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Evidence from the Taman Peninsula (Southwestern Russia)

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Evidence from the Taman Peninsula (Southwestern Russia) water Article Coastal Peloids as Geological Heritage: Evidence from the Taman Peninsula (Southwestern Russia) Yury A. Fedorov 1, Dmitry N. Gar’kusha 1, Roman G. Trubnik 1, Natalia A. Latushko 2 and Dmitry A. Ruban 3,* 1 Department of Physical Geography, Ecology, and Nature Protection, Institute of Earth Sciences, Southern Federal University, Zorge Street 40, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia; [email protected] (Y.A.F.); [email protected] (D.N.G.); [email protected] (R.G.T.) 2 Department of Economic Sociology and Regional Governance, Institute of Sociology and Regional Studies, Southern Federal University, Pushkinskaja Street 160, Rostov-on-Don 344022, Russia; [email protected] 3 Department of Business in Hospitality Sphere, Higher School of Business, Southern Federal University, 23-ja linija Street 43, Rostov-on-Don 344019, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 May 2019; Accepted: 27 May 2019; Published: 29 May 2019 Abstract: The coastal peloidis a peculiar and poorly-studied geological substance. Peloids occurin the Bugaz, Kiziltash, and Vityazevolimans and the Chemburka Lake on the southern coast of the Taman Peninsula. The studied peloids are dark-colored mud enriched in hydrogen sulfide and methane and constitute the uppermost 10–20 cm of bottom sediments. Being geologically unique, the coastal peloids of the Taman Peninsula can be recognized as ageoheritage site. Their uniqueness is linked to sediment type, biogeochemical processes, economic value, and depositional environment. The most typical peloids are found in the BugazLiman and the Chemburka Lake, proposed as geosites. The recognized coastal geoheritage site can be used for the purposes of science, education, and tourism, and its utility seems to be especially high because of its close location to the big resort area of Anapa. It appears to be important to balance management of this geoheritagesite with peloid extraction for balneological purposes. The studied coastal muds should be involved into the regional planning programs aimed at sustainable development (international experience and, particularly, some examples from the British coasts should be taken into consideration). Particularly, it is necessary to put peloid use into the context of regional planning and sustainable natural resource management. Keywords: coastal heritage; geochemical processes; geotourism; lakes; peloid; regional planning; southwestern Russia 1. Introduction The coastal zones of seas and oceans are highly-dynamic environments where various geological and geomorphological processes, such as those linked to wave and wind activity, sediment discharge, rich ecosystem growth, anthropogenic pressure, interact. Therefore, it is not surprising that coasts host numerous pieces of the world-class geological heritage (geoheritage), representing either very typical (almost textbook-looking) or, in contrast, highly-specific geological and geomorphological features of undisputable uniqueness. This issue was addressed by Brocx and Semeniuk [1] and was demonstrated with representative examples from the United Kingdom (southern coasts) [2,3], Australia (western coast) [4], Canada (Bonavista Peninsula) [5], and Egypt (Mediterranean coast to the west of Alexandria) [6]. The Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site is among the most famous coastal sites with world-class geoheritage [3]. However, the spectrum of coast-related geoheritage features and their world distribution are yet to be fully understood, and the relevant investigations remain on agenda. Water 2019, 11, 1119; doi:10.3390/w11061119 www.mdpi.com/journal/water Water 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 11 WaterHowever,2019, 11 the, 1119 spectrum of coast-related geoheritage features and their world distribution are yet2 of to 11 be fully understood, and the relevant investigations remain on agenda. Peloid, known commonly as “therapeutic mud”,is ahighly-specific, geological substance comprisingPeloid, mineral, known organic, commonly water, as and “therapeutic gas compon mud”,isents [7–9]. ahighly-specific, Essentially, these geological are highly-specific substance typescomprising of sediments mineral, with organic, peculiar water, geochemical and gas components properties and [7– 9are]. Essentially, often organic-rich. these are These highly-specific have been usedtypes widely of sediments over the with past peculiar two centuries geochemical for medi propertiescal, cosmetic, and are and often recreational organic-rich. purposes These [8,9]. have However,been used widelytheir potential over the as past geoheritagesites two centuries foris medical,yet to be cosmetic, recognized. and recreationalPeloids occur purposes in different [8,9]. geologicalHowever, theirsettings potential (e.g., aslacustrine geoheritagesites and volcanic is yet settings), to be recognized. and, particular Peloidsly, occur these in diarefferent quite geological common insettings the coastal (e.g., lacustrinezones of seas. and volcanicHowever, settings), coastal and,peloids particularly, have been these studied are quiterarely, common e.g., a few in the examples coastal havezones been of seas. reported However, from coastalthe Azov peloids Sea [10] have and been the studiedAdriatic rarely, Sea [11]. e.g., In a th fewe Russian examples South have (a beenvast territoryreported between from the the Azov Don Sea River [10 ]in and the thenorth, Adriatic the Azov Sea [Sea11]. in In the the west, Russian the Caspian South (a Sea vast in territorythe east, andbetween the Caucasus the Don River Mountains in the north,in the thesouth), Azov peloid Sea ins have the west, been the described Caspian from Sea invarious the east, geological and the settings,Caucasus Mountainschiefly continental in the south), [7,12,13], peloids havebut been the described knowledge from variousof their geological coastal settings, typeremains chiefly restricted[14,15].continental [7,12, 13The], but geoheritage the knowledge importance of their of coastal this peloidtype typeremains has restricted been never [14 analyzed.,15]. The geoheritage importanceThe objective of this peloidtypeof the present has study been neveris the analyzed.firstassessment of the geoheritage potential of peloids distributedThe objective along the of thesouthern present (Black study Sea) is the coast firstassessment of the Taman of thePeninsula geoheritage in southwestern potential of peloidsRussia. Attentiondistributed is alongpaid to the both southern the geological (Black Sea) (e.g., coast the ofthickness the Taman of mud Peninsula layers in and southwestern basic geochemical Russia. Attentionproxies) and is paid the togeoheritage both the geological properties (e.g., of thethe thickness bottom muds of mud found layers in and several basic geochemicalcoastal lakes. proxies) These propertiesand the geoheritage permit judgments properties of of theuniqueness bottom mudsof these found coastal in several sediments coastal and lakes. their These relevance properties to permitgeological, judgments biogeochemical, of uniqueness and geomorphological of these coastal aspects sediments of coastal and zone their dynamics. relevance to geological, biogeochemical, and geomorphological aspects of coastal zone dynamics. 2. Study Territory 2. Study Territory The study territory corresponds to the southern coast of the Taman Peninsula in southwestern The study territory corresponds to the southern coast of the Taman Peninsula in southwestern Russia (Figure 1). This large (~2000 km2) peninsula divides the Azov Sea in the north from the Black Russia (Figure1). This large (~2000 km 2) peninsula divides the Azov Sea in the north from the Black Sea in the south. This is the westernmost edge of the Greater Caucasus domain, although lacking Sea in the south. This is the westernmost edge of the Greater Caucasus domain, although lacking mountains. A part of this geological structure was formed as a result of sediment accumulation near mountains. A part of this geological structure was formed as a result of sediment accumulation near the mouth of the Kuban River and an active mud volcanism. the mouth of the Kuban River and an active mud volcanism. Figure 1.LocationLocation of of the the studied studied water water objects objects of of the the Taman Taman Peninsula coastal zone. The southern (Black Sea) coast of the peninsula is characterized by the presence of large lakes called ‘limans’.'limans'. These These lakes lakes were were formed formed as as a a resu resultlt of of sea sea flooding flooding of of the former river valleys or Water 2019, 11, 1119 3 of 11 topographic lows of coastal plains and separation of these water bodies by accumulation barriers. Limans share some characteristics with estuaries and lagoons, which may retain some hydrological connection to the sea, and their environment resembles coastal wetlands (even swamps). The main water objects of the study territory are the BugazLiman (35 km2), the KiziltashLiman (137 km2), the VityazevoLiman (64 km2), and the Chemburka Lake (~1 km2) (Figure1). 3. Materials and Methods This study is fully based on the materials collected during field investigations of the noted water objects located on the southern coast of the Taman Peninsula. The Bugaz, Kiziltash, and Vityazevolimans and the Chemburka Lake were visited and described. Bottom sediments were sampled with the GOIN core pipe to the depth of 25 cm. Samples for analyses were taken with the interval of 5 cm. Peloids usually occur within the interval of 0–20 cm, and, thus, the depth of 25 cm marks full transition to the typical lake silt/sand
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