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For an additional charge, all photographs are available in black and white standard 35mm slide format.* *For more information about black and white slides or enlarged paper reproductions, please contact the Dissertations Customer Services Department ÜDÎMeTsify Mkacëlms Interoalional Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8603505 McGlone, John MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS TO BLACK MILITARY HISTORY, 1775 TO 1891 Middle Tennessee State University D.A. 1985 University Microfilms I ntern sti0 n el SOO N. zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 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Other ___________________________________________________ University Microfilms International Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS TO BLACK MILITARY HISTORY 1775 TO 1891 John McGlone A dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of Middle Tennessee State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Arts December, 1985 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS TO BLACK MILITARY HISTORY 1775 TO 1891 APPROVED; Graduate Committee: k . Major professor Commij^ee Member ^^ittee Member Chairman of the Department of History Deân o ^ the Graduate School Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ©1986 JOHN MCGLONE All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS TO BLACK MILITARY HISTORY 1775 TO 1891 by John McGlone This dissertation presents, first, a general survey of black military history to provide historical context, and second, the results of a nationwide search for monuments and memorials, including any cultural or natural artifact or site, dedicated to the military service of blacks. The study is limited to service of blacks in the continental United States. This work is organized into an introductory chapter of the history of monuments and the need to understand historical context in order to appreciate the nature of a monument. This is followed by three chapters presenting the history of blacks in the American military from the colonial era to the end of the Indian campaigns in 1891. The next chapter deals with a nationwide search to discover the existence of monuments and memorials to black soldiers. A traditional academic search provided information for the history of monuments and black military service. In order to locate monuments to that service a nationwide survey. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. John McGlone including contacts with State Historic Preservation Offi­ cers, state historical societies, museums, special interest groups, historians of the black experience, and other concerned groups and individuals, was conducted. The major findings of the study revealed some form of memorialization in at least half of the states of the continental United States, as diverse as a mountain pass in Nevada, a state park in California, an outdoor sculptured monument in South Carolina, and a battlefield in Rhode Island. There is still a negative discrepancy between the numbers of blacks who served and the monuments which exist to their service, an issue it is hoped this dissertation will partially resolve. The final chapter of conclusions and recommendations discusses findings concerning historic preservation surveys in the United States, including the development of a survey form to record information concerning monuments. The role of both the public and private sectors in the preservation of monuments is discussed as well as the leadership role of the National Park Service in the preservation and the physical conservation of cultural resources. Finally, a discussion presented possible future use of the computer as a tool to collect, record, and disseminate information concerning monuments. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the support, guidance, and friendship of many individuals who helped make this work possible. This includes virtually the entire history fac­ ulty at Middle Tennessee State University, but most particu­ larly my major professor, Frederick Relater, whose patience, wisdom, and good humor have sustained me during the long months of work involved in this study and resulted in a warm personal friendship. William T. Windham, chairman of the History Department has been a model teacher, adminis­ trator, and gentleman. David Rowe has provided criticism, guidance, and excellent instruction as a teacher. James K. Huhta and Jack Arters have reviewed this work as doctoral committee members. I would also like to acknowledge others — James Neal, Lee Sikes, Fred Crawford, Robert Taylor, John McDaniel, Robert Corlew— who, although not directly involved in this work, have lent encouragement, support, or a warm smile along the way. To acknowledge Bernice Burns merely as a typist is to understate the facts. She is also an editor, critic, gram­ marian, and friend who deserves much credit for the comple­ tion of this work. 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. On a personal note I would like to dedicate this work to my wife, Louise, and daughter Kathleen, whose love and support have motivated me; to Harry Green of Georgetown University, teacher, black soldier, and friend; to family supporters Margaret, Martha, Lucy Bell, and Marlene; and to the memory of my grandfather, Clayton Ramage Barrow, a Southern gentleman who inherited honor and, before passing it on to his descendants, refined it to include a value for human equality. Ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.................................. iv LIST OF APPENDICES .................................... vi INTRODUCTION ........................................... viii Chapter I. MONUMENTUM....................................... 1 II. EARLY BLACK MILITARY HISTORY .................... 36 Colonial Service .............................. 36 The American