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A Historical Analysis of the Causes of the French and Indian War

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A Historical Analysis of the Causes of the French and Indian War University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Honors Theses, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Honors Program Spring 3-12-2021 A Historical Analysis of the Causes of the French and Indian War Jake Althouse University of Nebraska - Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/honorstheses Part of the European History Commons, International Relations Commons, Military History Commons, Political Theory Commons, and the United States History Commons Althouse, Jake, "A Historical Analysis of the Causes of the French and Indian War" (2021). Honors Theses, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 337. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/honorstheses/337 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses, University of Nebraska-Lincoln by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR An Undergraduate Honors Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of University Honors Program Requirements University of Nebraska-Lincoln by Jake Althouse, BA History and Political Science College of Arts and Sciences March 15th, 2021 Faculty Members: Margaret Huettl, PhD, History Robert Schub, PhD, Political Science Althouse 1 Abstract The current study attempted to answer the following research question: what were the causes of the French and Indian War between Great Britain and France in 1754? To do so, the current study researched secondary sources from a historical perspective, political theories regarding the causes of war, and primary sources from individuals involved in the build-up to conflict. Previous research by historians and political scientists have mainly attributed the causes of the French and Indian War to a security dilemma and the spiral theory of war. The current study does not support this assertion. Instead, the current study asserts that because of asymmetric information, the presence of an indivisible issue, and brinkmanship, bargaining failed and conflict began between Great Britain and France. Britain and France both took offensive measures to strengthen their positions in North America and counter their adversaries' movements prior to the start of the French and Indian War. At the same time, the presence of asymmetric information regarding the enemy’s resolve and strength due to poor intelligence, an indivisible issue in the Ohio region, and the hard-line stances from politicians on both sides hindered effective negotiations to stop the escalating conflict. As a result, given these pre-existing conditions, negotiations between Britain and France were bound to fail and war between Britain and France was destined to break out in North America. Key Words: French and Indian War, Colonial History, Political Theory, the Bargaining Theory of War, History, and Political Science Althouse 2 A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR Introduction The French and Indian War has long been overlooked by both historians and political scientists. Compared to more famous wars such as World War I or World War II, there is limited 1 scholarship on the French and Indian War, especially in regards to the causes of the war.​ ​ As a result, the French and Indian War, fought between 1754 and 1763 between the empires of France and Great Britain, remains a relative mystery, despite its importance to the future of North America. However, despite the limited literature on the causes of the French and Indian War, the 2 general consensus asserts the war is best explained by the spiral model of war and peace.​ ​ In this framework, the security dilemma leads opposing states to build up their respective security until conflict is unavoidable. Historian and political scientist Richard Smoke first put the French and Indian War in this category when he described the war as a conflict spiral with “no offensive 3 steps made by any player at any time”.​ ​ Political scientists Jack Levy and William Thompson later echoed Smoke’s assertion in their book Causes​ of War: “Another good example of a ​ conflict spiral is the process leading up to the Seven Years’ War between Britain and France in 4 North America”.​ ​ Thus, previous literature has primarily attributed the causes of the French and Indian War to the security dilemma and the spiral model of war and peace. Through an analysis of the history prior to the French and Indian War, the current study will assert that there was no security dilemma prior to conflict, as both Britain and France adopted an offensive mentality and made offensive actions. Since there was no security dilemma prior to conflict between the British and the French, the spiral model of war and peace cannot be 1 Smoke, Richard. War: Controlling Escalation. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978, 209. ​ ​ ​ 2 Levy, Jack and William Thompson. Causes of War. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, 30. ​ ​ 3 ​ Smoke, Richard. War: Controlling Escalation. 209. 4 ​ ​ ​ Levy, Jack and William Thompson. Causes of War. 30. ​ ​ ​ Althouse 3 attributed as a cause of war. Given this departure from previous literature, the current study’s findings are crucially important for understanding the history of the French and Indian War, and for potential future analyses of other colonial conflicts. Instead, the current study asserts that because of asymmetric information, the presence of an indivisible issue, and brinkmanship, bargaining failed and conflict began between Great Britain and France. Britain and France both took offensive measures to strengthen their positions in North America and counter their adversaries' movements prior to the start of the French and Indian War. At the same time, the presence of asymmetric information regarding the enemy’s resolve and strength due to poor intelligence, an indivisible issue in the Ohio region, and the hard-line stances from politicians on both sides hindered effective negotiations to stop the escalating conflict. As a result, given these pre-existing conditions, negotiations between Britain and France were bound to fail and war between Britain and France was destined to break out in North America. Sources and Methodology The current study features three main types of sources to conduct its historical analysis of the causes of the French and Indian War. First, I used secondary sources, mainly from a historical perspective, to provide the necessary context and background information. Second, I focused on primary sources from the time period to provide insight into the individuals who were directly involved in the build-up to conflict. Finally, I selected scholarly articles that focus on political theory in order to craft an argument on why war occurred between the British and the French. Given these sources, the current study is committed to providing a combination of historical and political science scholarship in order to conduct a complete analysis of the causes of war from both perspectives. An interdisciplinary study of the French and Indian War is necessary to provide a complete analysis of the causes of the war, as all perspectives must be Althouse 4 considered in this process. I also acknowledge that I am writing an imperial history and choosing not to focus on the Indigenous peoples whose land the British and French would eventually fight over. Although Indigenous peoples are featured as a part of the historical background information, the central analysis of the current study is written from a European perspective with Indigenous people at the periphery. Finally, the current study has chosen the French and Indian 5 War as its terminology for the conflict because of the focus on North America.​ ​ All of the historical background information and analysis is focused on the events and actors in North America, which makes the French and Indian War the most accurate description for the current study. Historical Background Information: Timeline In 1752, settlers from Virginia established the first permanent British trading post in the 6 Ohio country.​ ​ This marked the first significant measuring point in the build-up to the war, as it marked the first direct territorial dispute between the British and the French in the contentious Ohio country. In response to the British advances, the governor of New France, Marquis Duquesne, ordered French troops into the region to remove the trading post and construct a series of forts on the region’s key rivers: the Ohio River and LeBoeuf Creek which led to Lake Erie. To the British, this was a clear escalation, as the construction of four forts was a much larger investment than a trading post. To confirm the French intentions, the British sent a small force of colonial militia led by George Washington to scout the forts under a diplomatic mission. In December of 1753, George Washington described in his journal the significant investment of the French in the Ohio country, writing, “according to the best judgement I could form, there are an hundred exclusive of officers, of which there are many. I also gave orders to the people that were 5 Baugh, Daniel. The Global Seven Years War. London, Pearson Education Limited, 2011, 2. ​ ​ ​ 6 Anderson, Fred. The War That Made America. 27. ​ ​ ​ Althouse 5 with me, to take an exact account of the canoes that were hauled up to convey their forces down 7 in the spring, which they did, and told 50 of birch bark and 170 of pine.”​ ​ Clearly, the French
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