Additional Information Was Located with Regard to the Discovery of Human Remains on the Site

HERITAGE DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT

HAVERINGLAND HALL Nr BRANDISTON NORFOLK

JUNE 2016

Planning Authority: Broadlands District Council

Site centred at: TG 14902 21429

Author: Peter Reeves BA (Jt Hons) MCIfA

Approved by: Duncan Hawkins BA Hons MSc FSA MCIfA

Report Status: FINAL

Issue Date: June 2016

CgMs Ref: PR/22287

No part of this report is to be copied in any way without prior written consent.

Every effort is made to provide detailed and accurate information, however, CgMs Limited cannot be held responsible for errors or inaccuracies within this report.

CONTENTS

Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction and Scope of Study 2.0 Development Plan Framework 3.0 Geology and Topography 4.0 Archaeological and Historical Background, with Assessment of Significance 5.0 Site Conditions, the Proposed Development and Potential Impact on Heritage Assets 6.0 Summary and Conclusions Sources Consulted

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site Location Fig. 2 HER Data Plot (data from Norfolk HER) Fig. 3 1599-1602 Cawston and Haveringland Parishes Map Fig. 4 1777 Haveringland Estate Fig. 5 1797 Faden Fig. 6 1810 Ordnance Survey Drawing Fig. 7 1826 Bryant Fig. 8 Heveringland Estate Fig. 9 1840 Cawston Tithe Map with Haveringland Tithe stitched to south and west Fig. 10 1891 Ordnance Survey Fig. 11 1907 Ordnance Survey Fig. 12 1920’s Haveringland Estate Sales Particular Fig. 13 1944 Swannington Airfield (Air Ministry) Fig. 14 1946 Aerial Photograph Fig. 15 1957 Ordnance Survey Fig. 16 1974-75 Ordnance Survey Fig. 17 1999 Aerial Photograph (Google Earth) Fig. 18 2007 Aerial Photograph (Google Earth)

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LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1 Access Road viewed west toward North and South Lodges Plate 2 Access Road viewed to the south-east toward caravan park Plate 3 View north-east along airfield road leading from access road to Administration Buildings. Plate 4 RAF Swannington Eastern Perimeter road viewed from the south Plate 5 RAF Swannington Ration Store viewed from the south-west Plate 6 RAF Swannington Ration Store viewed from the north-west Plate 7 RAF Swannington Ration Store viewed from the south-east Plate 8 View west along access road leading from Eastern Perimeter to Ration Store

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Land adjacent to Haveringland Hall, Nr Brandiston, Norfolk is proposed for development. The site has been assessed for heritage assets specifically; any heritage assets comprising remnants of RAF Swannington (a World War II airfield), remnants of the landscaped park associated with Haveringland Hall and records relating to the discovery of human remains in 1944.

There are no Scheduled Monuments or designated archaeological sites on the study site and any future development will not impact the setting or significance of the setting of any nearby designated heritage assets.

A single non-designated archaeological asset is recorded adjacent to the south-east tip of the study site. However, the object is allocated an approximate location and therefore its precise relationship to the site is not confirmed.

The site visit has determined that one of the buildings on the site is a remnant of the administration buildings servicing RAF Swannington. The building is the airfield’s former Ration Store. The hardstanding in front of the building and the roadways leading into the site were all constructed as part of the airfield. The building is currently utilised as a store for unwanted belongings generated by occupants moving out of the mobile homes on the site.

A single building, directly associated with RAF Swannington, is extant on site. The former Rations Store is not a statutory or locally listed building and is not mentioned in the Norfolk Historic Environment Record (NHER). The building is now without context as all other buildings that may it may have been associated with have been demolished. The airfield has all but completely disappeared from the landscape and therefore the building’s original setting has been lost.

The site visit determined that no elements of the landscaped park associated with Haveringland Hall were present on the site. However, the access road follows the route of the Hall’s western approach and the airbases Eastern Perimeter Road follows the route of a footpath observed in the layout of Haveringland Hall’s formal parkland.

No additional information was located with regard to the discovery of human remains on the site. The Norfolk Historic Environment Record (NHER) identifies human remains, possibly two individuals, provisionally dated to the Bronze Age and found within or close to the development site. The site walkover did not identify any archaeological assets belonging to this period either within the site or its surrounds.

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The proposed development has a potential to impact on non-designated archaeological assets of local significance.

The assessment concludes that a number of trial trenches should be excavated within the proposed development site. No clear archaeological targets have been identified by this assessment, although trenches should be located in areas of potential below-ground impact (as a result of proposed development) and should avoid any remains associated with RAF Swannington that would otherwise not be affected by the proposed development.

With regard to the extant former Rations Store building associated with RAF Swannington, it is proposed that a programme of historic building recording is undertaken prior to demolition. This should be in line with a Level 1 survey as defined by Historic England (2016).

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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF STUDY

1.1 This heritage desk-based assessment has been researched by James Archer and prepared by Peter Reeves of CgMs Consulting.

1.2 The assessment considers land adjacent to Haveringland Hall, Nr Brandiston, Norfolk. The site, also referred to as the study site, is approximately 1.18ha in extent, comprising an area for the expansion of the existing caravan/static home park (Figure 1). The site is bound to the north, east and south by a mixture of open land and woodland. Static caravans are located to the west of the site. The site is centred at National Grid Reference TG 31324 36109 and is currently in use as mown grassland maintained as part of the caravan park (Figure 1).

1.3 CgMs Consulting have been commissioned to establish the nature of any heritage assets on the site, both known and unknown, and to provide guidance on ways to accommodate any archaeological constraints identified.

1.4 In accordance with government policy (NPPF), this assessment draws together the available information from the Norfolk Historic Environment Record (NHER), the National Monuments Record (NMR), the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS), the RAF Museum Hendon, as well as historic, topographic and land-use information in order to identify any heritage assets and understand the archaeological potential of the site.

1.5 Additionally, in accordance with the ‘Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk- Based Assessments’ (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014), the assessment includes the results of an examination of published and unpublished material and charts historic land-use through a map regression exercise.

1.6 The assessment thus enables relevant parties to assess the archaeological potential of various parts of the site and to consider the need for design, civil engineering, and archaeological solutions to any constraints identified.

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2.0 PLANNING BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN FRAMEWORK

2.1 Legislation regarding archaeology, including scheduled ancient monuments, is contained in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, amended by the National Heritage Act 1983 and 2002.

2.2 In March 2012, the government published the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), which replaced previous national policy relating to heritage and archaeology (PPS5: Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment). The National Planning Practice Guidance (NPPG) was published online 6th March 2014 and updated 10 April 2014 (http://planningguidance.planningportal.gov.uk)

2.3 The Planning Practice Guide previously issued in support of PPS5, together with accompanying English Heritage documentation, was cancelled 25 March 2015, to be replaced by three Good Practice Advice (GPA) documents published by Historic England: GPA 1: The Historic Environment in Local Plans; GPA 2: Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment, and GPA 3: The Setting of Heritage Assets.

2.4 Government policy in relation to the historic environment is outlined in section 12 of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), entitled Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment. This provides guidance for planning authorities, property owners, developers and others on the conservation and investigation of heritage assets. Overall, the objectives of Section 12 of the NPPF can be summarised as seeking the:

 Delivery of sustainable development  Understanding the wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits brought by the conservation of the historic environment  Conservation of England's heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, and  Recognition of the contribution that heritage assets make to our understanding of the past.

2.5 Section 12 of the NPPF recognises that intelligently managed change may sometimes be necessary if heritage assets are to be maintained for the long term. Paragraph 128 states that planning decisions should be based on the significance of the heritage asset and that level of detail supplied by an applicant should be proportionate to the importance of the asset and should be no more than sufficient to review the potential impact of the proposal upon the significance of that asset.

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2.6 Heritage Assets are defined in Annex 2 of the NPPF as: a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions. They include designated heritage assets (as defined in the NPPF) and assets identified by the local planning authority during the process of decision-making or through the plan-making process.

2.7 Annex 2 also defines Archaeological Interest as a heritage asset which holds or potentially could hold evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets with archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.

2.8 A Designated Heritage Asset comprises a: World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation Area.

2.9 Significance is defined as: The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. This interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.

2.10 Setting is defined as: The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.

2.11 In short, government policy provides a framework which:

 Protects nationally important designated Heritage Assets (which include World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered Battlefields or Conservation Areas)  Protects the settings of such designations  In appropriate circumstances seeks adequate information (from desk based assessment and field evaluation where necessary) to enable informed decisions  Provides for the excavation and investigation of sites not significant enough to merit in-situ preservation.

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2.12 The NPPG reiterates that the conservation of heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance is a core planning principle, requiring a flexible and thoughtful approach. Furthermore, it highlights that neglect and decay of heritage assets is best addressed through ensuring they remain in active use that is consistent with their conservation. Importantly, the guidance states that if complete, or partial loss of a heritage asset is justified, the aim should then be to capture and record the evidence of the asset’s significance, and make the interpretation publically available. Key elements of the guidance relate to assessing harm. An important consideration should be whether the proposed works adversely affect a key element of the heritage asset’s special architectural or historic interest. Additionally, it is the degree of harm, rather than the scale of development, that is to be assessed. The level of ‘substantial harm’ is considered to be a high bar that may not arise in many cases. Essentially, whether a proposal causes substantial harm will be a judgment for the decision taker, having regard to the circumstances of the case and the NPPF. Importantly, harm may arise from works to the asset or from development within its setting. Setting is defined as the surroundings in which an asset is experienced, and may be more extensive than the curtilage. A thorough assessment of the impact of proposals upon setting needs to take into account, and be proportionate to, the significance of the heritage asset and the degree to which proposed changes enhance or detract from that significance and the ability to appreciate it.

2.13 In considering any planning application for development, the planning authority will be mindful of the framework set by government policy, in this instance the NPPF, by current Development Plan Policy and by other material considerations.

2.11 The Broadland District Council Development Management DPD, adopted 3 August 2015 includes the following relevant policy:

POLICY EN2 – LANDSCAPE

IN ORDERTO POTECT THE CHARACTER OF THE AREA, DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS SHOULD HAVE REGARD TO THE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT SPD AND, IN PARTICULAR, CONSIDER ANY IMPACT UPON AS WELL AS SEEK TO PROTECT AND ENHANCE WHERE APPROPRIATE:

I. GAPS BETWEEN SETTLEMENTS; II. VISUALLY SENSITIVE SKYLINES, HILLSIDES AND VALLEY SIDES AND IMPORTANT VIEWS INCLUDING THE SETTING OF THE BROADS AREA; III. NOCTURNAL CHARACTER; IV. CONSERVATION AREAS; V. SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENTS; AND VI. HISTORIC PARKS AND GARDENS; AND VII. GREEN SPACES INCLUDING NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL FEATURES AS WELL AS GEOLOGICAL/GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES WHICH MAKE A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS DECINING THE CHARACTER OF AN AREA.

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2.13 In accordance with national and local planning policy, this desk-based assessment seeks to clarify the site’s archaeological potential and identify the need or otherwise for mitigation measures.

2.14 In terms of designated archaeological heritage assets, no Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Registered Parks and Gardens, Historic Battlefields or Protected Wrecks are recorded within 1km from the boundary of the study site.

2.15 This assessment considers any archaeological non-designated assets and the potential for as yet to be discovered assets on the site.

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3.0 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY

3.1 Geology

3.1.1 The British Geological Survey (BGS website, 2015) records the underlying geology of the site as Wroxham Crag Formation, comprising Sand and Gravel. The site is overlain with superficial Glaciofluvial Deposits of mid-Pleistocene date comprising Sand and Gravel.

3.1.2 CgMs are not aware of any previous geotechnical investigation on the site.

3.2 Topography

3.2.1 The study site is located on level ground, undoubtedly artificial as a result of the airfield’s construction. The site is located at c. 36m AOD.

3.2.2 The nearest body of water comprises Haveringland Lake, an artificial landscape feature located 500m south-east of the study site.

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4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND WITH ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

Timescales used in this report:

Prehistoric Palaeolithic 450,000 - 12,000 BC Mesolithic 12,000 - 4,000 BC Neolithic 4,000 - 1,800 BC Bronze Age 1,800 - 600 BC Iron Age 600 - AD 43

Historic Roman AD 43 - 410 Anglo Saxon/Early Medieval AD 410 - 1066 Medieval AD 1066 - 1485 Post Medieval AD 1486 - 1749 Modern AD 1750 - Present

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Examination of data in the Norfolk Historic Environment Record (NHER) was undertaken for a 1km radius of the study site together with available cartographic and aerial photographic sources.

4.1.2 This chapter reviews existing archaeological evidence for the site and the archaeological/historical background of the general area, and considers the potential for as yet undiscovered archaeological evidence on the site.

4.1.3 Areas within the 1 km search radius to the north, west and south of the site have undergone a systematic metal detector survey commenced in 1993 and still ongoing. The survey has resulted in retrieval of non-metalliferous artefacts observed on field surfaces. The area within the search radius has also been subject to extensive aerial photograph analysis. In general it can be stated that although there has been little intrusive archaeological investigation in the area two programmes of non-intrusive surveys have been undertaken and give a moderately accurate picture of past human activity.

4.1.4 The NHER identifies a single Scheduled Monument, the remnants of a Medieval carved stone cross, within the 1 km search radius (HER ref 7464 at TG 1452 2101). However,

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the Wayside Cross (SM 1018301) also referred to as Stump Cross and, in older references, Stantlin Cross was removed from the site to storage after being found in three pieces.

4.1.5 Chapter 5 subsequently considers the site conditions and whether the theoretical potential identified in this chapter is likely to survive.

4.1.6 The Norfolk Historic Landscape Characterisation Map (in progress) records the study site as situated predominantly within disused Post-Medieval military and Informal Parkland.

4.2 Prehistoric (Palaeolithic to Iron Age)

4.2.1 No finds of Palaeolithic date have been identified within a 1km radius of the study site. The potential for archaeological assets belonging to this period to occur on the site is regarded as low/nil.

4.2.2 The NHER references a few flint blades that may date to the late Mesolithic/Early Neolithic found on the surface of fields during metal detecting north of the study site (Figure 2, 51738).

4.2.3 From around 4000 BC the mobile hunter-gathering economy of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic gradually gave way to a more settled agriculture-based subsistence. The pace of woodland clearance to create arable and pasture-based agricultural land varied regionally and locally, depending on a wide variety of climatic, topographic, social and other factors. The trend was one of a slow, but gradually increasing pace of forest clearance.

4.2.4 A single flint axe or adze, dated to the Neolithic period, is recorded on the NHER (52993, Figure 2) c. 850m south of the site boundary at TG 15 21. The artefact is an isolated find with no association to occupation deposits or settlement. No evidence of Neolithic activity has been found in the wider study area. The potential for archaeological assets belonging to these periods to occur on the site is regarded as low and if present are likely to be isolated flint artefacts of low value.

4.2.5 No archaeological assets of Bronze Age date are conclusively recorded within the site. However in 1944 human remains were found ‘200 yards west of Haveringland Hall’ which may place them within or directly adjacent to the site (NHER reference 7482, Figure 2). The remains comprised at least two individuals and were attributed to the Bronze Age, although the basis for this provisional dating cannot be confirmed.

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4.2.6 Within the areas that have been metal detected (yellow shaded areas, Figure 2) the occasional fragment of later prehistoric pottery has been retrieved. However, neither the field walking or aerial photograph analysis has identified evidence for intensive landuse, settlement or funerary use during the later prehistoric period.

4.2.7 The potential for archaeological assets dated to the Bronze Age to occur on the study site is regarded as low.

4.2.8 No archaeological assets dating to the Iron Age are recorded on the site. Within the 1km study area extensive metal detector surveys have the occasional fragment of Iron Age pottery.

4.2.9 Based on the few finds recorded across the study area, it is reasonable to assume a low/nil potential for the presence of archaeological assets of Iron Age date to be present on the site.

4.5 Roman

4.5.1 No definitive evidence of Roman settlement has been found within the 1 km search radius. A small number of Roman coins were found during extensive metal detector surveys to the north, west and south of the site indicating some Roman activity within the wider study area.

4.5.2 It is noted in the NHER that the two churches within the 1 km search radius, St Peter’s at TG 1514 2090 and St Nicholas at TG 1413 2142 (NHER references 1086 and 7473 respectively, Figure 2) which may have Saxon origins contain substantial amounts of Roman building material within their fabric. The Roman building materials include brick, tile and opus signilum indicating the presence of high status Roman buildings in the vicinity. However, no Roman sites have been identified on aerial photographs, none have been detected during metal detecting/field walking rallies, the nearest Roman road comprises a conjectured line 1.6 km north of the site and the nearest Roman settlement is at Brampton, 7 km to the east.

4.5.3 It is likely that during the Roman period the study site was situated within open or agricultural land, with the known focus of settlement activity 7 km to the east.

4.5.4 Within the study area and its immediate environs no Roman roads or settlements have been identified (despite detailed analysis of aerial photographs) suggesting that the area remained as a backwater during the occupation. Accordingly, a low/nil archaeological potential for Roman evidence is identified for the study site.

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4.6 Anglo Saxon/Early Medieval & Medieval

4.6.1 No settlement evidence of Anglo Saxon/Early Medieval date is recorded on the study site.

4.6.2 The churches of St Nicholas and St Peter, discussed above, are believed to have been founded during the Anglo-Saxon period and it is considered though not proven that the earliest site of Haveringland Manor (NHER ref 7521 at TG 151 210) is located on top of an earlier site. Unfortunately no intrusive archaeological investigations or detailed building surveys have been undertaken at any of these locations and therefore a Saxon date can only be speculated.

4.6.3 Artefacts noted within the 1km study area include Saxon brooches found by metal detector and Saxon pottery observed during field walking (NHER 30449 at TG 15 20). The artefacts were found in an area that would have been farmed and are most likely deposited as a result of manuring.

4.6.4 Domesday mentions manors at Heveringalanda (site by watery meadows) and Cawston (farmstead or settlement of Kalfte). Branteston (Brandiston) is specifically mentioned as a settlement. In 1086, therefore, the surrounding landscape appears well organised and to be extensively settled. The Domesday description suggests agriculture, water meadows and extensive tracts of woodland supporting 1500 pigs.

4.6.5 The cropmark survey has identified the site of two deserted medieval villages (DMV’s), neither of which has been archaeologically investigated. The DMV to the north-west of the site (NHER 7463 at TG 147 218) is thought to be the site of Alvington (the cropmarks are located in Alvington Field). The cropmarks and earthworks comprising building platforms and track/roadways located 1km south-east of the study site (NHER 30852 at TG 1576 2085) are of an unknown settlement.

4.6.6 Brandiston Hall constructed in the Post-Medieval period is believed to be constructed on the site of a much earlier Medieval hospital belonging to Mountjoy Priory. However, no intrusive archaeological investigation of the site has been undertaken to confirm these suppositions.

4.6.7 During construction of the airfield 5 Christian burials of unknown date were reported at TG 1514 2120 (NHER 7483, Figure 2). It is highly probable that the inhumations belong to the early medieval period but there are no records of a church, burial ground or settlement at this location.

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4.6.8 A certain degree of confusion exists within the record as to the exact location of the original Haveringland Hall and the site of the Saxon Manor. A site, to the south of the study site (NHER ref 7519) has been identified as an early site and is located near to St Peters Church. The moated site to the north-east of the study site at TG 151 210 (NHER 7521) is believed to be the second Haveringland Hall constructed in 1580.

4.6.9 It is likely that during the Anglo Saxon/Early Medieval and Medieval periods the study site was located in agricultural land, park land or woodland east of the focus of settlement at Brandiston. If the supposed location of Alvington DMV is correct the study site would have lain within the settlements outfield system. Accordingly, the archaeological potential for the site in these periods is considered to be low/nil. Any potential evidence is likely to relate to Medieval field systems and agriculture, and is therefore of local interest only.

4.7 Post Medieval and Modern

4.7.1 During the Post-Medieval and Modern periods, cartographic and documentary sources can provide further information on the land use of the site. However, the site remains as agricultural land or parkland throughout these periods until construction of RAF Swannington during World War II.

4.7.2 The area around Haveringland Hall has remained sparsely populated throughout the Post-Medieval and Modern periods. The earliest map presented in this assessment is the Cawston and Haveringland Parishes Map dated to 1599-1602, the approximate location of the site is shown within the area annotated as Haveringland Park (Figure 3).

4.7.3 The Haveringland Estate Map dated 1777 (Figure 4) identifies the study site located within land owned by William Fellowes, the owner of Haveringland Hall. The site is located to the north of the hall with formal planned gardens located between. St Peters Church is annotated to the south of the hall. The hall sits at the western end of an artificial canal which leads east to a large fishing lake (both water features are extant).

4.7.4 Faden’s Map dated 1797 (Figure 5) shows the site located north of the core of Haveringland Hall. The map confirms the hall’s location as indicated in the NHER (Figure 2, 7519) and on the Estate Map (Figure 4).

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4.7.5 The Ordnance Survey Drawing (Figure 6, dated 1810) shows little change. The study site lies outside the formalised gardens and ornamental park areas of the Haveringland Estate. 4.7.6 No changes are observed on Bryant’s Map, Figure 7 dated 1826.

4.7.7 The 1830 Heveringland Estate Map and the 1840 Cawston Tithe Map (Figures 8 and 9) show no change. On the Tithe Map the study site largely occupies one plot of land, with the access road leading west through another plot. The tithe apportionment lists the following detail of the plots: 390 20 acres arable 491 20 acres arable

4.7.8 The 1891 Ordnance Survey (Figure 10) shows a complete change with the old hall demolished and the new Haveringland Hall, built in the ‘Italianate’ style, constructed to the south-east of the site. The NHER (Figure 2, 7518 at TG 1532 2140) notes that this took place in 1840. The icehouse (13708 at TG 1551 2132) located within the park south-east of the hall was probably constructed at this time or shortly after. The approach to the estate is now from the west (the current access road) the landscaped gardens to the south have been demolished and a new layout is observed to the east. The area of the study site remains undeveloped and appears to have been retained as open parkland with woodland clumps. A footpath runs north-to south along the eastern edge of the study site along the break between ornamental estate grounds to the east and open parkland to the west. The site remains unchanged on the 1907 Ordnance Survey (Figure 11).

4.7.9 No change is depicted on the Haveringland Estate Sales Particulars dated to the 1920’s (Figure 12). The sale is a reflection of the social impact of World War I when several prominent members, including the elder heirs to the estate, were killed in action. The single heir left was aged 13 and the decision was taken to retreat to the country house in Cambridgeshire (Abbots Ripton Hall).

4.7.10 In 1942 Haveringland Hall was requisitioned by the military and construction of RAF Swannington commenced. The airfield was originally to be named Haveringland but due to the close family connections of the Fellows with the Spencers (William Churchill) and the frequent visits to the hall by the then British Prime Minister this was regarded as a security risk and the base was named RAF Swannington (Figure 2, NHER 7465).

4.7.11 RAF Hendon retains and maintains the air ministry archives and have provided drawings and maps of Swannington Airfield. A portion of the airfield drawing is presented in Figure 13 (Air Ministry, dated 1944) and shows the buildings that were

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located within the study site. The extant building (156, Ration Store and Plates 4, 6, 7 and 8) is coloured blue. The other, now demolished buildings, comprise a Picket Post (155), the Sergeants Shower (157), the WAAF Ablutions and Latrines (Women’s Auxiliary Air Force, 158) and the AS and BS are assumed to be air raid and bomb shelters. The Havering hall Estate entrance is reused as the main entrance into the administrative area of the base (Plates 1 and 2). The footpath to the east of the study site now forms the eastern perimeter road (Plate 4).

4.7.12 RAF Swannington was decommissioned in 1946, an aerial photograph, dated 1946 (Figure 14), shows the site largely overgrown following the bases closure. The Rations Store is highlighted in blue on the photograph. Haveringland Hall, which served as the officer’s mess and quarters was demolished the following year. The site remains undeveloped, although most of the RAF buildings in the administration area were demolished, and this continues to be the case in 1957 (Ordnance Survey, Figure 15).

4.7.13 The site remains undeveloped in 1974-75 (Figure 16, Ordnance Survey), 1999 (Figure 17, Google Earth) and 2007 (Figure 18, Google Earth). The ornamental gardens to the south-east of the site gradually disappear beneath unchecked woodland growth. The woodland clumps planted in the 19th century have lost their original planned form through unchecked tree growth and expansion.

4.7.14 The potential of the study site for discovery of elements of the Post Medieval park can be identified as low, the elements being the planned access routes and footpaths that were subsequently reused and developed as access routes for RAF Swannington. The potential for the discovery of archaeological assets belonging to the Modern period can therefore be identified as high and are specifically related to the former World War II airbase. The high potential is best realised by the extant Rations Store on the site.

4.8 Assessment of Significance

4.8.1 There are no Scheduled Monuments or other designated archaeological assets on the site.

4.8.2 One non-designated archaeological site is possibly located within or directly adjacent to the site. This is a reference to human remains of potential Bronze Age date but there are few details and the precise location remains unknown. If present within the site, similar remains are likely to be of local significance.

4.8.3 A single building, directly associated with RAF Swannington, is extant on site. The former Rations Store is not a statutory or locally listed building and is not mentioned

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in the Norfolk Historic Environment Record (NHER). The building is now without context as all other buildings that may it may have been associated with have been demolished. The airfield has all but completely disappeared from the landscape and therefore the buildings original setting has been lost.

4.8.4 Based on existing information, the site is considered to have low/nil potential for archaeological assets. Any archaeological remains that may occur on site are likely to be related to agriculture and of local significance only.

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5.0 SITE CONDITIONS AND THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT ON HERITAGE ASSETS

5.1 Site Conditions

5.1.1 The study site currently comprises rough ground, areas of hardstanding and a building (Plates 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8). The building is a remnant of the complex of administration buildings serving RAF Swannington, a World War II airfield.

5.1.2 A plan of RAF Swannington has identified the building as the Ration Store (Figure 13, Air Ministry, 1944). The building is in poor condition and is currently used as a ‘store’ for unwanted items and furniture belonging to tenants that have moved from the adjacent static homes.

5.1.3 The hardstanding surrounding the building (Plates 5 and 7) and the access roads (Plates 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8) are all remnants of the World War II airfield.

5.1.4 The other buildings that were constructed at the same time as the Ration Store have been demolished.

5.1.5 No other previous development has taken place on the site whilst past agricultural or horticultural activities will have had only a moderate but widespread below ground impact.

5.2 Proposed Development Impact

5.2.1 The proposed development will comprise the demolition of the building on site and the placement of ten static homes with associated access and services.

5.3 Impact on Heritage Assets

5.3.1 As identified above there are no known designated or non-designated archaeological assets on the site therefore the proposed development will not have a direct impact on any known archaeological assets.

5.3.2 The research and site visit has identified a remnant structure from the sites use as an airfield in the later stages of World War II. The extant building comprises the former Ration Store. The proposed development will result in the destruction of this building.

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5.3.3 Due to the overall low archaeological potential of the site and the nature of the proposed development, it is considered unlikely that there would be a significant impact on previously unknown archaeological features and deposits.

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6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

6.1 Land adjacent to Haveringland Hall, Nr Brandiston, Norfolk has been assessed for its heritage potential.

6.2 This assessment has identified that there are no Scheduled Monuments or designated archaeological assets on the site.

6.3 A single non-designated archaeological find is recorded as being possibly within or directly adjacent to the proposal site, however the precise location remains unknown.

6.4 Due to the overall low archaeological potential of the site and the nature of the proposed development, it is considered unlikely that there would be a significant impact on previously unknown archaeological features and deposits.

6.5 The research and site visit has identified a remnant structure from the sites use as an airfield in the later stages of World War II. The extant building comprises the former Ration Store. The proposed development will result in the destruction of this building.

6.6 On the basis of the research collated for this assessment, including a site visit, it is proposed that a number of trial trenches should be excavated within the proposed development site. No clear archaeological targets for trenching have been identified, although trenches should be located in areas of potential below-ground impact (as a result of proposed development) and should avoid remains associated with RAF Swannington that would otherwise not be physically affected by the proposed development.

6.7 A single building, directly associated with RAF Swannington, is extant on site. The former Rations Store is not a statutory or locally listed building and is not mentioned in the Norfolk Historic Environment Record (NHER). The building is now without context as all other buildings that it would have been associated with have been demolished. The airfield has all but completely disappeared from the landscape and therefore the buildings original setting has been lost.

6.8 The report further concludes that due to its blandness and lack of internal fixtures and fittings the former Ration Store merits no more than a Level 1 building survey. This survey should undertaken in line with the guidance published by Historic England (2016)

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SOURCES CONSULTED

General British Library, Euston National Archives, Kew Norfolk Historic Environment Record

Internet British Geological Survey - http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/viewer.html British History Online – http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ Domesday Online - http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/ Historic England: The National Heritage List for England – http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/ Portable Antiquities Scheme – www.finds.org.uk

Bibliographic

Brown, N. & J. Glazebrook, 2000. Research and Archaeology: a Framework for the Eastern Counties, 2. research Agenda and Strategy

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2014. Standard & Guidance for archaeological desk based assessment

Department of Communities and Local Government. 2014. Planning Practice Guidance

Department of Communities and Local Government. 2012. National Planning Policy Framework

Department of Communities and Local Government/Department of Culture Media and Sport/English Heritage PPS5 Planning for the Historic Environment: Historic Environment Planning Practice Guide 2010

English Heritage Comparison of PPS5 Policies with Historic Environment-Related Policies in the NPPF – Part 1 5 April 2012 unpublished document

English Heritage Comparison of PPS5 Policies with Historic Environment-Related Policies in the NPPF – Part 2 5 April 2012 unpublished document

Harley. 1975. Ordnance Survey Maps a descriptive manual

Historic England. 2016. Understanding Historic Buildings: A Guide to Good Recording Practice

North Norfolk District Council. 2009. North Norfolk Landscape Characterisation Assessment.

Margary, I. 1955. Roman Roads in Britain: I South of the Foss Way

Suckling, A. 1846. 'Kirkley', in The History and Antiquities of the County of Suffolk. Vol 1

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Cartographic 1797 Faden Map of Norfolk 1839 Mundesley Tithe Map 1886 Ordnance Survey 1906 Ordnance Survey 1927 Ordnance Survey 1957 Ordnance Survey 1972 Ordnance Survey 1999 Aerial Photograph (Google Earth) 2006 Aerial Photograph (Google Earth)

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Salle Southgate

Marsham Lincolnshire

Cawston

Booton

Eastgate

Brandiston The Heath

BROADLAND DISTRICT The Grove Norfolk

Haveringland Larter Farm Swannington

Alderford

Cambridgeshire A1067 Felthorpe Suffolk 322000 321500 321000

614000 614500 615000 615500 616000 Scale at A4: 1:12,000 0 300m

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© Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office. Licence No: AL 100014723 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [2016] N:\22000-22999\22287 - Haveringland Hall\Figures\Mapping\GIS\Projects\HER A3 Landscape.mxd LW / 20.06.16 322500

36422

42617 31992 PlanningHeritage● www.cgms.co.uk 7440 51738 Site Boundary 34863 FG Search Radius 1km

322000 Designated 7463 Heritage Assets:

$+ Listed Building

39748 Scheduled Monument FG 35056

7521 Non-Designated Heritage Assets:

55320 HER Record (Point) $+ Building 55444 FG Find Spot 7439 $+ !( Monument 321500 7518 HER Record (Polygon) $+ 7473 Building

55014 FG $+ Find Spot !( 13708 7482 Monument 7465 36424 7483 !( 33246

33811 FG

55015 !( 7464 7519 321000 1086 33925 30852 $+$+ 12020 FG 7508 SM 1018301 - Wayside cross 160m 59656 north west of Stump Cross Farm ± 36612 30449

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55442 Figure 2: 320500 FG !( HER Data Plot (data 51611 7522 from Norfolk HER)

614000 614500 615000 615500 616000 © Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office. Licence No: AL 100014723 © English Heritage 2016. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2016 The Dataset contained in this material was obtained on 14.06.16 N:\22000-22999\22287 - Haveringland Hall\Figures\Mapping\CAD\Figures 3-18.dwg KP / 21.06.16

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© Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL 100014723 Contains OS data © Crown copyright [and database right] 2015 Contains OS data © Crown copyright [and database right] 2015 N:\22000-22999\22287 - Haveringland Hall\Figures\Mapping\CAD\Figures 3-18.dwg © Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of controller HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL 100014723 c.1830 Heveringland Planning O C Illustrative Only www.cgms.co.uk Not to Scale: Site Boundary N Figure 8: Estate S

N I T L U N ● Heritage KP / 21.06.16 KP / G Contains OS data © Crown copyright [and database right] 2015 N:\22000-22999\22287 - Haveringland Hall\Figures\Mapping\CAD\Figures 3-18.dwg © Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of controller HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL 100014723 Map with Haveringland Tithe stitched to south 1840 Cawston Tithe Planning O C Illustrative Only www.cgms.co.uk Not to Scale: Site Boundary and west N Figure 9: S

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Figure 13: 1944 Swannington Airfield (Air Ministry)

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Figure 16: 1974-75 Ordnance Survey

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Figure 17: 1999 Aerial Photograph (Google Earth)

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Figure 18: 2007 Aerial Photograph (Google Earth)

Plate 1: Access Road viewed west toward North and South Lodges

Plate 2: Access Road viewed to the south-east toward caravan park © CgMs N:\22000-22999\22287 - Haveringland Hall\Figures\Mapping\Corel

Plate 3: View north-east along airfield road leading from access road to Administration Buildings

Plate 4: RAF Swannington Eastern Perimeter road viewed from the south © CgMs N:\22000-22999\22287 - Haveringland Hall\Figures\Mapping\Corel

Plate 5: RAF Swannington Ration Store viewed from the south-west

Plate 6: RAF Swannington Ration Store viewed from the north-west © CgMs N:\22000-22999\22287 - Haveringland Hall\Figures\Mapping\Corel

Plate 7: RAF Swannington Ration Store viewed from the south-east

Plate 8: View west along access road leading from Eastern Perimeter to Ration Store