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RAJASTHAN RISING A PARTNERSHIP FOR STRONGER INSTITUTIONS AND MORE LIVABLE CITIES Manoj Sharma and Melissa Alipalo FEBRUARY 2021 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK RAJASTHAN RISING A PARTNERSHIP FOR STRONGER INSTITUTIONS AND MORE LIVABLE CITIES Manoj Sharma and Melissa Alipalo FEBRUARY 2021 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2021 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2021. ISBN 978-92-9262-665-5 (print); 978-92-9262-666-2 (electronic); 978-92-9262-667-9 (ebook) Publication Stock No. TCS210009-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS210009-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars and “ ” refers to Indian rupees. All photographs, unless otherwise credited, were taken by Amit Verma. ₹ Cover photo. Investments in hospitals in the ADB-supported Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project have had catalytic and transformational impacts. Photo shows Meena Damor, medical doctor at Chandpol Satellite District Hospital, a local hospital in Udaipur city and among those upgraded during the first phase of the project. Read more about the impacts of the hospital investments on access to medical services in the “Hospitals” section of this publication (starting on p. 98). ADB investments in urban hospitals in Rajasthan also helped people like Bimla Devi, 25, who traveled 174 kilometers to the Jon Lone hospital for the urgent care she needed in giving birth to her first child. Her child received care in the new neonatal intensive care unit, and her family rested in the new extensive family waiting room. iii Contents FIGURES AND IMPACT STORIES v FOREWORDS vi From the Chief Minister, Government of Rajasthan vi From the Director General, South Asia Department, ADB vii From the Director General, Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department, ADB viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x REpoRT PREPARATION CORE TEAM xi ABBREVIATIONS xii FRom THE EXECUTING AGENCY xiii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiv ISSUES: DEVELOPING URBAN DESERTS 1 • The Landscape 3 • The Economy 6 • The Cities 6 • The Poor 7 • The Challenge 8 • ADB Support for Rajasthan 9 • The Results 10 SOLUTIOns: GOOD URBAN DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES 13 • Project Selection and Design 14 • Preparation and Implementation 25 • Monitoring and Evaluation 50 RESULTS: MORE LIVABLE CITIES 57 • Economic Competitiveness 59 • Environmental Sustainability and Resilience 79 • Equity and Inclusion 94 • Enabling Environment 104 UNFINISHED BUSINESS: THE NEXT PHASE 121 Taking Sustainability to the Next Level 125 iv FIGURES AND IMPACT STORIES FIGURES 1 Rajasthan Poverty Estimates, 1993–2013 7 2 Brief Overview of the Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project, 1998–2020 11 3 Map of the Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project 15 4 Organizational Setup for Project Management 32 IMPACT STORIES 1 Udaipur: Water Engineering Rescues a City’s Tourism Economy 4 2 For Big Infrastructure, Use Client’s Baseline to Determine Financing, 21 Capacity-Building Needs 3 Confusion, Delays in Chittorgarh Teach a Lesson in Communicating Early and Often 23 4 Roads over Railways Ease Traffic and Boost Growth and Connectivity 24 5 Competency and Agility of Project Tested over 8 Days 28 6 A Development Ecosystem with a Critical Mass of Competence 29 7 Highly Competent Professionals Foster Competition, but Systems Also Help 30 8 Capacity to Spend as an Indicator of Institutional Strength, 34 Project Management Effectiveness 9 Pairing Infrastructure Pays Off for the Poor 37 10 Project Management Capacity Challenged by Archaeologically Protected Site 40 11 Female Solidarity Mobilizes a Community 43 12 ADB Project Efficiency Provides a Water Lifeline to Jaipur 46 13 Slow Road Reconstruction Halts Work, Delays Water 48 14 Women in Charge of Monitoring and Repairs 51 15 Urban Investments Put City Back on the Map, Ready for Competition 60 16 Pali—Ground Zero for 24/7 Water Supplies 62 17 New Roads and Bridges Eliminate Railroad Chokeholds in Cities 67 18 Lack of Maintenance Threatens the Future of Restored Heritage Sites 76 19 An Operation and Maintenance Contract Salvages an Innovative, 81 but Underperforming Sewage Treatment Plant 20 The Case for Fecal Sludge Management 88 21 New Pumps Keep Churu’s Bowl-Like Terrain Free of Flooding 90 22 Controlling Floodwater Flows in Kota 93 23 A Slum Upgrading in Jodhpur during the Early Program Years 96 Transformed Properties, Expectations 24 Hospital Construction and Renovations Catalyze Expansion of Care 99 25 New Social Safeguards Unit Reflects Historical Needs, Potential of Women in Rajasthan 107 v FOREWORD From the Chief Minister, Government of Rajasthan he Government of Rajasthan established the Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project T(RUIDP) as a special purpose vehicle in 1998 for the implementation of urban infrastructure development projects funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). It gives me great satisfaction that these projects have benefited the urban population of Rajasthan immensely through their improvements of our drinking water and sewerage systems, in addition to other infrastructure works. The Rajasthan project has now become a renowned name in the field of urban infrastructure development. RUIDP, in partnership with ADB, has completed 20 glorious years, and it has indeed been a marvelous journey for sustainable urban development. Under various loan assistance projects, more than 30 towns have benefited from infrastructure works totaling more than $1 billion. Moving further toward inclusive growth, the Government of Rajasthan anticipates ADB’s support for a fourth phase of the project, which will assist the state government in its ambition to invest further, over time, in 42 towns, with populations of 50,000 to 1 million, including 10 smaller heritage towns, for a total beneficiary population of approximately 3 million. These investments will aim to provide better, sustainable drinking water and sanitation facilities. Rajasthan Rising offers a glimpse into the ADB–RUIDP partnership, which will continue to provide sustainable development through future projects. I am hopeful that this meticulously prepared publication will succeed in highlighting the mission, the work, and the accomplishments of RUIDP during its journey over 2 decades. ASHOK GEHLOT Chief Minister Government of Rajasthan vi FOREWORD From the Director General, South Asia Department, ADB he Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Government of Rajasthan are celebrating more than T20 years of a partnership that has brought sustainable development to the cities and towns of Rajasthan, in northwest India. This publication will be especially valuable for city and state officials seriously looking for a model that will bring transformative development to their cities and towns. It is a practical and aspirational retrospective of one of ADB’s first large-scale, multisector urban development investments in India, the Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project (RUIDP). Cities and towns across the state have faced challenges typical of urban areas, but they have done so under unusually extreme conditions due to a harsh climate, poverty, and infrastructure deficits. The Rajasthan project has brought water to some of India’s most parched cities. The first and second phases of the program brought a few hours of water supply per day to cities that only had a few hours of water supply per week. The third phase of the investment program has begun to provide water to cities 24/7, along with wastewater collection and sewage treatment. Over the 20 years of partnership with ADB, RUIDP has gained experience in more specialized sectors of urban development than perhaps any other single institution in the country, including work on heritage restoration, hospital construction, roads, bridges, water supply, drainage, and sanitation. In recent years, RUIDP has begun to focus on water supply, drainage, and sewerage— realizing that this was how it could make the greatest contribution to our cities. Now, the program has completed two phases, is implementing a third, and preparing for a fourth. This report highlights the factors of program design, implementation, and evaluation that have helped RUIDP to strengthen over time.

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