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Radio Channel Measurements and Modeling for Smart Antenna Array Systems Using a Software Radio Receiver

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Radio Channel Measurements and Modeling for Smart Antenna Array Systems Using a Software Radio Receiver Radio Channel Measurements and Modeling for Smart Antenna Array Systems Using a Software Radio Receiver William G. Newhall Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering Committee Jeffrey H. Reed (Chairman) Warren L. Stutzman William H. Tranter Brian D. Woerner C. Patrick Koelling April 2003 Blacksburg, Virginia © 2003 William G. Newhall Keywords: Propagation Measurement, Channel Modeling, Vector Channels, Smart Antenna, Software Radio, Multipath, Wireless Communications. Radio Channel Measurements and Modeling for Smart Antenna Array Systems Using a Software Radio Receiver William G. Newhall Abstract This dissertation presents research performed in the areas of radio wave propagation measurement and modeling, smart antenna arrays, and software-defined radio development. A four-channel, wideband, software-defined receiver was developed to serve as a test bed for wideband measurements and antenna array experiments. This receiver was used to perform vector channel measurements in terrestrial and air-to-ground environments using an antenna array. Measurement results served as input to radio channel simulations based on three geometric channel models. The simulation results were compared to measurement results to evaluate the performance of the radio channel models under test. Criteria for evaluation include RMS delay spread, excess delay spread, signal envelope fading, antenna diversity gain, and gain achieved through the use of a two-dimensional rake receiver. This research makes contributions to the wireless communications field through analysis, development, measurement, and simulation that builds upon past theoretical and experimental results. Contributions include a software-defined radio architecture, based on object oriented techniques, that has been developed and successfully demonstrated using the wideband receiver. This research has produced new wideband vector channel measurements to provide extensive characterization results facilitating simulation of emerging wireless technology for commercial and military communications systems. Original ways of interpreting multipath component strength and correlation for antenna arrays have been developed and investigated. A novel geometric air-to-ground ellipsoidal channel model has been developed, simulated, and evaluated. Other contributions include an evaluation of two popular radio channel models, a geometric channel simulator for producing channel impulse responses, and analytical derivation results related to channel modeling geometries and multipath channel measurement processing. In addition to new results, existing theory and earlier research results are discussed. Fundamental theory for antenna arrays, vector channels, multipath characterization, and channel modeling is presented. Contemporary issues in software radio and object orientation are described, and measurement results from other propagation research are summarized. To those who steadfastly encourage life accomplishments. Family, and friends close enough to call family. iii iv Acknowledgements I have received an enormous amount of support from colleagues, friends, and family throughout my graduate work. I would like to thank Jeff Reed, Bill Tranter, Brian Woerner, Warren Stutzman, and Pat Koelling for their direction and participation on my committee. I also greatly appreciate many other professors and staff at Virginia Tech for their input and support, especially Tim Pratt, Bill Davis, Charles Bostian, Bob Boyle, Dennis Sweeney, and Krishnan Ramu. I am thankful for the friendship and assistance of my fellow graduate students and Virginia Tech graduates, including Max Robert, James Hicks, Fakhrul Alam, Sesh Krishnamoorthy, Raqib Mostafa, Ramesh Palat, Mostafa Howlader, Roger Skidmore, Ran Gozali, Tom Biedka, Chris Anderson, Jody Neel, Philip Balister, Carl Dietrich, Gaurav Joshi, Kai Dietze, Neiyer Correal, Matt Valenti, and Kathyayani Srikanteswara. I greatly appreciate the help of the MPRG staff, including Jenny Frank, Hilda Reynolds, Shelby Smith, Beth Huffman, and Cindy Graham. I could not have accomplished so much without my colleagues and friends at Grayson Wireless. I thank Ken Talbott, Greg Bump, Jon Dubovsky, Casey Elder, Ron Bryan, Mark Priest, Steve Trice, Tom Conley, Tim Garrett, and Terry Garner. To my terrific friends, Mike Metzgar, Jennifer Lesser, Michele Kolet, and Neal Kegley, I owe thanks for your friendship and a space in your lives. v Bob Newhall and Barbara Ruebush, my brother and sister, have provided an immeasurable amount of encouragement, and I thank them for being there for me. I would mostly like to thank my parents, Robert and Roberta Newhall, whose constant and limitless support, encouragement, and advice had a great part in bringing my work and dreams to completion. vi Table of Contents List of Figures ..........................................................................................................................xi List of Tables........................................................................................................................xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1 1.1 Motivation and Challenges in Wireless........................................................................1 1.2 Foundations of Progress in Wireless ............................................................................4 1.3 Research Issues Covered .............................................................................................5 1.4 Organization of This Dissertation ................................................................................7 Chapter 2 Signal Fundamentals for Antenna Arrays ........................................................9 2.1 Complex Signal Fundamentals ....................................................................................9 2.1.1 The Complex Envelope......................................................................................10 2.1.2 Converting Bandpass Signals to Complex Envelopes.........................................11 2.1.3 The Narrowband Approximation........................................................................13 2.2 Signals for Smart Antennas .......................................................................................16 2.2.1 The Purpose of Smart Antennas.........................................................................16 2.2.2 A Signal Model for Antenna Arrays...................................................................18 2.2.3 Vector Channels ................................................................................................23 2.2.4 Array Steering Vectors ......................................................................................25 2.2.5 Spatial Signatures ..............................................................................................26 2.3 Channel and Signal Characteristics in Multipath Environments .................................27 2.3.1 Multipath Amplitude and Time Delay................................................................28 2.3.2 Number of Multipath Components.....................................................................30 2.3.3 Fading Envelope ................................................................................................31 2.3.4 Direction of Arrival ...........................................................................................33 2.3.5 Signal Envelope Correlation Coefficient ............................................................34 2.4 Summary...................................................................................................................35 Chapter 3 A Multi-Channel, Software-Defined Measurement Receiver ........................37 3.1 Architecture Motivation.............................................................................................37 3.2 The Software Radio Methodology .............................................................................39 3.2.1 Physical Architecture.........................................................................................40 3.2.2 Division of Hardware and Software ...................................................................41 3.2.3 Benefits of the Methodology..............................................................................42 3.3 The Measurement Receiver Concept..........................................................................43 3.3.1 Processing Tradeoffs..........................................................................................43 3.3.2 Examples and Applications................................................................................44 3.4 System Specifications and Analysis...........................................................................45 3.4.1 Target Applications............................................................................................45 3.4.2 Design Goals .....................................................................................................46 3.4.3 RF Specifications...............................................................................................47 3.4.4 System Specifications ........................................................................................48 3.4.5 Link Analysis ....................................................................................................49
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