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HHE Report No. HETA-99-0321-2873, U.S

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HHE Report No. HETA-99-0321-2873, U.S NIOSH HEALTH HAZARD EVALUATION REPORT: HETA #99-0321-2873 U.S. Department of the Interior Grand Canyon National Park Grand Canyon, Arizona April 2002 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health PREFACE The Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch (HETAB) of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts field investigations of possible health hazards in the workplace. These investigations are conducted under the authority of Section 20(a)(6) of the Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. 669(a)(6) which authorizes the Secretary of Health and Human Services, following a written request from any employer or authorized representative of employees, to determine whether any substance normally found in the place of employment has potentially toxic effects in such concentrations as used or found. HETAB also provides, upon request, technical and consultative assistance to Federal, State, and local agencies; labor; industry; and other groups or individuals to control occupational health hazards and to prevent related trauma and disease. Mention of company names or products does not constitute endorsement by NIOSH. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND AVAILABILITY OF REPORT This report was prepared by Ann Krake, Joel McCullough, and Brad King of HETAB, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies (DSHEFS). Field assistance was provided by Loren Tapp. Desktop publishing was performed by David Butler. Review and preparation for printing were performed by Penny Arthur. The authors would like to thank Sergeant G. Douglas Fritts, United States Air Force, for his loan of the core body temperature monitors and Ms. Lindy McCollum-Brounley, formerly of HTI Technologies, Palmetto, Florida, for her support and guidance in the use of the CorTemp™ monitoring system, as well as HTI’s generous equipment loans. Dr. Thomas E. Bernard, University of South Florida, College of Public Health, provided essential guidance on the report’s content for which the authors are very grateful. Finally, the authors would especially like to thank the study participants, including park volunteers, park rangers, and park management. Copies of this report have been sent to employee and management representatives at Grand Canyon National Park and the OSHA Regional Office. This report is not copyrighted and may be freely reproduced. Single copies of this report will be available for three years from the date of this report. To expedite your request, include a self-addressed mailing label along with your written request to: NIOSH Publications Office 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, Ohio 45226 800-356-4674 After this time, copies may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) at 5825 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. Information regarding the NTIS stock number may be obtained from the NIOSH Publications Office at the Cincinnati address. For the purpose of informing affected employees, copies of this report shall be posted by the employer in a prominent place accessible to the employees for a period of 30 calendar days. ii Highlights of the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation A A Evaluation of Heat Stress in Grand Canyon Park Rangers In Sept. 1999, and June/July 2000, NIOSH representatives conducted health hazard evaluations at Grand Canyon National Park. We looked into management and employee concerns about park rangers’ exposures to high temperatures while patrolling and hiking into and out of the canyon. What NIOSH Did What Park Managers Can Do A A # We measured the outdoor temperatures in the # Decrease the work load of those hiking out by canyon and on the rim. We also measured how using mules or helicopter transportation. much work (work load) the rangers did. A A # Create a heat stress program that will: # We weighed the rangers before and after their < assess employees for medical fitness before they hikes to test for dehydration (not enough water in begin hard work and especially during the hot their bodies). We took blood to look for signs of season; hyponatremia (not enough sodium in the blood). < allow employees to get used to the heat A (acclimate) before they work in it full time; # We measured the heart rates and body temperatures < train employees to know the dangers of and of the rangers while they hiked in and out of the protect themselves from working in extreme heat; canyon and patrolled the inner canyon and the < encourage employees to report any heat stress South Rim. A symptoms and signs; # We talked to the rangers about their jobs and asked < keep systematic records of employee reports of them to tell us their health concerns. heat stress illnesses; A < teach employees to monitor their own and others’ heat stress and strain signs. What NIOSH Found A # Install outdoor showers and/or use ice vests to A prevent employee heat stress and strain. A # Inner-canyon and south rim temperatures and ranger work loads caused rangers to be exposed to What Park Employees Can Do excess heat stress and increased their risk of getting heat sickness. A # None of the rangers were acclimatized (used to # Take more time to complete hard work, such as working in the hot weather) and many were not hiking out, by taking longer breaks more often. used to working so hard. A # Wait to do hard work until it’s cooler. A # Every ranger had heat strain, which means that # Soak your body and clothes in the shower or the their heart rates, and/or body temperatures were so creek during hot weather before you leave the high during parts of their work shifts that they were station for rescues or patrol. in danger of becoming seriously ill. A A # Learn to monitor yourselves and co-workers for # Most rangers were mildly dehydrated before and heat stress, and heed the warning signs of heat during their hikes, but none got sick. A stress by taking breaks and rehydrating when needed. # There were not enough rangers to work at inner- A canyon stations when other rangers needed to rest # Take care of personal needs before those of victims or get used to the heat. A for safer, more effective rescues. A # There is no formal heat stress management # Report and record any heat-related illnesses and program at the park. A other concerns. HHE Highlights What To Do For More Information: We encourage you to read the full report. If you would like a copy, either ask your health and safety representative to make you a copy or call 1-513/841-4252 and ask for HETA Report # 99-0321-2873 Health Hazard Evaluation Report 99-0321-2873 iii U.S. Department of the Interior Grand Canyon National Park Grand Canyon, Arizona April 2002 Ann M. Krake, MS, REHS/RS Joel E. McCullough, MD, MPH Bradley S. King, MPH SUMMARY The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a health hazard evaluation (HHE) request from the management of the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona. The request indicated that many employees, especially park rangers assigned to the park’s inner canyon and wilderness areas, are at high risk for heat stress illness because duties requiring moderate to extreme physical exertion are conducted in outdoor temperatures that usually exceed 100°F during spring and summer. The requesters asked NIOSH to evaluate heat stress in the work environment and make recommendations to prevent heat illness among the employees. The first of two investigations was conducted September 5–12, 1999. Core body temperatures (CBTs), physiological hydration measurements, and self-reported heat strain indicators, were collected from patrolling corridor rangers and trail crew personnel rebuilding an inner-canyon section of the North Kaibab trail. The second evaluation took place June 26–July 5, 2000; CBT, heart rate, blood electrolytes, and pre- and post-activity body weights were measured on wilderness and corridor rangers, preventative search and rescue rangers (PSARs), and maintenance rangers. Individual and task-specific metabolic rates were estimated, and wet bulb globe temperatures (WBGTs) were measured during both evaluations. Monitored activities included hiking into and out of the canyon between the South Rim and Phantom Ranch, patrolling the inner canyon, and patrolling the South Rim. Most activities included trail-dependent elevation changes of up to 4,900 feet (ft). The results were compared to the NIOSH recommended action limits and recommended exposure limits (RALs/RELs) and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs®). NIOSH and ACGIH assess heat stress using sliding scale limits based on environmental and metabolic heat loads. In addition, ACGIH provides physiological heat strain limits in situations of excess heat stress. For individuals with normal cardiac performance, sustained (over several minutes) heart rate should remain below 180 beats per minute (bpm) minus age (in years), maximum CBT should remain below 100.4°F for unselected, unacclimatized personnel (101.3°F for medically selected, acclimatized personnel), recovery heart rate at one minute after a peak work effort should be below 110 bpm, and there should be no symptoms of sudden and severe fatigue, nausea, dizziness, or lightheadedness. Results of both surveys indicated that most trail crew members and rangers were exposed to heat stress in excess of the screening criteria. During the 2000 survey, daily high WBGTs at Phantom Ranch averaged 92°F with a one- day peak of 98.8°F, and none of the participants could be considered fully acclimatized (used to working in the extreme heat.) All participants experienced heat strain to some degree, i.e., some or all of their measured physiologic parameters exceeded at least one of the evaluation criteria during each activity. Five of six participants hiking out of the canyon exceeded a CBT of 100.4°F an average of 43% of their activities, and two participants exceeded 101.3°F about 20% of the time.
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