740 printer system Inc., 70 Newton Road, Plainview, New Memory Drum Controller allows a 136-character line width to be York 11803). Datum, Inc., markets memory drum printed in 8 in. or less. The machine prints Digital Scientific Corporation (11455 controller systems for HP-2114, -2115, and at 250 characters/second and is priced at Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, -2116 computers. The system contains a $7,500 (Eclectic Computer Corporation, California 92121) manufactures a magnetic drum memory, a controller, and all Suite 301, 3707 Rawlins, , tape controller compatible with the DEC necessary connecting cables. Depending on 75219). PDP-8 computers, the DDP the model, storage capacity (l6-bit words) Magnetic Tape Systems family, the Varian 620i and 520i, Interdata ranges from 32,768 to 262,000. Up to four Datum, Inc., markets magnetic tape 2, 3, and 4, and HP-2114, -2115, and drums can be controlled. The price of one systems with software for virtually all -2116. drum memory with connectors (32,768 minicomputers. The system is The CO-600 LINC tape system provides 16-bit-word storage) is $5,800; drum IBM-eompatible, with data densities of a randomly addressable mass-storage device memory with 262,000-word storage is 800 bpi for nine-track and 800/556, with dual tape drive and controller. $11,500. Transfer rates of 88,000, 800/200 for seven-track. Capacity of each tape is 204,800 bytes. 120,000, or 130,000 words/second are The ECC 640 mag tape system for Data transfer rate is 8,400 bytes/second. dependent on the drum selected. Software PDP-8 computers reads and writes seven- or The system uses phase recording, is compatible with HP (Datum, Inc., nine-track 200-, 556-, or 800-bpi records. 400 bits/inch in density. On-line storage Peripheral Equipment Division, 170 East Standard tape speed is 24 ips. Data is can be increased to 3.2 million bytes. Liberty Avenue, Anaheim, California transferred at 10k 12-bit words/second. Interfaces are available for the Varian 620 92801). The system is priced from $10,400. series computers, the Honeywell 315 and (Eclectic Computer Corporation, Suite 301, 516 machines, the HP-2114, -2115, and Controller 3707 Rawlins, Dallas, Texas 75219). -2116, and the General Automation The Progress Electronics Me-16 Multiple Over 25 minicomputer interfaces are SPC-12 (Computer Operations, Inc., 10774 Device Controller is an off-the-shelf available for CartriFile, an EDP system Tucker Street, Beltsville, Maryland 20705). interface between the MAC-16 computer with four mag tape transports, cartridge and devices normally used in small loaded, starting at $2,900. (TRI-DATA, Cassette System computer systems for real-time control of 800 Maude Avenue, Mt. View, California A cassette tape-transport system, the multiple parallel-data peripherals. The data 94040). Compu/corder 100, enables minicomputers transfer rates are up to 200,000 l e-bit The Computer Equipment Corporation to access any tape file within an average words/second, with selection of up to 16 mag tape system is IBM-eompatible, with time of IS sec. The system comes complete addressable devices. The instrument controller, interface, and software for with software and interface to DEC, features control of one 60

Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) 271 Disk Controller remote terminals. The system provides this expanded system is an additional Information Data Systems 5000 Disk automatic answering of incoming calls and $9,000, bringing the total price to Controller is designed for the Interdata 3 voice response to the inquiries. $74,000. The expanded 16-user system has and the computers. The MARS interfaces with the PDP-8 family 20,000 words of core memory, one million controller for Interdata 3 can handle up to of computers, their available peripherals, words of disk storage, high-speed reader 256k 8-bit words, expandable in and with Dataset. Special configurations and punch, four and control, increments of 32k to eight times that are available, compatible with other card reader, PDP-lO interface, data phone amount. The unit can also handle rates up minicomputers. Query time is 0.3 sec/four interface, and time-sharing hardware and to 1.2 million bits/second. The Nova unit lines. Processor time depends on the interface equipment for approximately can handle up to 128k of 16-bit words. associated computer-typically 0.1 to $110,000. Prices start at $3,580 (Information Data 0.5 sec. Number of words in response: Systems, 8260 Eight Mile Road, Detroit, 0.53 sec/word plus 0.26-sec average access Hewlett-Packard Michigan 48224). to first word. Hewlett-Packard offers the HP-2000B MARS consists of a Cognitronics system with a capability of 32 terminals or Disk-Drive Interface multiplex SPEECHMAKER system with users. The HP-2000B is an extension of the Bedford Associates, Inc., market an power supply and interfacing circuitry. HP-2000A 16-terminal computer system. interface for the control of as many as Price of the MARS system alone is $17,820 This new system provides Basiclanguage eight Memorex 630 or 660 disk drives by to $24,660, depending on the size of processing for the 32 terminals ata 30% the PDP-8 family of computers. Price: vocabulary and the number of lines increase in price. The 2000B costs about $13,500. An optional automatic 630-660 (SPEECHMAKER, Division of $120,000, as opposed to about $91,000 select permits any mix of Memorex 630 or Cognitronics Corporation, 333 North for the 2000A, and is built around the 660 disk drives to be controlled by Bedford Road, Mt. Kisco, New York HP-2116 B computer, a 16-bit machine interface (Bedford Associates, Inc., P.O. 10549). with a 16k memory and l.6-microsec Box 327, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730). memory cycle time. In the 2000B TIME SHARING configuration, a second computer handles Interface With time sharing, numerous terminal the HP-2114B with a 8k core memory; The Fabri-Tek Signal Averager and devices can utilize a computer concurrently additional storage may be added. Any Processor provides interface boards to the for input, processing, and output. Several terminals can be wired directly to the PDP-8 for $1,500, the PDP-8/I or PDP-8/L individual users, or one user with a number system if it is located within a l-mile radius for $1,000, the PDP-9 for $2,000, the of experimental stations or inputs, can of them. Telephone communications are PDP-12 for $1,000, and the PDP-15 for share the machine for different purposes at used for greater distances. Terminals in the $1,500 (Fabri-Tek, Inc., 5225 Verona the same time. The speed of the computer, system are ASR-33 or -35 Teletypes. The Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711). of course, makes it appear that they are all standard configuration with an ASR sharing simultaneously. Actually, the Teletype and 12-megabits of mass storage Software Package machine is handling each in sequence. can be leased at $3,117 per month. Digiscan Services, Inc. (425 Broad A large number of time-sharing systems Deliveriesbegan in late 1970. Hollow Road, Melville, New York 11746) are available. Three are briefly noted here. markets a software package which allows Two others, the Wang and Mini-Comp Data General almost any minicomputer to act as a systems are mentioned later in the The Data General Nova 4-user system remote batch terminal and to communicate computer review section, as are individual costs $5,585 per terminal for a $22,340 with a central IBM-360 computer over descriptions of the DEC, Hewlett-Packard, total. The Nova provides 2,728 8-bit bytes telephone lines. Residing in the computer, and Data General computing machines. of core storage per terminal, 16-bit word the software simulates 360 length, and multiaccumulators. communications hardware, so the Digital Equipment Corporation A 16-user Supernova system is priced at program mer can use th e BTAM One of the systems marketed by Digital about $3,142.69 per terminal, or a total of conventions governing 360-360 Equipment Corporation, Timeshared-8, is $50,283. The Supernova provides 1,496 transmission. The software controls the capable of running up to 32 different 8-bit bytes of core storage, 16-bit word entire transmission sequence. Price: terminals simultaneously. The system starts length, multiaccumulator, and an 80Q..nsec $10,000. at four users and is expanded by adding cycle time. Basic time-sharing language is memory and mass storage devices: 32,000 used with full extensions. For stand-alone Audio Response Systems words of core memory, four 250,000-word use, software includes: FORTRAN IV, MARS (multiplexed audio response disks, eight DECtape units, and expanded ALGOL 60, a disk , and system) is a free-standing system for system software. Organized around the others. information retrieval by means of an PDP-8/I computer, the Timeshared-8 can electronic voice output. MARS is equipped be interfaced to a larger time-sharing TURNKEY SYSTEMS with computer and dataset interface machine like Digital's PDP-I0. Lehigh Valley Electronics, Inc., and circuitry and is multiplexed to allow The basic eight-user system with PDP-8/I Grason-Stadler have developed computer output of many voice responses computer has 8,000 words of core computer /interface installations for the over lines simultaneously. The multiplexing memory, 250,000 words of disk storage, a behavioral scientist which are essentially capability is modular and can be increased high-speed reader, and time-sharing "turnkey" systems for on-line real-time as demand grows. Vocabularies arc hardware and interface equipment for research or teaching applications. Both will available in 31, 62, 93, or 189 words. about $45,000. With 16,000 words of core provide programmed, installed systems Inquiries are initiated by the user's memory, 500,000 words of disk storage, a ready for the buyer to sit down and start telephoning the computer by using high-speed reader and punch, and necessary flipping switches. The customer can Touch-Tone phone, rotary dial phone with interface equipment, the cost increases to describe what he wants to control and Touch-Tone adapter, or inexpensive $65,000. A 36-month service contract for what the control parameters will be, and

272 Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) the company will try to do the rest by basic concept of STATE (Stadler, 1969). the possibility of contracting for setting up the computer/interface system, STATE is characterized by two primary maintenance with a local organization with install peripherals, provide the software, attributes: the initiation of a set of experience on similar machines. If so, fees debug the system, set it up ready to go, physical events (e.g., stimuli that can be may be negotiable. and provide instructions on how to operate controlled by interface hardware, control In any case, warranties need it. This, of course, is the "custom made" conditions such as D/A conversions, etc.), examination for coverage of parts and extreme, both in demands and in price. and the continuance of the set of events labor, and the length of such services. It is Either company will also provide until a condition has been met, at which probably wise to negotiate the hardware-interface/software packages to time transition is made to a new state (e.g., maintenance agreement and warranty as a the buyer who has his own computer or a time interval completion, the termination package a t the time of hardware prefers to buy a machine independently. of a 0/A conversion, etc.). The interface acquisition. It is then that the buyer has At the present time, the Lehigh Valley package provides provisions for: accepting some leverage. ACT language is written for the DEC binary information on three input lines PDP-8 series and for the Data General Nova from each station and for combining MINICOMPUTER SURVEY 4,096-word machines; however, the unusual input lines for communication The computer systems are listed INTERACT system can be adjusted for with any single station, issuing control alphabetically according to company name. other computers in the same category. The information to eight output devices in each As noted earlier, the basic minicomputer Grason-Stadler SCAT system is designed station, timing operations, and necessary price is defined here as below $30,000; specifically for the DEC PDP-8, PDP-8i, signal shapers, logic, etc. expanded systems, of course, can cost and PDP-I2 computers with extended Prices of the INTERFACE system with a much more. Time-sharing systems generally arithmetics. As of this date, several SCAT 4k memory NOVA computer and four exceed this limit, but the control systems are in operation in psychological stations is $29,995; with 8k and eight computing machines fall within the scale. laboratories, including installations at st ations the price is $39,995. The A few higher-cost machines are cited Florida State University, the University of interface/software package, less DEC or merely for comparison with the same Texas at Austin, and the Wisconsin NOVA computer and Teletype, is installed company's minicomputer product. Finally, Regional Primate Research Center. for $19,795 with four stations and for the reader should be alert to the fact that a INTERACT is a new system which is now $25,795 with eight stations, less NOVA. computer firm will occasionally change being installed under contract with several SCAT costs $40,750 for the basic prices or specs from one announcement to buyers. . package with the PDP-8 series computer the next. Fortunately these are most often Both INTERACT and SCAT attempt to (with extended arithmetic, PTO, and in the form of lower costs and faster deal with a problem of primary concern in ASR-33) and five stations. SCAT alone, operating speeds resulting from market on-line real-time multiple-station with your computer, is priced at about demands and competition. time-shared behavioral research efforts, $20 ,000. An additional five-station namely, interface and software. expansion costs $10,600. The total INTERACT system consists MAINTENANCE Applied Systems Corporation essentially of the ACT language, the A computer buyer should assess and 18325 West McNichols interface hardware INTERACT, an ASR-33 make provisions for maintenance needs. Detroit, Michigan 48219 , and the computer. Lehigh Some estimates cite the price of Valley Electronics's behavioral test minicomputer maintenance per annum at ASC·II00 equipment, animal or human, is optional. about 6'1<>-8% of the system's purchase The ASC-lIOO system is designed to The software segment is ACT (Automatic price. operate as either an independent, Contingency Translater), a general language Now there are several things that one self-contained computer system or to for on-line control of psychological might do. A potential purchaser might communicate optionally with larger central experimentation developed by J. R. investigate failure and reliability statistics computer facilities over communication Millenson, which enables the user to write covering the computer, and check with networks. The central processing unit programs in English. The INTERACT individuals who use the machine, includes a magnetic core memory control has a built-in time generator which preferably more than one or two. Since expandable to 32 kbytes in 4k modules. A generates unit time pulses to measure all field maintenance capabilities are basic memory configuration of 1,024 bytes actions; it also has a random-number important, the location of the service is also available. Byte length is 8, 9, or 10 gen era tor. Eleven stimulus/response representatives warrants consideration, as bits. Core memory speed is 1.1 microsec outputs are offered per station. The does reputation for service, and the full cycle. control panel is equipped with driver repairman's response time. Field engineers The processor also incorporates packages so that the outputs can be tied untrained or inexperienced in maintaining read-only memory with a 22Q.nsec cycle directly to feeders, stimulus lights, buzzers, peripheral equipment might also present a time. Optional capacities range from 256 etc., although no special driver packages problem, unless computer and peripherals to 1,024 words of 16-bit length. are required for many standard devices. As are purchased from different vendors. But The ASC-llOO can be programmed at with most computerized time-sharing then, if the system becomes inoperative, either the micro- or macroinstruction level. systems, the number of stations is defined must two service calls be made? And, if At the macro level there are 89 standard by the size of the memory, roughly one one serviceman is called, will he pass the instructions. Instruction format is variable, station per Ik of core memory. So a 4k buck to the other? from 8 to 32 bits, dependent upon machine could control four stations, Another consideration, after the initial operation and . At the possibly more, depending on the warranty period, is whether to assume the microprogramming level, a set of 26 types complexity of the program. ' more general maintenance responsibilities of commands are provided, using three The Grason-Stadler SCAT language, an yourself, have another laboratory person basic command formats. Each command is acronym for State Change Algorithm trained for the job, or hire an experienced 16 bits in length and execution time is Terminology, is constructed around the minicomputer technician. Finally, there is 220 nsec. Software includes FORTRAN

Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) 273 and an assembler. The Communications bytes, a minimum of 1,024. Memorycycle the hard-wired read-only memory (ROM) Support packages provide software time is 3 microsec; word length is 8 bits in the control unit. ROM speed is 220 nsec necessary for using the system as a remote (variable). The machine has eight hardware per instruction, with 256 to 1,024 wordsin terminal. Normal communication registers (no index registers) and one modules of 256 16-bit words. The transmission rates are employed from . Maximum DMA word CIP/2000 comes with one ROM board; up 2,000 baud to 4,800 baud, full or half transfer rate is 250 kHz. The basicsoftware to three additional boards can be duplex, with EBCDIC or USASCII. includes two assemblers, one accommodated at a price of $600 each, Price of the system depends on the mac roassembler, editor routines, a with programming. The machine has an configuration. The basic model is $5,950 real-time executive monitor, and ASAbasic 8-bit parallel byte I/O bus for programmed but includes only the computer processor FORTRAN, which requires 8k memory. and fully automatic concurrent transfers, with 256-word read-only storage, a The only peripheral device required is an and serial I/O interfaces for Teletypes or real-time clock, and control console. ASR-33 teletypewriter. Operations with a similar devices. Direct-memory-access Additional 256-word modules of read-only few of the I/O devices are as follows: (DMA) channel has a maximum transfer storage cost $750. A 1,024-byte module paper-tape reader and control, 60 or 30 rate of 909,000 bytes/second. There are 15 of magnetic core memory is $1,500; a characters/second; paper-tape punch and general-purpose 8-bit registers, with 7 4,096 module is $2,850. So a reasonable control, 60 characters/second;incremental working registers. Software includes a system will range upwards from $12,000. magnetic tape and controller operates at Cross Assembler written in FORTRAN IV 300 steps/second 200 bpi; digital magnetic to generate microprograms for the tape transport operates at 200, 556, or read-only store. Instructions are Atron Corporation 800 bpi at 35 ips. The rack is about microprogrammed to suit applications; 1256 Trapp Road 10-11 in. high. Price of the basic unit with there are 16 basic commands. The entire St. Paul,Minnesota 55118 ASR-33 and a Ik memory is $7,100. With unit is enclosed in a cabinet 8% in. high 4k it is about $9,300. and weighs 75 lbs. The 4k machine is Atron $2,720. The Atron was originally designed for BIT483 data handling and business processing. The The BIT483 is a newer and less CIP/2100 basic processor offers three-address binary expensive model than the 480. The basic The CIP/2IOO is an expandedversionof and decimal arithmetic, instruction set unit price is $6,900 with Ik, $7,130 for the 2000, with variable-length instructions, consisting almost entirely of macros, and 2k, and $9,310 for 4k with ASR-33.The a 16-bit accumulator, and variable 8-, 16-, variable-length words of up to 256 8-bit memory is expandible to 65k. Both 24-, and 32-bit operations. The 2100 bytes. The memory has a 2-microsec cycle machinesare I/O-compatible, and programs includes six operational registers, 89 time for an 8-bit byte and is expandable prepared for the 480 will operate the 483. instructions in the set, eight operand from 4k to 32k bytes. The basic computer Four interrupt levels are offered, and the addressing modes, a built-in bootstrap costs about $7,500 in single quantities. A 483 provides peripheral and transfer loader, and one operand addressing up to 4 system with 4k of memory, a instructions unavailable in the older bytes. Software includes a two-pass 400-card/minute reader, a 300-line/minute machine. Memory cycle time is assembler, an assembler written in printer, and half-duplex communications .98 microsec, full word store time is FORTRAN IV, a tape editor, and a capability would cost about $37,000. 4 microsec, and add time is variable. Word Teletype operating system. There are up to length is 8 bits/word (variable). There are 64 priority interrupts, expandable in 125 instructions, with one addressper, and groups of 8. Price of the basic CIP/2000 Beckman Instruments, Inc. 4 to 32 priority interrupts. Maximum with 4k and Teletype is $6,162. The 2500 Harbor Boulevard transfer rate is 1 MHz. Peripheral options CIP/2000 and 2100 were first shipped Fullerton, California 92634 include a punched card input of 200 nearly a year ago by the CincinnatiMilling cards/minute with the output at 100 Machine Company,now Milacron. Beckman Model 816 cards/minute, up to 15 million bytes of The Model 816 is a 16-bit-word-lcngth mass storage, a 30O-characters/second tape computer with a 4.8-microsec memory reader, a 450-1ines/minute printer, and a cycle time. Minimum memory sizeis 2,048 seven-channel magnetic tape (30 kC Clary DATACOMP Systems,Inc. words; maximum is 4,096. The machine characters/second). Direct-memory-access 404 Junipero Serra Drive has 16 hardwareinstructions, one hardware channel is standard. Software includes a San Gabriel, California 91776 index register, and two accumulators. two-pass assembler, Basic, FORTRAN, a Input-output data path is 16 bits at a real-time executive monitor, and a disk DATACOMP-404 maximum word transfer rate of 6 kHz. A operating system. The first BIT computer The 404 computer starts at $6,800, but full line of peripherals is available, as is an was delivered about a year ago. the price range can go as high as $85,000. extensive software library. Rack height is Word length is IS-bit, memory cycle time 12.25 in. Basic unit price is $8,800 with is 2 micr csec, and access time is 2,048 words of memory. With ASR-33 and CincinnatiMilacron .750 microsec. Word length operating 4,096 words, the cost is approximately Department R·50 modes built into the hardware can be $13,000. Lebanon, Ohio 45036 programmed for 16, 32, 48, or 64 bits, doing away with multiprecision routines. CIP/2oo0 Sixteen addressing modes include Business Information Technology,Inc. Memory speed of the CIP/2000 is double-index and relative. Hardware 5 Strathmore Road 1.1 microsec full cycle, 0.66 microsec half decimal arithmetic includes multiply and Natick, Massachusetts 01760 cycle. The memory is 4,096 bytes (8- or divide, with automatic scaling. There are 9-bit), ex p a n d able to 32,768. 15 to 256 priority interrupts. On I/O, BIT480 Microprogramming allows the user to automatic forrnating eliminates editing The 480 has a maximum capacity of 65k reorganize the instruction set by changing software. The 404 executive hardware

274 Behav. Res.Meth. & Instru., 1970,Vol. 2 (6) time-shares its own terminals while acting can be input at the rate of 300/minute and The machine utilizes a flexible universal as an intelligent terminal in a time-shared output at 100/minute. The optional bus and provides an asynchronous memory network. Executive time-share software magnetic tape handles 8 or 10 kC interface, which permits various sizes, serves 2 to 16 users. characters/second. The basic Model808 speeds, and types of memory to be used. Pricing of the System 404, with a sells for $4,990. Over 100 machines have The CD-2OO controls processor speed and 4k x IS-bit memory, decimal arithmetic, been sold. instruction execution time, and the hardware editing, and Teletype controller, The PDC-816 is priced at $9,980, a universal bus allows direct memory access is $8,700. Deliveries have been made for markdown. (Original price was for peripheral devices and communication over a year. approximately $13,800, including between peripherals without going through ASR-33.) The basic configuration is 4k the central processor. The computer is a words also. Word size is 16 bits and new addition to the field. Compiler Systems, Inc. memory cycle time is 8 microsec. Full­ P,D.Box 366 word add time is 16 microsec, as compared Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877 to the 808's 24 microsec. Maximum DMA Computer Logic Systems, Inc. word transfer rate is 125 kHz. Number of 49 Pollard Street C81-16and C8I-24 priority interrupts: 3 to 64. North Billerca, Massachusetts 01862 Designed for the execution of high-level The 808 entered the market in 1968, the languages, CSI-16 and CSI-24 have four 816 about a year later. CLS-18 levels of operating systems available. These The CLS-18 computer is new and priced are batch, time sharing, and POC-208and -216; POC-I08 and -116 at $9,870 for the basic 4k unit. Word multiprogramming with disk-resident or The 208 and 216 are newer computers, length is 18 bits, with the 4k memory core-resident programs. According to the 8- and 16-bit, respectively. Both machines expandable to 32k. Memory cycle time is manufacturer, only 4k of core is needed offer 2.6-microsec memory cycle times, 0.96 rnicrosec, add time is 1.9 microsec, for time sharing the most complex compared with 8 microsec for the original and multiply is 7 microsec. The machine operating system, Offered are a one-pass models. Three new instructions have been has 120 instructions, with the addressing assembler, Basic, Algol, and incorporated into the 208 which were not being direct, indirect, extended, indexed, FORTRAN IV, which supposedly operate in the 808. In Model 208, an add and push-pop. The number of priority in less than 4k of core. Various utilities are instruction can be performed in interrupts is 8 to 144. DMAchannels: 1 to offered also. The number of instructions is 8 rnicrosec; the 216 can do the job in 8. Maximum I/O is 1,250 kbytes/second. 32 for both machines. Add time is 5 microsec. Maximum word transfer rate is Software includes FORTRAN IV and a 1.8 microsec. Number of priority 250 kHz for the 208 and 800 kHz for the two-pass assembler. interrupts: 4 to 256. The CSI-16 is a 16-bit 216. The four machines, 808, 816, 208, processor with a memory of up to 32k. and 216, are compatible in all peripheral Price of the basic unit is $10,750. gear and software. Rack height is 8.75 in. The CSI·24, priced at $14,950, is a Model 208 sells for $5,990. The 216 has 8100 34th Avenue, South 24-bit processor with a maximum of 32k. recen tly be en reduced by nearly Minneapolis, Minnesota 55420 This computer has the ability to access up $S,OOO-from $12,890 to $7,990. The 216 to eight million words of direct-access has 42-microsec software multiply, 122 CDC-1700 memory. Input/output is handled by a instructions, three levels of hardware The CDC-1700 is one of the series of up to 256 microprogrammed priority interrupts, automatic I/O higher-priced small machines, with the processors. Floating-point hardware is multiplexing, SOO,OOO-bytes/second I/O basic system price, with 4k, at $29,000. included in the cost of both machines. Also block transfers, indirect and indexed Adding an ASR-35 brings the price up to available: Teletype cassette tape, disk, addressing, two accumulators, an index approximately $35,000. drum, and line printer. Cycle time is register, and 4,096 x 16 core memory. Memory cycle time is 1.1 microsec and 1 microsec for both computers. Rack Both machines have been around for about word length is 18 bits. Minimum memory height is 21 in. I-Hi years. size is 4k; maximum is 32k. Full-word add The PDC-108 (8-bit) and -1l6 (16-bit) time is 2.2 microsec; hardware multiply computers have just been introduced. Both time is 7 microsec. The maximum DMA Computer Automation, Inc. have 1.6-microsec cycle times. word transfer rate is 900 kllz, 895 West 16th Street Newport Beach, California 92660 SC-1700 Computer Development Corporation The SC-1700 has 4,096 words of 18-bit POC-80Sand 816 3001 South Daimler Street memory and can either operate as a Basic word size for the PDC-808 is 4k Santa Ana, California 92705 stand-alone system or assist the CDC-17oo. expandable to 16k. Word length is 8 bits The SC machine has a 1.5-microsec and memory cycle time is 8 microsec. CD-200 memory cycle time, a 3.Q..microsec add Operation is parallel, single address, and A lk version of the CD-200 sells for time, 196 real-time-oriented hardware utilizes a random access. The machine has $3,500. The small processor has a instructions, two hardware index registers, core memory, eight hardware registers, and 1.2-microsec cycle time, with lk to over hardware multiply/divide multilevel a party line I/O bus. There are. two 60k 8-bit bytes of memory. Add time is indirect addressing, and multilevel priority-interrupt lines as well as a request 2.0 microsec. The number of instructions is hardware interrupts with program priority line. Additional interrupt lines are available 69, and addressing is direct. Number of assignment. In tandem with other CDC in groups of eight. The number of priority interrupts: 16. Software includes computers, this machine can operate as a hardware instructions is 73, with one and an assembler and a simulator to enable one satellite data preprocessor or concentrator, two addresses per instruction; number of to write and test CD-200 programs on and can provide control applications. priority interrupts, 3 to 64. Punched cards larger computers. Software for the CDC 1700 series can be

Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) 275 used, including an assembly system, tape 5~-in.-ta11 standard rack-mount package. megabits/second. The machine has seven FORTRAN, mass storage FORTRAN, and Both basic versions can hold up to 20k hardware registers and 115 instructions. It macroassembler (COMPASS). The SC-1700 16-bit words of memory or interfaces has eight levels of nested, self-identifying can be used alone for process control and without expansion chassis.The standard 4k priority interrupts, Held expandable up to graphics. The 4k memory can be expanded configuration with Teletype interface was 64 levels. Priority interrupts have to 32k, with each 4k increment costing priced at $7,950. 2-microsec response times. Software $4,500. Basic price for the 4k SC-1700 is includes a macroassembler, symbolic $15,900. Deliveriesbegan in mid-1970. Supernova editor, library routines, on-line debug, and Supernova has the same basic USA Standard Basic FORTRAN. configuration as the Nova: 16-bit word, The main frame weighs 501bs and is Datacraft Corporation four accumulators, interchangeable core 5~ in. high. The 4k unit was priced at 776 N.E. 40th Court and read-only memory, and the same $14,900; increments of 4,096 words cost P.O. Box 23550 packaging design. This computer, however, $6,500. As of September I, 1970, an 8k Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33307 is considerably faster than the Nova. A full computer costs $14,900 and increments of memory cycle using core takes 800 nsec 4,096 words are $4,500. DC-6024 for the Supernova (2.6 microsec for the The basic price of the DC-6024 is Nova). Usingread-only memory, cycle time approximately $29,800, but the machine is is 300 nsec for Supernova and 2.4 microsec DM-70 advertised as providing rapid memory for the Nova. Supernova overlaps the fetch The DM-70 is a new machine (first units access an d a real-time capability and execute portions of arithmetic and delivered in mid-1970), named the Skinny approaching that of a multiprocessor or logical instructions from read-only Mini, which is small in size and low in larger-scale system. The basic system memory, so two numbers can be added in price. The cabinet is 1*in. high x 19 in. include s five 24-bit general-purpose one 3QO-nsec memory cycle. The machine wide x 20 in. deep. registers, three of which may be used for operates in fully parallel fashion on its A 16-bit computer, the Datamate 70 has indexing, and a 8,192-word memory with 16-bit words-all 16 bits at once in a single 11 registers, 4 of which are 16-bit parity expandable to 65,536 words in 3QO-nsec machine cycle. With the Nova, arithmetic accumulators, with two increments of 8,192. Hardware the word is divided into four 4-bit nibbles available as index registers. An index I/O multiply/divide/square root, four levels of that require four 4()(}.nsec cycles to register is included also. A wide range of priority interrupt, and a basic software process. optional memories include a 1.0.ffiicrosec package are included also. Memory cycle With 4k of core memory, Teletype core, plus semiconductor memories of the time is 1.2 rnicrosec with 24-bit word size. interface, and automatic program load, read-only and read/write type, which Full-word add time is 2.4 microsec. Supernova had been priced at $11,700. As operate at much higher rates. Direct Maximum word transfer rate is 834 MHz. of August I, 1970, a new price of $9,600 memory access is built in. Over 144 An ASR-33 is part of the basic I/O was announced for the same configuration. instructions are included in five classes of structure. The instruction set includes The Supernova central processor has been microprogrammed format. more than 500 discrete operations. reduced from $6,850 to $5,600, and 4k The machine is expandable to 32k with Software: FORTRAN IV. The 16-bit memory subsystems have been 1.00microsec add/subtract. DMA rate is 16 Model DC-22 magnetic core memory is reduced from $4,500 to $3,650. The megabits. A symbolic editor, relocating available with 750-nsec cycle time. ASR-33 is priced at about $1,400. loader, I/O drives, diagnostics, and a debug Muliply/divide and memory protection are package are included. options. The basic Datamate 70 is housed in the Recently, at the 1970 Spring Joint 1*in-high cabinet. The unit may include Data General Corporation Computer Conference, Data General the CPU, full power, and up to 1,024 Route 9 Corporation announced a new software words of ROM, 256 words of scratch-pad Southboro, Massachusetts01772 package. Before this time, Basic had been memory, plus space for I/O device offered for both machines. The new controllers. For applications requiring Nova software includes a complete ALGOL 60, extended memory, a 5%-in-high package Nova is a 16-bit machine with four two varieties of FORTRAN IV, and a houses the above plus 16k of core memory. accumulators, two of which may be used as device-independent . The basic 4k computer sold for $6,400; it index registers. It offers a choice of core or Nova was announced in 1968 and first is now $6,100. read-only memory of lk, 2k, 4k, 8k, and shipped about 2 years ago. The Supernova up to 32k (using an optional expansion was introduced in 1969 and the first chassis) 16-bit words. Direct addressing is machines were delivered in 1970. Both Data Technology Corporation required for the balance of memory. models are sellingexceptionally well. 1050 East MeadowCircle N umber of instructions: 200. Total Palo Alto, California 94303 memory cycle time depends on the type of module accessed; 2.6 microsec is required Datamate Computer Systems, Inc. DR-1600 for a 4k module, 3.9 microsec for a 2k P.O. Box 310 The DT-1600 computer is a 16-bit-word core, 6.5 microsec for a lk core, and BigSpring, Texas 79720 machine with 4k memory expandable to 2.4 microsec for a 1k read-only module. 32k. Memory cycle time is 8.0 microsec. With a 4k core module, typical add DM-16 The machine has 73 hardware instructions. instruction time is less than 5.9 microsec. The Datamate 16 is a 4k computer, I/O devices include paper tape, disk, and Up to 62 devices may be connected to the expandable to 32k, with parallel 16-bit magnetic tape; incremental mag tape and I/O bus and may be individually selected operation. Memory cycle time is controller (800 bpi IBM-compatible by the central processor. 1.0 microsec, add time is 2.0 microsec, and read/write) is priced at $9,950. The Nova comes in desk-top console or a multiply time is 5-7 microsec. DMA is 16 interface electronics alone is $1,900. The

276 Behav.Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) basic 4k DT-1600 costs $6,600 including may be .found on the used-computer devices, each requmng two commands. processor, console, and. power supply, 73 market, e.g., the dated PDP-I, PDP-5, Software includes FORTRAN and instructions, power for up to 16k, two PDP-7, LINC-8, and PDP-S. Two of these mathematical subroutines. The priority interrupt lines, block transfer will be described briefly before proceeding programming system also includes the ability, and software package. An to the other computers on the Digital MACRO-8 symbolic assembler, symbolic additional 4,096 words of memory costs EquipmentCorporation list. on-line debugging, tape editor, and a $2,200. Rack height is about 9 in. The PDP.5, for example, includes a CPU, floating-point package. The basic system 1,024- to 32,768-word, 12-bit random includes 4k words, keyboard printer and access, magnetic core memory, I/O control, tape re ader-punch, eight auto-index Decade Computer Corporation and I/O tape teleprinter. Standard features registers, Wired-in analog-to-digital 7457 Lorge Circle include a FORTRAN compiler, symbolic converter, program interrupt, data Huntington Beach,California 92647 assembler, 12-or 24-bit arithmetic, indirect interrupt, and indirect addressing. Original addressing, data and program interrupts, price ofthe system was about $18,000. Decade 70/2 and eight auto-indexing core memory Memory cycle time for this machine is locations. Memory cycle time of the PDP-S PDP-8/S .860 microsec and word length is 18 bits. is 6 microsec. The PDP-8/S has been succeeded by Minimum word size is 4k expandable to The popular LINC-8 comprises two later models also. With many ofthe PDP-8 16k. Full-word add time is 1.9 microsec; subsystems, a standard PDP-8 and the features and fully compatible, this unit has hardware multiply time is 6.5 microsec, LINC. The two subsystems share a dual slower speed and is less expensive. The divide time is 12.5 microsec. The machine console and are connected by means of a 4k-expandable-to-32k memory has a h as one accumulator, five hardware special interface section which mediates memory cycle time of 8 microsec registers, and one memory index register. exchange of data and control. The LINC-8 compared to the PDP-8 1.5-inicrosec time. Maximum DMA word transfer rate is was designed to operate in one of two Add time is 36 microsec vs 3 microsec for 1.1 MHz; maximum number of external modes. In the first mode, it operates as a the PDP-8. interrupts is 32. The basic system with 4k LlNC having certain special in-out and The 8/S sold for slightly less than words is $12,800. An ASR-33 Teletype speed characteristics but otherwise $10,000, and is smaller in physical size costs $1,200. FORTRAN IV is available, as identical with the original LlNC than the PDP-8. Memory size, I/O is the conversational compiler CHAT. (Laboratory Instrument Computer). The capabilities, standard options, and software Various I/O peripherals are optional. LINe and the PDP-8 are both are the same as the PDP-8. An ASR-33 (Refer to the Redcor 70 for a description single-address, fixed-word-length, parallel Teletype is standard. of the Decade 70 machine.) computers using 12-bit binary arithmetic. PDP-8/1 Cycle time of the 4,096-word core memory The PDP-8/1 has most of the shared by both computers is 1.5 microsec. characteristics of the PDP-8, except for Digiac Corporation This cycle time in either mode provides a expanded software, new options, a new Ames Court computation rate of 333,333 method for interfacing, and a lower price. Plainview,New York 11803 additions/second. In the LINC mode, External devices are interfaced to the multiplication is carried out in PDP~/I via a flexible I/O bus so the central Digiac·3080 approximately 32 microsec. The 4k core is processor does not have to be modified. The Digiac-3080is a drum machine with expandable to 32k. Standard equipment Built-in instruction capability provides a a word length of 25 bits for a basic 4k for the LlNC-8 includes an ASR-33 convenient method for checking the status memory. Price is $19,500 for a unit with teletypewriter, audio control, cathode ray of peripherals. Data is transferred between 50 hardware instructions and software that oscilloscope, dual magnetic tape unit, a the external devices and computer by includes FORTRAN. 6-bit relay register, and a data terminal program interrupts, programmed data panel, behind which are provisions for transfers, and data break transfers. The mounting 60 Flip Chip modules as well as user chooses the most efficient method, Digital Computer Controls, Inc. II I/O signal lines. A standard depending on I/O requirements. Fairfield, New Jersey 07006 ana log-to-digital converter has 16 Cycle time is 1.5 microsec, add time is multiplexed channels, with 16 additional 3.0 microsec, and subtract takes DCC-1l2 channels optional. Standard cabinet size: 6.0 microsec, as with the PDP-8. An The Model DCC-1l2 is a newly 69-1/8 in. high x 32~ in. wide x 33 in. extended arithmetic option permits announced 4,096-word (expandable to deep. multiply/divide in approximately 6 and 32,768) general-purpose minicomputer 6.5 microsec, respectively, against 21.2 and which features 1.2 microsec random-access PDP·8 37.2 microsec for the PDP-8. Maximum time, an arithmetic processor, and a PDP-8 computers are found in all sorts I/O is 500 kbytes/second. The machine has buffered I/O control. The unit also of laboratories, but the machine has been eight auto-index registers. provides eight auto-index registers, indirect succeeded by other computers in the series. Pedestal model size is 36~ in. high x addressing, and a high-speed channel. There are, however, a tremendous number 30 in. wide x 31-3/8 in. deep. The table DCC-1l2 is advertised as hardware-, ofthe units in use. model measures 8~ in. high x 30 in. wide x software-, and plug-compatible with DEC's The PDP-8is a 4k computer, expandable 31-3/8 in. deep. Rack-mounted size is PDP~ family, with l.5-microsec cycle to 32,768k, with a word length of 12 bits 30-7/8 in. high x 19 in. wide x 23-5/16 in. time. and memory cycle time of 1.5 microsec. deep. Weight for all of the configurations is Programmed I/O data transfers are handled 2501bs. An ASR-33 is standard for the 8/1 Digital Equipment Corporation at up to two million bits/second. system, which was introduced in 1967 and 146 Main Street Device-initiated I/O transfer rates are up to first delivered in 1968. Software includes Maynard, Massachusetts 01754 7.9 million bits/second. The machine can FORTRAN, Pal-D, Basic, ALGOL, and service up to 64 external devices, each Macro-8. Price: $12,500 with A number of the earlier DEC machines requiring up to three commands, and 96 teletypewriter.

Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) 277 PDP-8/L memory is priced at $4,990. With a PDP-I2 The PDP-8/L is a smaller version of the teletypewriter, it is $6,500. Additional The PDP-12 is a complete laboratory 8/1. The internal plug-in expansion features memory can be added up to the 32k system with a large display (7 x 9 in. CRT), of the 8/1 were left out to keep the price maximum at $3,000 per 4k. 16-channel A/D converter expandable to and size down. Expansion ofcore memory 32, and two tape units. The computer has a for the PDP-8/L is limited to 8,192 (double PDP-9/L 4k memory, expandable to 32k, with its basic core of 4k) with l2-bit word The PDP-9/L is a smaller, slower version l2-bit word length. Memory cycle time is length. And the memory cycle time is of the PDP-9. It is also cheaper. Price of 1.6 rnicrosec and add time is 3.2 micro sec. slightly lower at 1.6 instead of the basic system with ASR-33, 4k memory, Hardware multiply is standard. Maximum 1.5 microsec. The machine also requires and cabinet is $19,900. word transfer rate is 625 kHz. There are 43 expansion options to add most of the The PDP-9/L has 4,096 18-bit words of basic instructions, 12 hardware registers, input/output peripherals that plug into the core memory, expandable to 32,768 and 15 auto-index registers. 8/1. Both have eight basic instructions, six words. Memory cycle time is 1.5 microsec, Advertised as the successor to the memory reference and two augmented. add time is 3 microsec, multiply is LINC-8, the PDP-12 is faster and more Software packages are the same. 13 microsec, and divide is 14 microsec. The powerful, yet $10,600 less. The PDP-12 Physically, the table model ofthe 8/L is machine has directly addressable memory, has buffered I/O, including a mag-tape 8* in. high x 19 in. wide x 20* in. deep eight data channels, auto-index registers, processor. The display-based programming and weighs 831bs. The rack-mounted and an automatic program loader in the system is not difficult to use for PDP-12 model is 3 in. deeper and weighs 70 lbs. basic model. The 4k standard software programs, LINC-S, or PDP-8 programs. The The ASR-33 is standard. Basic price is includes a two-pass assembler, utility machine can execute two complete $8,500. programs, editor, math package, and instruction sets, the LINC and the PDP-8 debugging. With Sk memory or more, the family of instructions. A signal averaging LAB-8 9/L can accept advanced PDP-9 software, program requires peripherals and allows for The LAB-8 is a signal averager featuring including FORTRAN IV, a handling up to 1,024 data points per sweep the PDP-8/L computer with ASR-33 macroassembler, symbolic editor, I/O and the averaging of the data over a teleprinter. AX08 laboratory peripherals monitor, and others. A statistical package maximum of 4,096 sweeps. FORTRAN, include: 4 channels of analog-to-digital written in FORTRAN (STATPAC) and a FOCAL, and floating-point packages are input (expandable to 24), 9-bit conversion translater package, making it possible to available. Standard cabinet size is 69 in. at all sampling speeds, sample and hold adapt a major part of the code written for high x 32~ in. wide x 33 in. deep, and the circuitry, two Schmitt trigger inputs the PDP-S family of computers, were weight is 500lbs. The table model is expandable to three, one pulse output, a introduced in 1969. Expanded to 16k, the slightly smaller. For about $29,000, the 19-kHz crystal clock, a variable-frequency machine has capability for system includes a 4k memory, a DMA (I6-Hz to 200-kHz) RC clock, an X-V background-foreground programming. That channel, LINCtape automatic control, two display and plotter control. An RM503 is, program development can be carried out mag tape transports, LlNCscope control oscilloscope is used as an X-V display for along with on-line activities. and character buffer, CRT display, AID computer output. A number of options are In comparison, the PDP-9 has an 18-bit converter and multiplexer (16 channels), a available for extending capabilities. The word length, with a basic 8,192-word data terminal panel, and ASR-33 LAB-8 can also include the PDP-8/1 with memory expandable to 32,76S in teletypewriter. the AX08 lab peripheral. The system was 8,192-word increments. Cycle time is priced in the $20,000 range with actual 1.0 microsec, add time is 2 rnicrosec, and PDP-I4 price dependent on computer (S/I or S/L) I/O transfer rate- is up to 18,000,000 The PDP-14 was announced by DEC in and options. bits/second. Standard equipment includes a March of 1969. The machine has modular paper-tape reader, a paper-tape punch, and design with 1,024 nondestructive l2-bit PDP·8/E an ASR·33 Teletype. read-only memory, expandable to 4,096 in The PDP-8/E is the most recent addition blocks of 1,024 words. The interface unit to the 8 series and is upward-compatible PDP-H/20 is expandable in blocks of 32 inputs to with PDP-8-series software and peripheral The PDP-11/20 was first delivered to 256. Output interface is expandable in devices. At the heart of the PDP-8/E is a customers in early 1970. It is a blocks of 16 outputs to 255. A computer parallel bus organization board. The latter 16-bit-word-Iength omputer with interface is available between the PDP-14 eliminates all cross wiring. Circuit boards 4k-expandable-to-8k memory. Memory and the PDP-8/I or 8/L machines. The are plugged in above the 10.5-sq-in. cycle time is 1.2 rnicrosec, add time is machine is 24 x 18 x 8 in. and weighs organization board, including three 2.3 microsec, and multiply is 4.5 microsec. SO lbs, excluding interfacing. memory boards (4k), four processor Maximum I/O is 1,660 kbytes/second. The PDP-IS/I0 boards, a Teletype control board, a console machine has four levels of priority The PDP-1511O is an l8-bit-word-Iength board, and a PDP-8-compatible I/O board. interrupts, expandable to 256, and 400 computer with 4k basic, expandable to Memory cycle time for the 8/E is hard-wired instructions with direct 131k. Memory cycle time is 0.80 microsec, 1.2 rnicrosec, add time is 2.6 microsec, and addressing. The general registers are add time is 1.6 microsec, and multiply is multiply is 7.4 microsec. Maximum I/O is program-accessible. Software routines 7.4 microsec. The machine has 28 priority 830 kbytes/second. The computer is available include assembler, Basic, and interrupts, expandable to 64, and eight byte-oriented (6 bits) and has a 12-bit FORTRAN. Price of the unit with 4k DMA channels. Addressing is direct to 4k word. An optional read-only memory is memory, console, and ASR-33 Teletype is words and indirect to 32k. Two memory available in 256-word increments. The $10,800. The table-top model is 11 in. high cycles are required for indirect. There are PDP-8{E has 23 instructions with direct x 20 in. wide x 24 in. deep and weighs nine hardware registers, one index register. addressing, up to 12 direct-memory-access 1001bs. The rack-mounted model is The machine is the basic PDP-IS and can chan nels, and up to four priority 1O~ in. high x 19 in. wide x 23 in. deep be expanded to capabilities of larger interrupts. The basic computer with 4k and weighs 90 Ibs. systems.

278 Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) Software includes FOCAL, a two-pass Elbit-l00 FOTO·MEM,Inc. assembler, Basic, and FORTRAN IV. A The Eibit-IOO is a 12-bit machine with a 6 Strathmore Road real-time executive monitor is optional. basic memory size of lk expandable to 4k. Natick, Massachusetts 01760 Price of the computer is $16,500 with 4k The computer has 16 hardware instructions and a teletypewriter. An additional 4k is p 1us modifiers, and cycle time is CENTAUR priced at $6,000. The units were first 2 microsec. Full-word add time is The basic CENTAUR includes the CPU, delivered to customers in early 1970. 7 microsec. There are four priority a 4,096-byte memory, ASR-33 Teletype, The 18-bit PDP-IS is offered in four interrupts. I/O devices include Teletype, and a basic software package on paper configurations. An advanced monitor interface to the IBM-360,paper-tape reader tape. Memory cycle time is 980 nsec and system is priced at $36,000; one designed and punch, magnetic drum, A-to-D and the unit includes eight programmable for background/foreground applications, at D-to-A converters, disk and line printers. hardware registers, a 17-bit accumulator, $58,000; a large, disk-based Software: logic operations, conversational and a 16-bit index register. Seventy-eight background/foreground system sells for modified FORTRAN, and DEBUG. Price basic machine instructions include 15 $92,000. The PDP-15/30 is a of the basic unit is approximately $6,000. memory reference instructions. The basic background/foreground system developed About 2 years ago, the Elbit-100 was 4k memory is expandable in modules to for use where one or more real-time tasks advertised at $4,900 by Elbit Computers, 65k, 536 bytes. Addition of memory data typically require continuous responsiveness Ltd., 88 Hagiborim Street, P.O. Box 5390, to the accumulator is accomplished in from the computer but do not use its Haifa, Israel. Rack height is 9 in. 3.0 microsec (4.0 microsec in entire capacity. The system includes a double-precision mode). Multiply time is 16,384 core memory, magnetic tape 7 microsec (l6-bit product). In direct storage, and a wide range of software. memory access, data can be transferred to Electronic Associates, Inc. or from memory at the rate of 800,000 185 Monmouth Park Highway bytes/second or 250,000 bytes/second Digital Scientific Corporation West Long Branch, New Jersey 07764 (alternate mode). Maximum transfer rate 11455 Sorrento Valley Road normally is 141,000 bytes/second. Priority San Diego, California 92121 EAI-640 interrupts: four. The EAI-MO has a core-type memory, Up to 256 external devices are Meta 4 8k expandable to 32k, with 16-bit word program-addressable, including mag tape The Meta 4 is a 16-bit-word computer length. The basic 8k unit costs $24,500, stations, disk flles, monitoring consoles, with a 4k memory expandable to 65k. including ASR-33. Memory cycle time is printers, and the Foto-Mem 1/4-trillion-bit Memory cycle time is 0.90 microsec, add 1.65 microsec, add time is 3.3 microsec, FM 390 MassMemory System. time is .90 microsec, and multiply is and multiply time is 18.1 microsec, The rack is 10.5 in. high x 10 in. wide x 3.0 microsec. Addressing is direct, with 27 Maximum word transfer rate is 600 kHz. 15 in. deep, and its weight is 481bs, with instructions. There are nine DMA channels The machine has M hardware instructions 8k memory. Price of the basic unit is less and 6 to 32 priority interrupts. Maximum with multilevel indirect addressing and 10 than $10,000, with 4k and Teletype. I/O is 2,400 kbytes/second. Software hardware registers. Software includes includes a batch monitor and a real-time FORTRAN IV, an interpreter, and executive system. Price of the 4k unit is monitors. The unit was first delivered over Four-Phase Systems, Inc. $15,650. First deliveries were made in 4 years ago and is not one of the smaller 10420 North Tantau Avenue early 1970. rack-sizemachines. Cupertino, California 95014

System IV/70 Video Terminal Dresser Systems Inc. By utilizing the computer memory space P.O. Box 2928 to supply the electronics necessary for Houston, Texas 77001 EMRComputer character generation, the Series Four 8001 Bloomington Freeway system can offer video terminals for Dresser8000 Minneapolis,Minnesota 55420 $2,500 each. The basic system costs The 8000 has 16-bit word size with 4k $16,000 with deliveries beginning in the memory expandable to 16; cycle time is Advance EMR·6120 fourth quarter of 1970. The basic contains 4.0 microsec. There are 27 hardware The 6120 is a 16-bit-word computer 6,144 bytes, 24-bit words of core memory instructions, two priority-interrupt levels, with 4k basic, expandable to 32k. Cycle with 1.9-microsec cycle time, and two direct-memory-access channels. time is 2 microsec and the machine has 60 15.2-microsec add/subtract, and ROM may Software: loaders and real-time monitor. A' hardware instructions. I/O devices include be substituted for 12 kbytes of RAM. The CRT and ASR-33 Teletype are included. A Teletype, paper and mag tapes, disk, and system is expandable to 98 kbytes. At Selectric and card reader are available as communications interface. Basic price is maximum, 32 terminals can be operated in I/O devices. approximately $7,700. a time-sharing system. The video terminals include alphanumeric keyboard. Display Elbit Computers, Ltd. Advance EMR-6130 capacity is 50 lines with 48 characters 9701 North Kenton The 6130 is a much more expensive each. The 117 instructions include byte as Skokie, Illinois 60076 machine at $46,000, with 8k words, and is well as word manipulation. The system will merely noted for comparison. Memory interface with teletypewriters, disks, tapes, or cycle time is .775 microsec, with an 18-bit card readers, and mag-tape cassettes. word length. Minimum word size is 8k Elron, Inc. expandable to 32k. The 32,768 words can Building812 be addressed directly in 1.9 microsec and Fujitsu Ltd. Raritan Center addressed indirectly in 2.9 microsec. DMA 680 Fifth Avenue Edison, New Jersey 08811 word transfer rate is 1.2 mHz. New York, New York 10019

Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) 279 or scratch pad. There are six classes of words of memory are directly accessible; instructions with over 400 modifications. minimum core size is 1,024 words. Sixteen Fujitsu Ltd. Add time (single precision) is 2.4 microsec, levels of interrupts are available, and more 8,2-chome multiply time is 12.0 microsec, and data than one device can be operated at each Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku channel transfers, 1.2 microsec. Maximum level. The number of instructions is 100, Tokyo, Japan word transfer rate is 960 kHz. Software is and the addressing is direct. Theoretical program-compatible with the two IBM limit of instructions is 50,000. I/O rate: FACOM-R machines and includes FORTRAN, direct memory access or device to device at Word length for the FACOM-R is 17 assemblers, and real-time executives. Price 568,000 16-bit words/second maximum. bits, 16 data bits plus parity, and memory of the basic system is about $18,000; the There are II registers in the basic speed is 1.5 microsec. Capacity is 4k cost is $19,500 with ASR-33. The unit computer, which is mounted in a cabinet minimum, expandable to 32k. There are 28 takes 19 x 15-% x 22~ in. of rack space and 1O~ in. high and 20 in. deep; weight is basic instructions within seven classes.Add weighs 85 to 1051bs. depending on approximately 501bs. The machine has and subtract speeds are 6 microsec without options. been shipped to customers for about a address modification and 7.5 microsec with year. modification. The machine has four index SPC-16 Input/output data and control buses registers. Maximum data transfer rate is The SPC-16 is the newest computer in (groups or parallel wires) on which 800 kbytes/second for interface mode. the General Automation line and has a peripheral equipments reside extend inside Number of priority interrupts: one. The basic price of $10,000. The machine has a the computer. All of the internal computer number of I/O unit addresses is 255 950-nsec memory cycle time and a 4k Core elements are connected across these buses. maximum. All of the standard I/O devices memory expandable to 32k. Read-only are available. Software includes FASP memory has a 480-nsec cycle time. The (FACOM Automatic Symbolic Program) SPC-16 has 16 programmable and mini-FORTRAN. The rack is general-purpose registers, and up to 64 Hewlett-Packard Company approximately II in. high and 23 in. deep. hardware priority interrupts. The machine 1501 Page Mill Road Basic system cost (4k) is approximately can do both single- and double-word Palo Alto, California 94304 $10,000. addressing, direct or indirect, and address up to SI2k bits, up to 6Sk bytes, and up to HP-2114B 32k words. As many as 64 external devices The Hewlett-Packard 2114B is a General Automation, Inc. with 200 control functions can be operated 16-bit-word computer with 706 W. Katella through the parallel I/O bus. Service 4k-expandable-to-8k memory. Memory Orange, California 92667 software includes real-time executive cycle time is 2.0 microsec, add time is sy stems, disk executive system, 4.0 microsec, and subtract is 6.0 microsec. SPC-12 FORTRAN, and others. The unit weighs The machine has 1,024-word page size, The standard SPC-12 computer includes 80lbs maximum and measures 10.5 in. with direct address for two pages and a 4,096 by 8-bit word memory expandable high x 19 in. wide x 23.6 in. deep. indirect address for any page. The to 16,384 words, with full cycle time of processor has 70 one-word instructions, 2.16 microsec. Features include a parallel microprogramming of up to eight adder, six addressing modes, eight 12-bit Information Systems instructions. Two addressable accumulators hardware registers (including an 1285 Boston Avenue are used to simplify programming. There accumulator, an index, and two Bridgeport, Connecticut 06602 are seven plug-in I/O channels in the main index/accumulator registers), SO basic frame plus 17 additional channels with an commands, a priority-interrupt system, a GE-PAC 30-1 and 30-2 optional I/O extender unit. Peripherals are relative-time clock, and a Teletype The average purchase price for either of interfaced with plug-in cards. Interface interface for approximately $5,000. these systems is approximately $11,800. cards are available for many digital Maximum DMA word transfer rate is Both computers have 16-bit word lengths, instruments and peripherals. Optional 430 kHz. Add time is 4.3 microsec, access a maximum memory capacity of 64k, IS multiplexed I/O system allows interfacing time is 600 nsec. A substantial library of index registers, and up to 256 CPU I/O up to 56 devices. A direct-memory-access real-time monitors, a one-pass assembler, channels. Memory cycle time for the 30-1 channel is optional at a cost of $1,500. The executive control systems, process control is 1.0 rni cr osec, for the 30-2, latter has a maximum data transfer rate of functional programs, utility routines, and 0.67 microsec. Access times are the same. 500,000 16-bit words/second. Software I/O drivers are operational and maintained The 30-1 has 27 instructions and the 30-2 includes FORTRAN, ALGOL, Basic, a for SPS-12 user projects. The unit weighs has 93. Software includes interactive two-pass assembler, and extended 29lbs and is SY

280 Behav.Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) other characteristics. This computer, with eight address modes. Word size is priced at less than $10,000. The system however, has 8 external interrupts in the 16 bits, with the 4,096-word memory comprises a CRT display screen, a central basic system, expandable to 40. Price of expandable to 16,384 words. The processor, and a solid-state keyboard with the 4k unit is $14,500. computer has seven hardware registers; six software-programmed functions. The CRT can be controlled from the and screen is capable of displaying about 1,200 HP-2116B the seventh is an index register. The 16 flicker-free characters, and it may be The HP-2116B has an 8k memory, priority interrupts may be expanded to 64. oriented horizontally or vertically. The expandable to 32k, with 16-bit word More than 500 field-proven software 14-in. CRT is refreshed from local memory length. Memory cycle time is 1.6 microsec, packages can be operated. Programs at, normally, 40 frames/second. CPU word add time is 3.2 microsec, and multiply is include FORTRAN IV,DAP-16 and I/O size is 16 bits, and memory size is 4k 19.2microsec. The computer has 16 selector, a disk-operated program (DOP) words, expandable to 32k. Cycle time is priority interrupts in the standard package, and EXEC-16, and executive control 2 microsec; direct addressing, 2k words, expandable to 48. Maximum I/O is 600 package. The ISO-lb unit measures 14 in. with indirect addressing at 32k single level. kbytes/second, The machine has 72 basic high x 17'h. in. wide x 24'h. in. deep. The The CPU has 16 index registers (auto). I/O instructions and seven hardware registers. price is $9,700 without ASR-33, which maximum word rate is 500 kHz. Software includes FORTRAN IV, ALGOL, costs an additional $1,700. As a standard package, the IMLAC Basic, and a real-time executive. Price: PDS-1 comes with a text and graphics $24,000. An additional 8k memory costs H-112 editing program. A proprietary interactive $10,000. Both the 2115A and the 2116B The H-112 is a 12-bit stored-program graphics pattern permits line drawing have been on the market a few years. controller computer for on-line, real-time graphics editing from the keyboard, as well data collection and reduction applications. as limited text. The machine has a 4k basic memory Honeywell plug-in, expandable to 8k. Memory cycle Computer Control Division time is 1.69 microsec and add is Information Technology, Inc. Old Connecticut Path 7.63 microsec. Five instruction types make 164 Wolfe Road Framingham, Massachusetts 01701 up 37 standard instructions. Addressing is Sunnyvale, California 94026 indirect. Skip .instructions are DDP-416 and DDP-SI6 microprogrammable. Input/output rate: 1TI-4900 The DDP-416 and -516 offer basic one 12-bit word!3.39 microsec or 295k Basic price of the 4900 with 4k memory memories of 4,096 16-bit words and full words/second (direct data channel option). and an ASR-33 is $12,450; it is $9,950 cycle times of 0.96 microsec. The former Standard software includes an assembler, without the Teletype. Memory cycle time machine is expandable to 16k and has 34 debug, diagnostics, loader, and math is 0.975/1.75 microsec and word length is basic instructions with five address modes. library. 16 bits. Memory size is 4k expandable to The latter unit is expandable to 32k and 32k. The machine has eight accumulators, has 72 instructions with eight address 16 hardware registers, and 6 hardware modes. The DDP-516 has floating point IBM Corporation index registers. Full-word add time is and the -416 does not. Both computers Armonk, New York 10504 1.94/3.5 microsec; hardware multiply time have two external interrupts; the maximum is 10 microsec and divide time is number available is 48. The DDP-516 IBM-I130 25 microsec. Maximum DMA word transfer software consists of over 250 programs, The IBM-I130 is a 16-bit-word machine rate is 1 MHz. Various peripherals are with the standard package containing with a basic 4k memory, expandable to available. Software includes FORTRAN IV (for a minimum of 8,192 32k. Memory cycle time is 2.2 microsec, FORTRAN IV. words of core memory), DAP-16 for add time is 4.88 microsec, and hardware translating from the programmer's to multiply time is 1.5 microsec. machine language, and a real-time monitor. Direct-memory-access channel is standard; Infotronics Corporation The DDP-416 has over 50 programs maximum word transfer rate is 460 kHz. 8500 Cameron Road compatible with the -516. Both machines The machine has seven hardware registers, Austin, Texas 78753 have one- and two-pass assemblers. three memory index registers. The basic Add time for the DDP-516 is system has six external interrupts; the mini/max 1.92 rnicrosec and most instructions are maximum number available is 96. Software The Infotronics mini/max computer is executed in that time or less. The includes a two-pass assembler, USASI, an 8k machine, expandable to 65k, with 80 maximum word transfer rate for both Basic, and FORTRAN IV. Price of the 4k basic instructions which allow 3,000 models is 1.04 MHz. Dimensions are system is $25,880, including an ASR-33 discrete operations through 24 x 24 x 38 in.; weight is 250 Ibs. and secondary storage. Additional 4k pseudoinstructions. The system has a Approximate price of the DDP-416 is memory is priced at $8,000. The "average" 2-microsec memory cycle time and can $16,900, and the DDP-516 costs $25,000. purchase price of a 1130 system is operate up to eight disk controllers. Add An ASR-33 Teletype is included in both $68,000. time is 3 microsec and multiply is prices. 8 microsec. The maximum I/O is 2,000 kbytes/second. An expanded system of the H-316 IMLACCorporation 16-bit machine can be purchased with 18 The H-316 is similar to the DDP-516 in 296 Newton Street levels of priority interrupts, a having the same register organization, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154 60-characters/second tape reader, a instruction repertoire, and I/O interface IIO-character/second tape punch, and a characteristics. Memory cycle time for the PDS-I 300-card/minute reader/printer. The basic H-316 is 1.6 microsec and add time is The PDS-I is a programmable unit sells for $16,500. The expanded 3.2 microsec. Instruction complement is 72 stand-alone display computer system system costs approximately $42,100.

Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) 281 Software includes a real-time executive and physically small machine (5)4 in. high x Data Products Division an assembler. 17~ in. wide x 17 in. deep, weighing 6201 East Randolph Street 451bs) priced at $4,650, with 2k memory. Los Angeles, California 90022 The basic 2k is expandable to 16,384 8-bit words. The machine has a 1.00microsec MAC-16 Interdata cycle time and 3-microsec add time. There The basic MAC-16 contains six 16-bit 2 Crescent Place are seven internal registers and 47 registers plus a full adder and is supplied Oceanport, New Jersey 07757 instructions. Addressing modes are direct, with a 4,096~ore memory, expandable to indirect, and auto-indexing. Read-only 65k with add-on units. Memory cycle time Models 2, 3, and 4 memory is available in modules of 2,048 is 1 microsec, hardware multiply time is Interdata Models 2, 3, and 4 have a words. Four hardware interrupt levels are 9 microsec, and divide time is 12 microsec. number of similar characteristics. The standard and expandable to eight. Add time for a full word is 2.0 microsec. common features include 16-bit halfword Maximum number of I/O devices: 256. Maximum DMA word transfer rate is memory, addressable and alterable to an Read/write block transfer rate is 400,000 800kHz. 8-bit byte level, 16 general registers, and bytes/second; selector channel rate is Four nested interrupt levels in the basic direct addressing of up to 256 devices. 500,000 bytes/second. Power fail machine are expandable to 64 levels, Software packages include I/O system, protection is optional but a real-time clock allowing up to 64 programs to be queued editor, and debugging; FORTRAN, micro, is standard. Software includes assembler, for execution in real time. and 1, 2, or 3 pass assemblersare available monitor, and simulator. Standard software includes the for Models3 and 4. Lockheed Electronics Assemble Program All three processors include 16 Model S (LEAP) symbolic assembler, program general-purpose user registers. These act as The ModelS is Interdata's largest loader, debug and editor programs, math index registers or accumulators to permit computer. The basic memory of 8k bytes is library, I/O driver, and diagnostics. The the programmer to keep track of numerous expandable to 64k bytes, with 64k bytes LEAP assembler and MAC-16 simulator are loops and real-time combinations without of directly addressable memory. Word size available in program-coded FORTRAN IV. having to retrieve them from memory. In is 16 bits; data word length is 8, 16, 32 bits The basic computer with ASR-33 Teletype Models 2 and 3 the registers reside (parity option). Memory cycle time is was originally priced at $11,950. With 8k physically in core, but can be manipulated 1.0 microsec of core memory and 400 nsec words, the price increased to $15,900. as if they were hardware functions. In of read-only memory. The machine has 16 The MAC-16 has recently been upgraded Model 4, these registersare implemented in hardware registers (IAbits each) and eight by the addition of previously optional CPU hardware. The ROM is a high-speed floating-point registers, each 32 bits long. and memory features. The new standard (4QO-nsec) nondestructive memory which Fifteen general registers may be used for MAC includes a DMA channel, eight stores the microprogram used to interpret indexing. There are 113 standard hardware interrupts, memory expansion and execute the main program. The three instructions, including floating point and adaptor, power fail and restart protection, machines also have one external interrupt, privileged instructions. Typical times: and a 60~ycle real-time clock. The price is expandable to eight, and 78 instructions 16-bit load halfword, 2.8 microsec; 16-bit now listed at $11,200 for a CPU with 4k with two address modes. add halfword, 3.2 microsec. Typical memory and the above features. Model 2 has the slowest speed, with a microinstruction execution time is memory cycle time of 3 microsec and an 400 nsec; 16-bit micro add time is MAC Jr. add time of 45 microsec. Read/write data 0.800 microsec. I/O program transfer rate The MAC Jr. is a new model (first transfer rate is 5 kbytes/second. No is 30 kbytes/second; firmware 1/0 is the shipped to customers in 1970) that is hardware multiply/divide, floating point, same. Priority interrupts: up to 256 levels compatible with the MAC-16. The smaller hardware block transfer, or high-speed with automatic queuing. There are 16 machine has a l-rnicrosec cycle time, 16-bit memory access options are available for hardware priorities, expandable in groups word, and a standard 4k memory Model 2. They can be obtained with of 16. Software includes an assembler, expandable to 8k. Add time is 2 microsec Models 3 or 4. Model 2 was listed at basic OS, real-time OS, and FORTRAN IV. and the machine has 72 instructions. Four $6,600, but introduction of the new The unit in a standard cabinet weighs standard priority interrupts are included, Modell has dated the machine. 175 lbs and measures 66 in. high x 22\02 in. expandable to 16, with automatic store Model 3 has a 1.8-microsec cycle time wide x 30 in. deep. Basic price with 8k is and restore. Interface and controllers are and a 34-microsec add time. Read/write $15,600. identical for both MAC computers. The data transfer rate is 6 kbytes/second and price of the MAC Jr. is $7,900, including direct-memory-access rate is CPU with 4k memory and power supply. 750 kbytes/second. Word length is 16 bits, IRA Systems, Inc. 332 Second Avenue and the 4k memory is expandable to 64k. Waltham,Massachusetts02154 Model 3 is priced at $8,900. MicroSystems Model 4 has a 1.0-microsec cycle time SP-6S 644 East Young Street with 4k-64k memory. Add time is The SP-65 sells for $14,900 with 4k Santa Ana, California 92705 3.2 microsec; read/write data transfer rate basic memory expandable to 64k. Word is 25 kbytes/second and direct memory length is 16 bits and cycle time is Micro800 access rate is 900 kbytes/second. The basic 1.8 microsec. The computer has 200 The Micro series computers utilize cost of Model 4 is $12,300. An ASR-33 is hardware instructions, 30 data channels, microprogramming techniques. The priced at $1,900 for all Interdata systems. and 10 basic priority interrupts with 30 Micro 800 features a I.I-microsec All three machines noted were first maximum. Standard I/O devices are full-cycle core memory with a delivered over 2 years ago. available. microcommand execution time of 220 nsec. Add time is 1.22 microsec and Modell maximum word transfer rate is 910 kHz The Interdata Modell is a new (1970), Lockheed Electronics Company (8-bit). Core memory is 4k, expandable to

282 Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) 32,768 bytes (8, 9, or 10 bits) in ( 1.1-microsec cycle time), power-fail kbytes/second. Price of the basic unit is 4,096-byte increments. Read-only storage interrupt, automatic restart, and real-time $9,800. (ROS) uses discrete diodes in printed clock at a cost of approximately $10,850. The Modcomp-lll is priced at $13,500 circuit board modulesof 256 16-bit words. Up to 16,384 bytes of core memory and for the 4k version and is expandable to File registers are a set of 16 five communications and peripheral 32k. The computer has 182 instructions, a general-purpose 8-bit registers. The interface option boards can be added. An to 32 priority interrupts, and 16 DMA machine has 15 basic instructions and one expansion chassis accommodates an channels. Maximum I/O is 1,660 address mode. A direct-memory-access additional 16k bytes of core memory and kbytes/second, (DMA) channel has a maximum transfer eight interface option boards. rate of 909,000 bytes/second. AP800 is an Supplemental magnetic storage can be assembly program for generating the supplied up to 256 kbytes. Monitor Data Corporation read-only storage diode maps; it is written 17805 Sky Park Circle in FORTRAN IV. A simulator, which runs Irvine,California92664 On the Micro810, provides for interactive Mini-Comp, Inc. simulation of firmware programs. 2 Mercer Road MD-708 The basic system consists of a central Natick, Massachusetts 01760 The basic 4k system of the recently processor containing 16 multipurpose introduced MD-708 is priced at $3,750. registers, 256 words of read-only memory, SY~1em MC 232 Time-Sharing The Ik system sells for $3,250. The console, and power supply to function as a The MC 232 is a small computer system minicomputer is an 8-bit, Lo-microsec microprogrammed controller. Price is designed purely for time sharing. A basic general-purpose machine with 1,024 words, $3,200. The basic cabinet measures 8-)<\ in. 16k-word system supposedly can support expandable to 65k. Add time is high 17-3/5 in. wide x 23 in. deep; fully x up to 32 simultaneous users working from 1.6 microsec. Memory is directly expanded, it weighs 75 lbs. a variety of terminals, includingTeletypes, addressable up to 4k words; direct memory typewriters, and CRT displays. The core access is available as an option. Basic Micro810 memory is expandable from 12k to 32k repertoire is 117 instructions (101 The Micro 810 is a microprogrammed l o-bit words. standard). Number of priority interrupts: 1 adaptation of the 800 system with core. The system has a provision for using a to 8. Hardwareregisters: 8. The microprogram (firmware) converts the terminal as a desk calculator, an adding basic 800 machine into a machine, or as a programmable calculator. software-programmable macrolevel Any seven terminals can be in the general-purpose computer. The unit programming mode simultaneously. So the contains 16-bit registers, variable precision other 25 would have to be used as simple operations, and 89 instructions, including de sk calculators. Terminals may be Instrumentation multiply and divide with eight address hard-wired up to 2,000 ft from the and Control, Inc. modes. Maximum word transfer rate is machine or used over conventional P.O. Box 5409 910 kHz (8-bit). Memory cycle time is communication lines. Phoenix, Arizona 85010 1.1 microsec and full-word add time is The Mini-Comp MC 232 operates in 10 microsec (16-bit). The basic Micro810 both fixed and floating decimal modes MDP-IOOO price of $6,900 comprises a Micro800 with 12-place accuracy. Programs are Memory cycle time for the MDP-IOOO is system with 768 words of read-only store, limited to only 250 instructions with the 2.16 microsec, word length is 8 bits, and a 4,096-word x 8-bit core memory, and a minimum system. Mini-Tok, a calculator the 4k memory is expandable to 16k. Teletype interface. The ASR-33 is $1,200 system language, and Basic are available as Full-word add time is 4.32 microsec. for all Micro models. software. Maximum DMA word transfer rate is The basic 16k MC 232 system costs 430 kHz. The machine has five Micro812 $45,000 with eight Teletype units. programmable hardware registers of 12-bit The Micro812 can operate as a data length, all of which can be used as concentrator, a preprocessor for accumulators. Three of the five are usable time-sharing and information system ModularComputer Systems, Inc. as index registers. Number of instructions: networks, and as an interactive processing 2709 North Dixie Highway 50. Number of priority interrupts: 0 to 64. system of its own. Microprogrammed Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33308 A standard feature is the relative-time hardware receives serial data from up to 32 clock, which, at programmed time low-speed input lines, with multiple Modcomp-l l and -111 intervals, generates an interrupt request. formats and mixed baud rates, and The Modcomp-I1 and -l l l are recent Acknowledgment of the interrupt causes assembles the information into characters entries into the minicomputer market. the program to be branched automatically for entry into a circulating buffer within Both machines have the following to the portion associated with the real-time the processor's core memory. The 105 characteristics: 16-bit word length, basic request. Software includesa conversational general-purpose and communications­ 4k memory, .80-microsec memory cycle assembly system, monitor package, 1/0 oriented instructions include ASCII parity time, 1.6-microsec add time, and drivers,and debug. generation, cyclic code generation, and 7.2-microsec multiply. Software includes Basic unit price was listed at character search. As a data macro and basic assemblers and approximately $8,000, without an ASR-33 communications processor, the 812 FORTRAN IV. Teletype. The newest(March 1970) listing, accommodates four signaling rates to The 4k memory of the Modcornp-l l is with 4k memory, is $6,900. The machine 300 baud. expandable to 16k. The machine has 164 has been on the market about 3 years. The basic Micro812 consists of the instructions with direct addressing and six Dimensions of the 8k enclosure arc microprogrammed processor, power other modes, 0-8 priority interrupts, and 7lh x 19 x 21 in. The weight of the 8k unit supply, 4,096 x 8-bit core memory 16 DMA channels. Maximum I/O is 400 is 30 lbs,

Behav. Res. Meth' & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) 283 Multidata, Inc. Quantel Corporation can be expanded to 16 levels. The standard 7300 Bolsa Avenue 3474 Investment Boulevard I/O bus is used for programmed transfers at Westminster, California 92683 Hayward, California 94545 word rates up to 278 kHz. An optional six-channel DMA can be provided for Multidata Model A Quantel applications involving word rates up to The Multidata minicomputer was first The .Quantel computer offers 40 1.1 MHz. The machine has 73 instructions. delivered to customers this year. The instructions, including arithmetic (decimal Software is the same as that noted for the Model A basic configuration includes 4,096 and binary), logicals, branching, testing, Model 703. The main frame is 5~ in. high 16-bit words of core memory in tandem editing, and I/O with indirect addressing. x 19 in. wide x 25.5 in. deep and weighs with 32,768 words of disk memory, a Microcommands may be taken from main 155 Ibs. An ASR-33 teletypewriter is memory-access controller, a central memory. Because of the read-only memory included in the basic price. processor, an input/output bus, and a technology, a specified instruction teletypewriter (ASR-33). The complement can be installed in main Model 704 memory-access controller enables the memory. The machine has 3.5-microsec Raytheon's 704 minicomputer was central processor to execute programs cycle time, and is field-expandable from introduced in 1969 as a 16-bit 1.5-microsec approaching 32,768 words in length from a 4,096 8-bit words to 8,192 8-bit words in unit with 4k memory expandable to 16k. 4,096-word core. A larger core is necessary 4,096 modules. Control includes In 1970, the company announced an only if the time-critical portion of a l-microsec MOS ROM, with 1,024 words improvement in speed and memory program, which must be resident, will not standard. The standard unit allows the capacity. The 704 is now available with fit into the basic module. The controller read-only type of control to originate from 1.0-microsec cycle time and a 4k memory, divides core memory into 256-word pages main memory; however, no representative expandable to 32k. Add time is and transfers program segments a page at a timing is available for instructions run in 2.0 microsec and multiply is 7.0 microsec. time from disk into core. Any program this manner. Single unit price for the basic The basic configuration sells for $9,750 segment may go into any page, which system is $6,400. and includes page size of 2,048 words, 74 means that continuous program segments instructions, word and byte manipulation, may be scattered in core. A memory map a real-time priority interrupt (maximum (a complement of 20-nsec registers in the Raytheon number of interrupts, 16), direct I/O to controller) keeps track of the page assigned 2700 South Fairview Street CPU, four addressable hardware registers, to each program segment. Santa Ana, California 92704 and one hardware index register. The AID The core memory of 4,096 words is in terface provides plug-in modular expandable to 65,536 words. Disk memory Model 703 interface ability. Options include a of 32,768 words is expandable to 131,072. With 4k memory and 16-bit word real-time clock, hardware multiply/divide, The system has eight programmable length, the Raytheon Model 703 has a and high-speed direct memory access. An registers, up to 256 nested interrupts, and a 1.75-microsec cycle time, a 3.50-microsec ASR-33 is not included in the basic price. basic complement of 125 instructions. add time, and a 12.25-microsec multiply. The machine is compatible with 703/706 Model A software is based on a The machine has 73 instructions, with software, providing over 400 programs and 32,768-word memory rather than 4,096 addressing direct and indexed; there are subroutines including over 40 words. Software includes a monitor which four addressable registers, one hardware combinations of monitors and executives. maintains system programs in core only index. The basic system has one external Weight of the 704 is 75 Ibs. The while they are active, the FORTRAN IV interrupt; a maximum of 16 is available dimensions are 15·% in. high x 17~ in. wide compiler, a two-pass macroassembler, and with six DMAchannels. Maximum I/O rate x 23\-2 in. deep. utility programs. Price of the basic 4k is 1,150 kbytes/second. With as many as In the spring of 1970 Raytheon system with Teletype and disk is $14,995. six active devices in the DMA channel, data announced a 33% cut in all conversion rates of 571,285 16-bit words/second can equipment including the 12-bit multiplex be accommodated. Software includes a A/D converter which, in the 32-channel Philco-Ford Corporation two-pass assembler, FORTRAN IV, and a configuration, was marked down from Western Development Laboratories simulator. The basic 4k unit is priced at $3,640 to $2,300. 3939 Fabian Way $12,750. Each additional 4k up to the Palo Alto, California 94303 maximum of 32k is $6,500. The machine is available for $29,500 with 16k core Redcor Corporation Models 1216 and 1220·F memory and an ASR-33. First deliveries of 7800 Deering Avenue The 1216 and 1220-F computers are the Model 703 were made 3 years ago. Canoga Park, California 91304 alike in the following characteristics: 4k-bit About 300 machines are in use. minim urn mem ory size, eight RC-70 priority-interrupt levels, eight direct Model 706 The Redcor 70 is a modified version of memory channels, and 121 hardware The Raytheon Model706 was the Decade 70 designed for data instructions. The 1216 is expandable to introduced early in 1969 as a 16-bit 4k acquisition and control. The basic 4k 6Sk, with 16-bit word size and computer with a maximum memory size of memory is expandable to 32k with 16-bit 3.4-mierosec eycle time. The 122O-F has a 32k. Price: $19,000. word length. Memory cycle time is 20-bit word size and 2.0-microsec cycle Add time of the 706 is 1.8 microsec and 1.9 microsec, add time is 1.9 microsec, and time. Both machines use FORTRAN and multiply is 6.3 microscc. Full cycle time of multiply is 6.2 microscc. The machine has have a full line of peripherals. Model 1216, 900 nsec permits data acquisition at byte nine hardware registers and 35 basic however, is no longer being marketed as a rates up to 2.2 MHz and a full, automatic instructions, four address modes. Number stand-alone component due to a priority-interrupt response time of of priority interrupts: 0 to 32; DMA reorientation of marketing approach. 2.7 microsec. The priority-interrupt system channels: 0 to 4. Maximum transfer rate is

284 Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) 1 MHz. Software includes a one-pass SpirasSystems 1.33 MHz. Price is about $30,000 with assembler and FORTRANIV. Price of the 332 Second Avenue ASR-33. stripped down 4k basic system is $12,900; Waltham,Massachusetts 20154 Systems 82 is new (late 1970) with an ASR-33 is $1,800. Additional 4k lo-bit, 4-16k words of core, and 9OO-nsec memory is priced at $6,000. Spiras 6S cycle time. Redcor Corporation is marketing a larger The basic Spiras 65 has a 4k-word (16 TEe, Inc. computer system, the RC-77, which bits long) core memory, expandable to 6700 South Washington Avenue utilizes RC-70 small computers as 65k. The company also offers a read-only Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55343 processing elements within the system. memory (ROM) with 512 words in the These are under the control of a software basic machine (to 1,024 words), which is ModelS20-PCP system incorporating a real-time and a used for microprogramming with 32-bit The 520-PCP is a 16-bit-word-Iength batch-processing monitor. The concept of word lengths. computer with a 4k memory, expandable incorporating two processors into the Cycle time is 1.8 microsec and add time to 16k, selling at $9,900 for the basic system provides complete backup. The is 3.6 microsec. The machine has 125 package. Memory cycle time is RC-77 has a 20k memory, expandable to instructions. Hardware includes 1.0 microsec and add time is 2.0 microsec. 65k, and a million-word disk memory at floating-point arithmetic, direct memory Maximum I/O is 2,000 kbytes/second, and $111,000. access, multilevel interrupts, and a party the machine has 61 instructions with direct line input/output. Number of CPU I/O addressing. There are 12 priority interrupts channels: 63 devices. The software includes with 0 to 10 DMA channels. Software Rolm Corporation a symbolic macroassembler, includes a two-passexternal assembler. The 10300 North Tantau Avenue FORTRAN IV, IBM 360 simulator, and rack is approximately 56 in. high. Cupertino, California95014 conversational basic. Average system purchase price has been about $14,500, Rolm-1601 although the minimum configuration has Tempo Computers, Inc. The ROLM is a ruggedized version of the been listed at less. 1550 South State College Boulevard Data General Corporation Nova computer, Anaheim, California 92806 built to withstand severe environments. A 4,096 16-bit word model with Teletype, Systems Engineering Laboratories TEMPO-l data channel, priority interrupt and 690 I West Sunrise Boulevard For a basic price of $15,600, the Tempo power-failure protect, and autorestart costs Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 33304 system includes a 4k memory, 9OO-nsec less than $20,000. cycle time, 14 hardware registers (8 SEL 810A, 810B, and Systems 82 general-purpose), register-to-register The SEL 810A and Bare 16-bit operation, four hardware priority Scientific Control Corporation machines offering 4k words of memory, interrupts, 14 addressingmodes, more than 1215 West Crosby Road expandable to 32k. The A model is slower 100 hardware instructions, an ASR-33 P.O. Box 96 than the B (1.75 microsec as against Teletype, and software packages,including Carrollton, Texas 75006 0.75 microsec) and has fewer capabilities. USA Standard FORTRAN IV and a The same peripherals and software can be macroassembler. Word size is 16 bits. Add Model4700 utilized on both machines. time is 1.8 microsec, and maximum word The 4700 has a 4k basic memory, With the 81OA, add time for a full word transfer rate is 1.33 MHz. The machine is O.92-microsec cycle time, 16-bit word size, is 3.5 microsec, hardware multiply time is available in a console or in a 6Q-in. rack 16-bit hardware index register, 16-bit 7 microsec, divide time is 10.5 microsec. with room for 12 or more peripheral hardware accumulator, and two priority Maximum word transfer rate is 572 kHz. controllers. interrupts (console and I/O channel). The A model features two priority Options include: memory growth to Number of maximumexternal interrupts is interrupt levels, pre- and postindexing, 65k, parity, up to 25 hardware registers, 256. Add time is 1.9 microsec. DMA word double-length accumulator, and multilevel multiprogram feature, program flags, transfer rate is 1.1 MHz. The basic package indirect addressing in the basic unit, priced additional interrupts, and others. The also includes a multiplexer I/O channel, at approximately $18,000 with ASR-33. Tempo-I has been available since 1969. maximum of 64 devices, and an ASR-33 There are 57 instructions, and addressingis for about $20,000. A microprogrammed partial direct. With 8k memory, the instruction repertoire provides the machine is priced at about $23,000. , Inc. instruction set. All software packages Maximum DMA transfer rate is 572 kHz; 12203 Southwest Freeway except FORTRAN IV and the real-time maximum available number of individually Stafford, Texas 77006 monitor run in the basic 4k memory armable priority interrupts is 96. The 810A configuration. Software packages include a has a two-pass assembler,a macroassembler TI-960 macroassembler, debug packages, I/O capability, and it uses a FORTRAN IV Using plug-in printed circuit cards, the executive, basic FORTRAN system, compiler. 960 process-control computer can interface diagnostics, FORTRAN IV, and the The SEL 810B has a second hardware with a wide variety of devices. As many as real-timemonitor. index register and a real-time monitor for 4,096 I/O lines can be handled and each Memory can be expanded from 4k to foreground and background handling in line can be addressed in groups of 16 or 65,536 words, and up to 16 external addition to the features of the 81OA. Add independently. The machine is expandable priority-interrupt levels are available as time is 1.58 microsec, multiply time is to 65k words (16-bit word size) from the options. The wide range of system 4.74microsec, and divide time is minimum 4k of memory capacity. Memory configurations can run as high as $200,000. 6.32 microsec, including access and cycle time is 1.0 microsec, and add time is The machine is about 2 years told. indexing. Maximum word transfer rate is 6 microsec. Instructions: 57. The 960

Behav.Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) 285 software package includes a process Basic, conversational FORTRAN, a 3.6 microsec, multiply is 18.0 microsec, automation monitor. The 4k version of the relocatable assembler, multiple precision and input/output from memory is 960 is priced beginning at $14,500. floating-point routines, and special 5.4 microsec. The machine has nine real-time packages. ROM and/or hardware registers, over 100 basic TI-980 scratch-pad memory is optional. Basic unit, commands, six addressing modes, and The TI-9S0 is a general-purpose with 4,096 words and DMA,is slightly less direct addressing to 2,048 or 32,768. The stored-program digital computer with a than $10,000. maximum number of external interrupts is 16-bit word, l-rnicrosec memory cycle The Comp-l S costs about $700 more 64. The 620/i was originally priced at time, and 400-nsec memory access time. and has a maximum memory size of 262k. $12,100, and the first machines were Add time is 2 microsec; multiply time is Both machines were first delivered this delivered about 3 years ago. The basic 6.5 microsec. Basicmemory is 4,096 words year. system with 4,096 16-bit words of storage expandable to 65,536. The machine has has been reduced in price to $9,950. eight 16-bit registers and 85 instructions, The Varian 622/i is an IS-bit computer, including multiply and divide. There are Varian Data Machines with 4,096 18-bit words of storage, which three priority interrupts: internal, DMAP, 2722 MichelsonDrive has been reduced in price from $14,100to and I/O bus. Software includes a real-time Irvine, California 92664 $11,995. The Varian R.Q20/i is merely a monitor, a symoblic assembly program more rugged version of the 620/i and is implemented for the 980 and IBM S20/i designed for operation in severe System/360 computers, FORTRAN IV, a The Varian 520/i features a dual environments. link editor, and others. Basic price of the environment (a dual set of program unit with 4k memory is $16,700. counter, index register, and accumulator 620/f registers in the central processor) within The Varian 620/f is the latest of the line which the computer can operate and is listed at $13,000, with Bk words. Unicorn, Inc. interchangeably. When the interrupt The 4k version is priced at $10,005. An 1275 Bloomfield Avenue occurs, the program can switch to the ASR·33 and controller increases the price Fairfield, New Jersey 07006 registers of the second environment by $1,SOO. A complete 620/f system with without any delay for saving the contents magnetic tape totals $23,700; the system CP-8Aand CP-8D of the registers of the first environment. At price with disk is $24,700. Unicorn is marketing a family of new the end of the interrupt, the program The basic memory cycle time of the small computers which can operate as returns to the undisturbed data. 620/f is 750 nsec. The machine can be peripheral device controllers, data Memory cycle time is 1.5 microsec, with equipped with an optional braided core concentrators, or mass storage devices. The the memory expandable from 4,096 bytes ROM. Access time to the read-only smallest is the CP-SA, a machine with 512 (8 bits) to 32,768 bytes, direct addressing memory is 300 nsec. Processing of ROM 8-bit bytes of read-only memory (ROM), to 4,096 bytes. Add time for a full word is data and programs requires 500 nsec per four hard-wired scratch-pad registers, and 4.5 microsec. Th~mm;;"achine has seven machine cycle. Word length is 16 bits, with 40 byte-oriented instructions. The CP-8Ais accumulators, seven hardware registers, and 4,096 words basic expandable to 32,768. priced at $1,800. one hardware index register. The maximum Add or subtract time is 1.5 microsec, For mass storage, the CP-8D has a number of external interrupts is 11. multiply (optional) is 3.1-7.0 microsec. magnetic tape cassette system that stores The main frame is 8-% in. high, 19 in. Input/output times from A or B register is up to one million bytes per cassette. This wide, and 20 in. deep, with a weight of 4.1 microsec; from memory it is computer also has lk bytes of ROM, 481bs. Basic cost of the 520!i system 4.9 microsec. There are 148 standard high-speed search, four priority interrupts, equipped with 4,096 bytes of core instructions, 10 optional. and an index register. Cost: $4,900. memory, console, programmed parity line The 620/f is compatible with all Read-write memory is 1,024 to 32k I/O system, four priority interrupts, and programs written for earlier models in the bytes; memory cycle time for the CP series power supply is now listed as $6,000. The Varian 620 line. New programs written is 1.75 microsec. Read-only memory is 512 machine had been listed at $7,500. specifically for the 620/f take advantage of to 32k bytes; cycle time is 350 nsec. Add Recent software innovations have been the computer's expanded instruction set. time is 3.5 microsec. Addressing is direct integrated into a single Master Operating Up to 32 peripheral controllers can be and indirect, with 50 instructions. System (MOS), which includes I/O control, connected to the basic I/O bus. These system executive, system loader, a two-pass include all standard input/output devices. assembler, FORTRAN IV, and The machine features three different 1/0 UniComp, Inc. maintenance and debuggingpackages. operations: a basic I/O bus party line 18758 Bryant Street With 8k words, the price is $8,000; with transfers data rates up to 30,000 Northridge, California 91324 ASR-33 and controller, the total cost is characters/second; a direct memory access $9,400. Adding a magnetic tape unit mode interlaces program steps with I/O to Comp-Io and Comp-18 increases the amount by $S,900. A disk and from memory to produce data rates up Built especially for use in a rugged memory costs $7,200. The 520/i was first to 276,000 words/second; and a direct port environment, the Comp-16 includes a delivered in late 1968. to memory is provided by the priority 0.9-microsec full memory cycle time, a memory access for high-speed transfer rates 2.2-microsec add time, and a core diode 620/i up to 1.3 million words/second. memory expandable from the basic 4k to The Varian 620/i was designed for 65k (16 bits). The computer has six on-line data systems and has magnetic core memory index registers, simple command memory, word length of 16 or IS bits, structure, parallel I/O bussing, octal 1.8-microsec full cycle time, 700-nsec Varisystems Corporation readout on the front panel, and DMA access time, and 4,096 words expandable 257 Newton Road interface. Available software includes to 32,768. Add and subtract time is Plainview, New York 11803

286 Behar, Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) PAC-I6/2 WangLaboratories, Inc. Cassette System is $24,150 plus the $1,500 The basic 4k (expandable to 8k) unit 836 North Street BASIC charge. Sixteen terminals with costs $3,850 and includes 16-bit word Tewksbury, Massachusetts 01876 Teletypes and BASICis priced at $55,950; length, 1.75-microsec memory cycle time, this includes 32k total bytes of memory, and 2.O-microsec add time. Maximum I/O WANG 3300 BASIC Time Sharing System 21.5k total bytes left for partition, and is 666 kbytes/second. The machine has 16 WANG 3300 BASIC is a compact I,344 bytes for each terminal. instructions with direct addressing and 0 to computer system designed for use as an Optional typical monthly maintenance 2 priority interrupts. An assembler and in-house multiterminal time-sharing system contract charges are $34.65 for the central FORTRAN IV are available as software. utilizing the Basiclanguage. processor, $17.50 for 4k modules, $17.50 Word length is 8 bits with 1.6-microsec for 33-ASR Teletype, and $14 for cassette memory cycle time (add time, drives. The Wang Time-Sharing System is Viatron Computer Systems Corporation 4.8 microsec) in 4k units up to 65k with new, 1970. Route 62 256-byte pages. The machine has a Bedford, Massachusetts 01730 72-instruction set with 21 memory reference commands, a push-down/pop-up Westinghouse Electric Company Models 2140 and 2150 address scheme, and a direct-access Hagan Computer Division The Viatron 2140 is a 4k machine with channel. Box 868 two interrupt levels; the 2150 is a The 3300 is set up with an 8-bit Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230 8,I92-word computer with four interrupts. accumulator, an 8-bit accumulator Both have I6-bit word length and one extension, and an 8-bit addressable status P-2000 DMA channel. Memory cycle time is register; it is claimed to use every byte of The Westinghouse P-2000 is a 2.0 microsec; add time is 5 microsec. The core as an index register. 16-bit-word machine with a minimum maximum I/O is 330 kbytes/second. There The system can handle up to 16 users capacity of 4k expandable to 65k. Memory are 85 instructions. Software includes a with a mixture of Teletypes and I/O cycle time is 0.5/3.0 microsec; add time is two-pass assembler and FORTRAN. Price writers. Remote access to the central 7 microsec. The unit has 32 basic hardware of the 2140 computer is $4,752. The 2150 processor is limited to the Model 3315 instructions, four direct-memory-access is under $10,000. Input/output equipment Teletype. Model 3310 I/O writers must be channels, and 128 direct data channels, options include teletypewriter, typewriter, located within 75 ft of the central with 64 buffered. Software includes card reader, CRT, magnetic tape, and mag processor. FORTRAN IV and a two-pass assembler. tape cassette. Minimum system configuration for the Although the basic cost is about $11,000, BASIC computer and two terminals is 12k the system becomes expensive as it is of core. This is said to give each user a expanded into useful form. And the Victor Comptometer Corporation 1,000-byte partition. Partition size is housing is not small; rack height is about 3900 North Rockwell Street variable and additional core storage (to 87 in. Standard I/O devices are available. Chicago, Illinois 60618 65k) can be added. Terminals may be standard 33-ASR 820/10 Teletypes or I/O writers (IBM Selectric The Victor 820/10 has an average typewriters) with magnetic tape cassettes. Data Systems monthly rental cost of $300 and average A low-cost 65,000 disk and 0.5 megabyte 701 South Aviation Boulevard purchase price of $10,000; the basic unit disk will be available. EI Segundo, California 90245 price, however, is $6,950. Memory cycle Four available addressing modes include time is 2.0 microsec, access time is in page, absolute (page 0 on 1), immediate, CE-16 and CF-16 5 microsec, Word length is 64 bits, and and indirect. The primary language is Basic. The CE-16 and CF-16 computers were maximum memory capacity is 6,144 (core Other software includes an assembler, a designed by + read-only instruction). The machine has source tape editor, a debug package, loader engineers before the company became part four index registers, indirect addressing, and lac S modules, and diagnostic of Xerox Data Systems. Both machines but no automatic interrupt. There are four routines. have 16-bit word lengths and minimum CPU I/O channels. A two-user Teletype system includes a memory capacities of 4k. The CE-16 is 3300 central processor costing $4,950, a expandable to 16k, the CF-16 to 32k. 820/30 3301 memory at $5,000 (4k memory at Memory cycle time for the CE model is The 820/21, 820/25, and 820/30 are all $2,500), 3315 ASR-33 Teletypes, $3,500 8 microsec and add time is 16 microsec; for very similar, so the 820/30 will be (at $1,750 each), and a 3316 control for the CF-16, cycle time is 2.7 microsec and described here. Word length is 64 bits, four at $500. Total price is $13,950, add is 5.3 rnicrosec. Both machines have access time is 5 microsec, and maximum $6,975 per station. three priority-interrupt levels with 126 memory capacity is 16,384. Minimum For a four-user station the price hardware instructions, one capacity is 0.064 (core, data) and 1 (+ read increases to $19,950, or $4,987.50 per direct-memory-access channel, and seven only). The 820/30 has five index registers, station. The $6,000 added cost for the hardware registers. Software includes four CPU I/O channels, editing larger system covers an extra 4k of FORTRAN, loaders, debug, source tape instructions, indirect addressing, and memory ($2,500) to bring the preparation, an assembler, and math buffering, but no automatic interrupt. configuration to 12k, and two additional library. Basic machine cost is approximately Teletypes ($3,500). There is an additional The Model CE-16 with 4k sells for $20,500; the average system purchase cost, cost of $1,500 for BASIC and system approximately $9,980; the CF-16 is priced however, is about $29,900, with a $900 setup. But a 12k minimum core is required at $7,990. Rack height is approximately average monthly rental. for BASIC. The four-user I/O Writer 15 in.

Behav. Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6) 287 Other Small Computers Computer Signal Processors, Inc. (209 a general-purpose time-sharing system. Phillips Business Systems, Inc. (100 East Middlesex Turnpike, Burlington, Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 1969, 1,276-280. 42nd Street, New York, New York 10017) Massachusetts 01803) recently introduced MAYZNER, M. S. The research potential of a recently began making deliveries on a the CSP-30 computer with a 200-nsec add computer-based cathode-ray tube display machine which is presently time and l-microsec multiply. The machine system. Behavior Research Methods & business-oriented, the P-350 computer, operates at 10 MHz to perform continuous Instrumentation, 1968, I, 41-44. priced at $8,450 for 3.2k basic memory, real-time fast Fourier transforms at MOISE, S. L., Jr., & JARRARD, L. E. A computer-controlled system for training and expandable to 19.2k. sampling rates up to about 45 kHz. testing primates. Behavior Research Methods & The Friden Division of Singer Company The Wilkinson Computer Sciences 881 Instrumentation, 1969, 1,234-236. (2350 Washington Avenue, San Leandro, (Box 350, Sweetwater Avenue, Bedford, OLLlVlER, R. T. A technique for selecting small California 94577) has entered the market Massachusetts 01730) is a 16-bit machine computers. Datamation, 1970 (January), 16, with System Ten, a 6-bit with 2k memory expandable to 32k, priced 141-145. RESTLE, F., & BROWN, T. V. A computer l Ok-expandable-to-l l Ok computer with at $7,500. Cycle time is 2.0 microsec. running several psychological laboratories. hard-wired time sharing, priced at $15,900. Behavior Research Methods & The Electronic Engineering Company of Instrumentation, 1969, 1, 312-317. California (P.O. Box 58, Santa Ana, STADLER, S. J. On the varieties of computer experience. Behavior Research Methods & California 92702) markets a real-time Instrumentation, 1969, 1,267-269. engineering EECO-1600 computer with VITAL, W. R. Real time computers: Technique 16-bit word size, 4k memory expandable and applications in the psychological sciences. to 32k, 2.6-microsec cycle time, numerous REFERENCES New York: Harper & Row, 1968. HABER, R. N. An on-line computer in a visual hardware registers, and 16 perception laboratory. Behavior Research NOTE priority-interrupt levels. Basic price: Methods & Instrumentation, 1968, I, 86-93. 1. Noted by N. S. Zimbel of Arthur D. Little, $7,600. HUESMANN, L. R. Controlling experiments with Inc.

288 Behav. Res. !'vieth. & Instru., 1970, Vol. 2 (6)