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Populationa Nd Development Review, Volume 25, Number 1 POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW Nan Marie Astone et al. Family VOLUME 25 NUMBER 1 demography, social theory, M A R C H 1 9 9 9 and investment in social capital James Lee and Wang Feng Malthusian models and Chinese realities: China’s demographic system 1700–2000 John C. Caldwell et al. The Bangladesh fertility decline: An interpretation Deon Filmer and Lant Pritchett The effect of household wealth on educational attainment: Evidence from 35 countries Notes and Commentary E. A. Wrigley on Malthus and the high price of provisions Data and Perspectives S. Scherbov and H. van Vianen on marital and fertility careers of Russian women born between 1910 and 1934 Archives Eleanor Rathbone on the remuneration of women’s services Book Reviews by D.G. Johnson, N. Keyfitz, K. Hill, T.W. Guinnane, R.P. Cincotta, P. Fargues, T. Zuberi, and others Documents The Council of Economic Advisers on work and retirement among the elderly; The Hague Forum on the implementation of the Cairo Program of Action Population and Development Review seeks to advance knowledge of the interrelationships between population and socioeconomic development and provides a forum for discussion of related issues of public policy. EDITOR Paul Demeny MANAGING EDITOR Ethel P. Churchill EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Paul Demeny, Chair Geoffrey McNicoll Ethel P. Churchill Michael P. Todaro Susan Greenhalgh EDITORIAL STAFF Robert Heidel, Production Editor Y. Christina Tse, Production/Design Margaret A. Knoll, Circulation Sura Rosenthal / Susan Rowe, Production ADVISORY BOARD Ester Boserup Akin L. Mabogunje Gustavo Cabrera Milos˘ Macura John C. Caldwell Carmen A. Miró Mercedes B. Concepción Asok Mitra Richard A. Easterlin Samuel H. Preston Signed articles are the responsibility of the authors. Views expressed in the Review do not necessarily reflect the views of the Population Council. Direct manuscripts, comments on articles, and correspondence to: Population and Development Review Population Council One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza New York, New York 10017 USA Subscription information appears on the inside back cover. Support from the United Nations Population Fund is gratefully acknowledged. Volumes are available on microfilm from University Microfilms, Inc., 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. The website for Population and Development Review is www. popcouncil.org/pdr The full contents of Volumes 1–21 (1975–95) are available through participating libraries from JSTOR at www.jstor.org/journals/00987921.html Population and Development Review (ISSN 0098-7921) is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December by the Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Population and Development Review, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. © 1999 by The Population Council, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 75-27311 ISSN 0098-7921 Information for Subscribers Population and Development Review is available on a paid subscription basis at the following rates: One year (4 issues) US$36.00 Two years (8 issues) US$60.00 To enter a subscription, send payment by check or money order drawn on a US bank, payable to the Population Council, or by Visa or MasterCard (provide card number and expiration date), together with mailing address to: Population and Development Review Population Council One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza New York, New York 10017 USA Credit card orders may also be placed by phone to (212) 339-0514, by fax to (212) 755-6052, or by e-mail to [email protected] Complimentary subscriptions Complimentary subscriptions are available to qualified applicants residing in developing countries. Individuals and institutions wishing to apply for complimentary subscriptions should send requests on letterhead stationery to the above address stating the nature of professional involvement in development- and population-related issues. Back issues Casebound (hardcover) volumes are available at $45.00 each. Single back issues are available at $8.00 per issue. Please designate copies desired by volume and issue number. Orders may be placed by mail, phone, fax, or e-mail as indicated above. Complimentary copies are available to qualified individuals residing in developing countries. A twenty-year cumulative index to Volumes 1–20 (1975–94) is available at no charge to subscribers to the Review. Printed on recycled paper in the USA. POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW VOLUME 25 NUMBER 1 M A R C H 1999 ARTICLES Family Demography, Social Theory, and Investment in Social Capital 1 NAN MARIE ASTONE CONSTANCE A. NATHANSON ROBERT SCHOEN YOUNG J. KIM Malthusian Models and Chinese Realities: The Chinese Demographic System 1700–2000 33 JAMES LEE WANG FENG The Bangladesh Fertility Decline: An Interpretation 67 JOHN C. CALDWELL BARKAT-E-KHUDA BRUCE CALDWELL INDRANI PIERIS PAT CALDWELL The Effect of Household Wealth on Educational Attainment: Evidence from 35 Countries 85 DEON FILMER LANT PRITCHETT NOTES AND COMMENTARY Corn and Crisis: Malthus on the High Price of Provisions 121 E. A. WRIGLEY DATA AND PERSPECTIVES Marital and Fertility Careers of Russian Women Born Between 1910 and 1934 129 SERGEI SCHERBOV HARRIE VAN VIANEN ARCHIVES Eleanor Rathbone on the Remuneration of Women’s Services 145 BOOK REVIEWS J. C. Waterlow, D. G. Armstrong, Leslie Fowden, and Ralph Riley (eds.), Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People: A Challenge to Science D. GALE JOHNSON 159 Daniel Callahan, False Hopes: Why America’s Quest for Perfect Health Is a Recipe for Failure NATHAN KEYFITZ 164 Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins, and Héctor Pérez Brignoli (eds.), Infant and Child Mortality in the Past KENNETH HILL 167 Noël Bonneuil, Transformation of the French Demographic Landscape, 1806–1906 TIMOTHY W. GUINNANE 169 J. Clarke and D. Noin (eds.), Population and Environment in Arid Regions RICHARD P. CINCOTTA 174 Gad G. Gilbar, Population Dilemmas in the Middle East: Essays in Political Demography and Economy PHILIPPE FARGUES 177 James L. Newman, The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation TUKUFU ZUBERI 181 Short Reviews 182 DOCUMENTS The Council of Economic Advisers on Work and Retirement Among the Elderly 189 The Hague Forum on the Implementation of the Cairo Program of Action 196 ABSTRACTS 203 AUTHORS FOR THIS ISSUE 210 Family Demography, Social Theory, and Investment in Social Capital NAN MARIE ASTONE CONSTANCE A. NATHANSON ROBERT SCHOEN YOUNG J. KIM MANY DEMOGRAPHERS TRAINED in sociology frame their work with ideas from economics, if only implicitly. While economic concepts are of great value, the field of demography, especially family demography, can benefit from the introduction of sociological theory and, conversely, sociological theory can be enhanced and refined by the work of social demographers. The subject of this essay is “social capital,” a concept that originated in sociology and is being widely incorporated into much current social sci- ence. The social capital concept is an extension of social exchange theory. This theoretical perspective is in common use by family demographers (Edwards 1969; Schoen and Weinick 1993; Scanzoni 1972; Scanzoni et al. 1989; South 1991). It shares with neoclassical economics (Becker 1973, 1974, 1981; Willis and Haaga 1996) and materialist anthropology (Green- halgh 1995; Kertzer and Fricke 1997) the premise that demographic phe- nomena are the outgrowth of human behavior that is purposive, future- oriented, and reflective, although externally constrained. According to social exchange theory, exchange takes place in a vari- ety of institutional contexts, including, but not limited to, the markets that economists usually envision (Cook 1991). In addition, a premise of social exchange theory is that exchange occurs between individuals who are known to each other, as well as between the anonymous traders of eco- nomic exchange (Ben-Porath 1980). Moreover, social exchange theorists assume the rules that govern exchange include, but are not limited to, the POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 25(1):1–31 (MARCH 1999) 1 Click to print article Click to return to Table of Contents 2 F AMILY DEMOGRAPHY, SOCIAL THEORY, AND SOCIAL CAPITAL rational calculation of costs and benefits that structure economic exchange (Curtis 1986; Meeker 1971). These premises allow social exchange theo- rists, more easily than economists, to incorporate into their models moti- vations for exchange beyond its intrinsic benefits. This is a particular advantage for family demographers, since exchanges between sexual partners, siblings, parents, children, and housemates, which constitute the subject of family demography, cannot readily be put into a conventional framework of utilitarian motivations. To explain them, re- searchers often resort to vague assertions about norms or preferences, with- out any explicit reference to the processes that bring about norms and pref- erences. The result is that we lack a full account of why systematic ethnic, social class, and gender differences in these norms or preferences occur, how they emerge, or how they change over time. To date, family demographers who have employed the social capital concept have not placed it within the larger framework of social exchange theory. Substantively, they have focused almost exclusively on the conse- quences of having or not having adequate amounts of social capital. To fully exploit the concept’s
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