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Multibeam- Smart Antenna Systems for Wless Communications

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Multibeam- Smart Antenna Systems for Wless Communications MULTIBEAM- SMART ANTENNA SYSTEMS FOR WLESS COMMUNICATIONS XIAOMING W, M.Eng. (Tsinghua University) B .Eng.(Shanghai Jiaotong Universiw) A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirernents for the Degree PhD McMaster University @ Copyright by Xiaoming Yu, November 17, 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 WeUington Street 395. rue WeUington Ottawa ON KtA ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libmy of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantid extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. MULTIBEAM SMART ANTENNA SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS PHD (1999) MCMASTER UNIVERSITY (Electrical and Computer Engineering) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Multibeam Srnart Antenna Systems for Wireless Communications AUTHOR: Xiaoming Yu M.Eng. (Tsinghua University) B .Eng.(Shanghai Jiaotong University) SUPERWSOR: Dr. John Litva NUMBER OF PAGES: xii, 123 ABSTRACT Smart antennas have emerged as one of the key technologies in wireless com- munications. This thesis focuses on developing algorithms and structures that can be applied to one of the most important types of smart antennas - the multibeam smart antenna - in order to improve the quality and capacity of both existing and future wireless networks. A large database, consisting of vector channel measure- ment data using an Selement circula antenna array is analyzed to investigate the underlying characteristics of the multibeam smart antenna in practical propagation environments. Extensive vector channel simulitions are also conduct ed , including the innovative work on the simulation of srnart antennas in Fkequency Division Duplex- ing(FDD) systems. Based on the data analysis and simulation results, two multi- beam smart antenna algorithms, one for reception and one for transmission, are pro- posed. Significant performance and capacity irnprovements can be achieved using these two algorithms. The proposed multibeam srnart antenna reception algorithm for DS-CDMA system is expected to have important application in both existing and the third generation CDMA systems, while the proposed multibeam smart antenna transmission algorithm can be used in FDD wireless networks to solve the downlink problem. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 would first and foremost like to express my sincere thanks and deep appreci- ation to my supervisor, Dr. John Litva, for his guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this work. 1 am grateful to Dr. David Conn and Dr. Paul Jessop, the members of my supervisory cornmittee, for their kind assistance and helpful com- ment~. My fellow members of the Wireless Technology Group at the Communications Research Laboratory have helped me in many ways. 1 would like to express my deep appreciation for their help, support, and friendship. 1 would also like to thank the staff of the Communications Research Laboratory and the Department of Eletrical Engineering and Computer Engineering for their help and collaborations. Last, but not least, special thanks to my wife, Li, for her love, inspiration and support. Contents ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Spatial Processing .the Last Fkontier .................. 2 1.2 Focus of Research ............................. 5 1.3 Thesis Overview .............................. 5 1.4 Contributions ............................... 5 2 The Wïreless Channel 7 2.1 Fundamentals of Radio Wave Propagation and Channel Characteriza- tion .................................... 8 2.1.1 Free Space Propagation Mode1 .................. 8 2.1.2 Basic Propagation Mechanisms ................. 9 2.1.3 Multipath Fading ........................ 11 2.1.4 Two-Stage Wireless Channe1 Characterization ......... 11 2.2 Large-Scale Channel Characterization ................. 12 2.2.1 Log-Distance Path Loss Mode1 .................. 12 2.2.2 Log-Normal Shadowing ...................... 13 2.2.3 Other Models ........................... 13 2.3 Small-Scale Channel C haracterization ................. 14 2.3.1 Impulse Response of a Multipath Channel ........... 14 2.3.2 Tirne Dispersion Parameters ................... 15 2.3.3 Coherence Bandwidth ...................... 17 2.3.4 Coherence Time .......................... 18 2.3.5 Flat Fading ............................ 19 2.3.6 Frequency Selective Fading .................... 19 2.4 Vector Multipath Channel Models ................... 20 2.4.1 Vector Channel Impulse Response ............... 21 2.4.2 Clarke's Mode1 .......................... 23 2.4.3 Geometrically Based Single Bounce (GBSB) Mode1 ...... 25 2.4.4 Ray Tkacing Mode1 ........................ 26 2.4.5 Channel Sounding ........................ 27 2.5 Conclusions ............................... 29 3 Wireless Commtinication Standards and Smart Antennas 30 3.1 Cellular System Fundamentals ...................... 30 3.2 FDD and TDD .............................. 32 3.3 Multiple Access Methods ........................ 33 3.3.1 F'requency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) .......... 33 3.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) ............ 34 3.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) ............ 35 3.3.4 Cornparison of FDMA,TDMA, and CDMA .......... 36 3.4 Mobility: High Tier and Low Tier Systems ............... 36 3.5 Third Generation Wireless Standards: IMT-2000 ........... 38 3.6 Conclusions and Discussions ....................... 40 4 Mdtibeam Smart Antenna Systems and Algorithmç 41 4.1 Antenna Arrays and Beamforming ................... 41 4.1.1 Antenna Array Overview .................... 42 4.1.2 Analog and Digital Beamforming ................ 45 4.2 Multibeam Smart Antenna Structures and Bearn-Space Beamforming 46 4.3 Multibeam Smart Antenna Combining Algorithms .......... 48 4.3.1 Selection Combining (SC)Algorithm .............. 49 4.3.2 Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) Algorithm ......... 51 4.3.3 Equal Gain Combining (EGC)Algorithm ............ 52 4.3.4 Cornparison of Algorithms .................... 53 5 Multibeam Srnart Antennas for the Down-link Transmission in FDD Systems 55 5.1 Introduction ................................ 55 5.2 Estirnating the Downlink: the System Model and General Approaches 56 5.2.1 Downlink Channel Estimation in TDD Systems ........ 57 5.2.2 Downlink Channel Estimation in FDD Systems ........ 58 5.3 Estimating the Downlink in Multibeam Smart Antenna Systems . 5.3.1 Uplink and Downlink Relation: Measurement Results .... 5.3.2 Beamwidth Effect ........................ 5.3.3 Signal Bandwidth Effect ..................... 5.3-4 Discussions ............................ 5.4 A Novel Multibeam Smart Antenna Transmission Algorithm .... 5.4.1 Power Correlation Among Different Beams in the Same Multi- beam Antenna .......................... 5.4.2 The Algorithm .......................... 5.5 Performance Analysis .......................... 5.5.1 System Mode1 ........................... 5.5.2 Probability of Error ....................... 5.5.3 Optimum Parameters and Performance Analysis in Flat Fading Channels .............................. 6 Multibeam Smart Antennas for Mdtiuser Detection 86 6.1 Introduction ............................... 86 6.2 Multiuser Detection ........................... 88 6.3 Applying Multibeam Smart Antenna to Multiuser Detection ..... 91 6.3.1 The Benefits of Multibeam Smart Antenna Multiuser Detection 91 6.3.2 System Mode1 ........................... 94 6.4 Decorrelator-Based Multibeam Smart Antenna Multiuser Detection Algorithms ................................ 95 6.4.1 Partial Decorrelation ....................... 96 6.4.2 The Algorithm and Structure of Partial Decorrelation Using Multibeam Smart Antennas ................... 97 6.5 Performance Analysis and Simulation Results ............. 99 6.5.1 Error Probability Formula .................... 100 6.5.2 The Lower Bound of Probability of Error ........... 102 6.5.3 Sidelobe Effects .......................... 104 6.6 Conclusions ................................ 110 A Description of the 8-Element Array Vector Channel Sounder 114 A.l Transmitter ................................ 114 A.2 Receiver .................................. 114 A.3 Data Collecting and Processing ..................... 115 vii B The Proof of Eqn. (6.34) Having Lower Probability of Error Than Eqn. (6.29) 116 Bibliography 117 viii List of Figures 1.1 First tier of interference in a cellular system with cluster size of 7 . 1.2 Co-channel interference in a CDMA system .............. Three basic propagation mechanisms .................. Fading signds received at the mobile station during a measurement on the McMaster Campus .......................... Impulse response measured on the McMaster campus (outdoor) ... Impulse response of the Communications Research Laboratory (in- door) ................................... An example of power delay profile. rms delay
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