Reprinted from Woman's Home Companion for July, 1921 JULY 1921 PAGE 9

The man of whom John Burroughs said, "Ile is a sane and accurate naturalist;" the man of whom The Truth About Theodore Roosevelt said, "He has the highest re]YUtation in all forms of work for the care ofanimal life;" Vivisection the man who is known the country over as a lover of animals, has investigated the whole 13y ERNEST HAROLD BAYNES question of vivisection for the COMPANION. The result of WAS led to make a study of vivisec­ vivisection of his his investigation is here· tion because I discovered that the day, when anes­ hearts of many kindly, humane people thetics were un­ published. were being wrung by stories of brutali­ known, it would ty and torture practiced upon animals no t necessarily in the interest of so-called science. mean that he would I made a careful and thorough study have been opposed of the literature prepared and circu­ to modern vivisec­ lated by the opponents of vivisection, tion, which is a and I was struck with horror at the statements made of wanton, even demoniac cruelty on the part of the physicians, apparently of everyday occur­ rence in the experimental laboratories of the world. All my life I have been a lover of animals, and my work has been chieflyalong the line of caring for our dumb brothers and safeguarding their interests. Naturally, it was of the greatest moment to me to examine into these reports, and to use such influence as I possess in protecting the ani­ mals I loved from any such needless and terrible torture as was described in these circulars. If these statements could be proved true, vivisection should be abolished at · totally different thing. It would be like quoting Chris­ against vivisection by a recognized medical society or once and I, as a lover of animals, would be among the first topher Columbus in an attempt to prove that modern any other scientific body. to throw off my coat and work for its abolition. ocean travel is slow, uncomfortable, and dangerous.· But, What could the pamphlet mean by stating that only -:::, Iam going to take my readers along with me in my in­ as a matter of fact, Sir Charles Bell's fame is based on twenty-five per cent of the medical fraternity were in vestigation and let them decide for themselves the merits vivisection. He is chiefly known for his discovery of the favor of vivisection? of the case. distinct functions of the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal The opponents of vivisection base their whole cam- 0 ,1e of the circulars I examined was a pamphlet of sixty­ nerves, and for his study of the functions of certain other paign on two propositions: three pages, recently issued by the New York Anti­ nerves: His final proofs were secured through experiments 1. That animals are ruthlessly tortured in the Vivisection Society. It is entitled "Medical Opinions on animals, and it is difficult to understand why his name laboratories to gratify the curiosity of heartless doctors A'?,'ainst Vivisection," and claims to voice the sentiment was used as an opponent of vivisection. who gloat over the agony of their helpless victims. of over 250 medical men "of the highest intelligence and (This is not an exaggerated statement of their case.) honor." Of course, it is not possible in the space of a 2. That no benefit to mankind or to animals has ever magazine article to s)Jeak of every one of these men; but What Doctor Treves Really Said been derived from vivisection. let us take, say, nine fairly representative ones. I will give IR FREDERICK TREVES is another of the famous Again, if these propositions are true-if they are even them all the titles with which the pamphlet credits them. S men quotei in the circular. This surgeon felt that approximately true-you and I, and all the decent Elliotson, John, M. D., Author "Elliotson's Human certain experiments he had performed on the intestines people we know, should join hands in driving vivisection Physiology," "Practice of Medicine," Edinburgh, of dogs had done little but unfit him to deal with the from every state in the Union. Scotland. intestines of men. Here at last was something definite. Let us see if they are true. Let me take them up one Clay, Charles, M. D., Manchester, England. I decided to look further into his statements, and I found at a time. 1 Berdoe, Edward, F. R. C. S., L. S. A., L. R. C. P., in the London "Times" of April 18th, 1902, the follow­ Before 1846, practically all surgery, whether on human etc., London, England. ing statement by Sir Frelerick Treves: beings or animals, was painful, because no effective Townsend, Stephen, M. D., F. R. C. S., London, anesthetic was known. Vivisection was done in those England. .;) Those who are familiar with the controversial methods of days, and of course the animals suffered. But even then Tait, R. Lawson, LL. D., L. R. C. P., L. R. C. S., the anti-vivisection party, will not be surprised that certain the surgeons were not trying to torture animals, they· of my remarks have been cunningly isolated from the context, F. R. D. C., Former Vivisector, Birmingham, England. and have been used in advertisements, pamphlets, and were seeking newer and safer ways of performing opera­ Bell, Sir Charles, F. R. C. S., F. R. S., Prof. Surgery, speeches, to condemn all vivisection experiments as useless. tions-more light on the functions of the various organs University of Edinburgh, Scotland. The fallacy of vivisection can hardly be said to be established of the body, with a view to advancing medical science for Treves, Sir Frederick, Bart., M. D., G. G. V., 0. C. B., by the failure of a solitary series of operations dealing with one the benefit of man. And that they did so advance their LL. D., F. R. C. S., Sergeant-Surgeon to King George V., small branch of practical surgery. No one is more keenly science is a matter of history. To mention only one etc., etc., London, England. aware than I am of the great benefits conferred on suffering advance they made, Harvey, according to .his own testi­ Editor, "Medical Times and Gazette." humanity by certain researches carried out by means of vivisection. mony, discovered the . circulation of the blood through Editor, "Edinburgh Report," Scotland. vivisection. Now we come to the editors of ''The Medical Times and Gazette," and "The Edinburgh Report,'' respec­ Who Are These Eminent Doctors? tively. An Occasional Heartless Doctor HE array of medical opinion, of which the above is a fair The first of these journals was published in "the dark OW there have been a very few surgeons, before and Tsample, certainly looks very formidable. The average ages " of medicine, and was dead and buried long before N since the discovery of anesthetics, who have not had reader would naturally exclaim, "Why, there must be the birth of modern methods. The second I can find no proper consideration for the animals they used in their something wrong about vivisection, or all those eminent trace of. No such journal is listed in the Index Catalogue experiments. Just as we occasionally find a reckless doctors would not be so violently opposed to it." Just of the Library of the Surgeon General's office in Washing­ chauffeur who drives his car at high speed through a as in any court of law the reliability of witnesses must be ton. This is the most complete list in the world, and in­ crowded thoroughfare, so occasionally we find a heartless established before their testimony can be accepted, so I cludes every medical journal of the least value. doctor who seems indifferent to the pain he inflicts on thought I would look into the records of.these physicians, I went through the entire list in the same way and animals. One such man was Mantegazza, an Italian and also read exactly what they themselves had to say on found to my amazement that most of the testimony was surgeon whose book "The Physiology of Pain " was the subject of vivisection. of the same unconvincing character. Space does not per­ published forty years ago. Another was Dr. B. A. I found that Dr. John Elliotson was not an eminent mit my going into the list in greater detail in this article. Watson, of Jersey City, who performed some very cruel physician; he was a mesmerist, and founded a mesmeric But let us go just a little further before we leave experiments in studying the effect of "shock." Both hospital. He was born one hundred and thirty years ago, "Medical Opinions against Vivisection." On page 2 we these men have long been dead. No one attempts to and knew nothing whatever of modern methods. are informed that only twenty-five per cent of the medical defend the cruelties they were guilty of; they have been 0 Dr. Charles Clay was born one hundred and twenty fraternity favor vivisection. If that could be proved true severely censured by the medical fraternity. ..-, years ago, and knew nothing of modern methods. His it would be a significant fact. I determined to look into The other vivisectors whom the anti-vivisectionists specialties were geology and archeology. this statement. . . often refer to are Magendie, Brachet, and Claude Dr. Edward Berdoe was born eighty-four years ago. The only way we have of determining the attitude of Bernard. Magendie died in 1856; Brachet in 1858, and He is the author of "Browning and the Christian.Faith," medical men as a body is through their recorded actions Claude Bernard in 1878; but I found that the literature "A Browning Primer," "The Browning Encyclopedia," at their great meetings, where sometimes several thou­ usually mentioned them as if they were still living, and as "The Biographical and Historical Notes of Browning's sands of individuals are represented. I found that the if such painful operations as they sometimes performed Complete Works," etc., etc. However eminent Doctor British Medical Association and the American Medical from fifty to a hundred years ago in France were of daily Berdoe may be as a student of Browning, his fame is Association, as well as the Amerkan Association for the occurrence in American laboratories of the present day. apparently not based on his achievements in medicine or Advancement of Science, had passed, unanimously, This is not only untrue but it struck me as very unfair; surgery. strong resolutions in favor of vivisection. I happen to and an insult to the humane people to whom the appeal Dr. Stephen Townsend reports himself as a novelist, have before me a copy of a resolution unanimously is being made. surgeon, and actor, on the stage for years, playing approved by the International Medical Congress which Now I began to look into the character of the doctors prominent roles in "Sowing the Wind," "Slaves of the met in London in 1913. This congress was composed of who are engaged in animal experimentation. With a Ring," "Black Tulip," etc. distinguished physicians and surgeons from all over the sincere wish to learn the absolute truth, I visited many Now we come to a really eminent surgeon-Dr. Lawson world. The first sentence runs as follows: laboratories both in this country and abroad, some of Tait. Doctor Tait was opposed to vivisection, but later Resolved: That this congress records its conviction that them, like the Rockefeller Institute, several times. I changed his opinion. This recantation the circular did not experiments on living animals have proved of the utmost serv­ have seen many operations on animals-five within the allude to. ice to medicine in the past, and are indispensable to its past month-and although I usually visit these places Sir Charles Bell was a very eminent Scotch surgeon, f,,ture progress. unheralded, I have never seen anything in the nature of born one hundred and forty-seven years ago. He died cruelty to animals. I do not say that there is no suffering nearly eighty years ago. Had he been opposed to the I have never seen nor heard of a resolution passed in research laboratories, because there is_ Perhaps two or PAGE 10 WOMAN'S HOME COMPANION three per cent of the animals used suffer more or less for little lives, while the surgeon stood by with jaw set vaded this country, especially the Souihe:·n states, where actual pain; many more suffer some discomfort, but it is and scalpel in hand, ready to take the last dread measure in one epidemic it destroyed 16,000 persons. lt consti­ so little compared with the pain and discomfort from and open the trachea (windpipe) to prevent actual stran­ tuted one of the principal reasons for the French abandon­ which human beings and animals are saved by these gulation. ing the Panama Canal project. It had taken a toll of experiments that it becomes insignificant. To-day, such scenes, in diphtheria cases at least, are 22,189 workmen, and no life in that pestilential zone Instead of the "brutality and heartlessness" I have practically unheard of. As soon as it is known that a was safe from it. read about, I found nothing but kindness and considera­ child has diphtheria it is given an injection of diphtheria tion. A few days ago I was in a laboratory of a great antitoxin, and if this is given on the first day the child cancer hospital in Buffalo, New York. On the door of recovers as a matter of course. In cases where the in­ How Yellow Fever Was Wiped Out the· operating-room was posted a set of rules which I jection is not given until the second day, the death rate is HEN the American Commission, headed by Major would like to give in full. As space will not permit this I between four and five per cent; if delayed until the third Walter Reed and Dr.James Carroll, was appointed by will quote from two or three. day, the death rate is about twelve and a half per cent; if SurgeoW n-General Sternberg, no one had any clear proof postponed until the fourth day sixteen and a half per cent. either as to the cause of the disease or the means by which I. Vagrant dogs and cats brought to this Laboratory and These figures are given by the Hospital for Contagious purchased here shall be held at least as long as at the city it was spread. As animals are not subject to yellow fever, pound, and shall be returned to their owners if claimed and Diseases, New York City, and represent observations on it was necessary for men to volunteer. Dr. R. P. Cook identified. 2,849 diphtheria patients. and several private soldiers of the American army slept II. Animals in the laboratory shall receive every consid­ Every up-to-date hospital for the treatment of diph­ for twenty consecutive nights on the mattresses on which eration for their bodily comfort; they shall be kindly treated, theria, all over the world, and practically every physician yellow fever patients had died, clad in the pajamas and properly fed, and their surroundings kept in the best possible • of standing, uses diphtheria antitoxin. The decline in the covered with the terribly soiled bed clothing in which sanitary condition. death rate of diphtheria patients dates from 1895-the those patients had spent their last days. This and other IV. In any operation likely to cause greater discomfort year in which this antitoxin was introduced. Tracheo­ than that attending anesthetization, the animal shall first be experiments too awful to describe they subjected them­ rendered incapable of perceivmg pain and shall be maintained tomy (cutting of the windpipe) became a rarer and rarer selves to; but, as they remained perfectly well, they in that condition until the operation is ended. Exceptions to operation, and to-day, as far as diphtheria is concerned, proved that yellow fever is not contagious. Then Doctor this rule will be made by the director alone, and then only is unnecessary. Reed believed that the disease was spread by mosquitoes; when anesthesia would defeat the object of the experiment. By a series of most careful and painstaking experi­ so he and Doctor Carroll and several others allowed them­ ments on mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and a few monkeys, selves to be bitten by mosquitoes which had previously These rules, imposed by the doctors themselves, are Loeffler discovered this blessed antitoxin which, it has bitten yellow-fever patients. Very soon most of the posted in practically every laboratory in the country, and been estimated, saves the lives of a hundred thousand volunteers were down with yellow fever, and some of them are conscientiously lived up to. human beings every year. And it will go on saving them never got up again. One of these was Doctor J. W. Lazear, At Johns Hopkins University, where I went last week, in the years to come, at least until some better cure is a member of the commission who, after several days of and where many dogs are kept for experimental purposes, discovered. I do not know of any finer use to which a delirium, died in convulsions. But they proved Reed's there is a sign in the Hunterian Laboratory, which reads, couple of hundred guinea pigs and rabbits could be put. theory to be correct, _and then the army, by wiping out "Any attendant who strikes a dog is to be discharged at Even if it were life for life, would you not vote to sacrifice the mosquitoes, rid Havana of yellow fever forever. once." a guinea pig or a rabbit to save the life of a child? Later, General Gorgas in the same way cleaned up the Even were the surgeons as heartless as we ·have been Panama Canal zone. led to believe-a preposterous thought-they would still The above are only a few of the many advances in give the animals every care, for the selfish reason that The Fatal Childbed Fever medicine made through animal experimentation. their own success depends on it. If you have ever tried ANOTHER terrible scourge, which the more elderly of The achievements in surgery have been even more to hold even a small dog or cat which has made up its rt my readers will have heard of, was puerperal or striking. Before the days of Lister, abdominal opera­ mind to get away from you, you will realize how absurd "childbed" fever. It used to cause the death of from tions were rarely done, and when done were usually fatal. it would be to try to perform a delicate surgical operation three to fiveout of every hundred mothers. During epi­ Now they are performed daily in thousands of hospitals, on that animal, no matter how securely he might be tied, demics it killed twenty, forty and sometimes even as high and thousands of people are saved who in the old days unless he were first rendered insensible by anesthesia. as fifty-five out of every hundred. In some cases the would have died of "inflammationof the bowels" (appen­ For the same reason, even a heartless doctor would see to mortality was so frightful that a maternity hospital dicitis), and other diseases for which surgeons dared not it that an animal was well taken care of both before and would be closed, because half the women entering it were operate. In the Civil War if a man was shot through the after the operation, because neglect would militate practically doomed to die of childbed fever. bowels, _he died. In the World War thousands of cases of agajnst the success of the experiment. Then, Pasteur, the great bacteriologist-the great vivi­ this kind made complete recovery. Why? Because the sector, if yo1,1 will-came along and by animal experi­ surgeons knew just what to do-how to sew up the holes The "Pavlov" Dog mentation discovered the microbe which caused the fever. -how to join the ends of the severed tubes so that they · H's work was followed up by the great surgeon and would not leak, and so that they would heal perfectly. N ANOTHER recent pamphlet put out by the r,nti-vivi­ v;v·sector, Lord Lister, and the experiments of these two The skill required to do this was gained through vivisec­ I sectionists mu(!h is said about the Pavlov experiments, laid the foundation of modern surgery. Their experiments tion. It is safe to say that for every animal used in those so called because a famous Russian physiologist of that proved that infection of wounds was caused by germs. experiments, a hundred human lives were saved in the name first performed them, with a view to obtaining pure Aseptic methods began to be used-that is, every effort World War alone. gastric juice; that is, gastric juice unmixed with the food was made to keep wounds free from harmful rerms. Compound fractures used to kill two out of every three taken into the stomach. In the pamphlet the feelings of · Antiseptic hand-scrubbing, sterilized instruments and patients-over sixty-six per cent; to-day the mortality the reader are harrowed by a revolting description of the uniforms, and scores of other precautions were taken by from this cause is well below one per cent. This saving of sad plight of do�s doomed to supply this gastric juice. doctors and nurses and, behold, the deadly puerperal life was brought about by animal experimentation. Now, speaking very briefly, the chief operation in­ fever is practically wiped off the list in the maternity The same may be said of surgery of the chest, surgery volved consists of dividing the stomach into two parts, a hospitals. I have recently noted one series of over eight of the head, indeed, surgery of every kind. large part and a s'!lall part, separated from each other by thousand births without the loss of a single mother from The whole question is one of proportion. All history a double layer of mucous membrane. In the large p0.rt this cause. In the days before Pasteur and Lister there · will bear me out when I say that no bodily sacrifice, q.igestion goes on just as it did before the operation. The would certainly have been two hundred and fifty deaths whether of animals or of men, is too great to be made, small part, known as a Pavlov pouch, has a little hole in in that series. provided the cause for that sacrifice is proportionately one end, and the edge of this is attached to the edge of a If you could see those two hundred and fifty mothers great. small opening of the same size in the abdomen. The lined up with their babies in their arms, would you con­ wound quickly heals, and there is no more discomfort than demn them to painful death, and all their relatives to Was Doctor Grenfell Justified? one has from a natural opening-the mouth or nostrils, grief, in order to save from less painful death an equal T HAS always been an axiom that a man's life is of for example. The Pavlov prmch being separated from number of guinea pigs, rabbits, and billy-goats-or even I jl'reater consequence than an animal's life. the rest of the stomach, no food can enter it. But, in­ dogs, much as we love them? Of course you wouldn't- When Doctor Grenfell - was afloat on an ice pan, and terestingly enough, when the dog eats his food-just as . nor would anyone who has imagination enough to enable killed three of his faithful dogs that he might get their other dogs do by the way-gastric juice is secreted, not her to think straight, and to see things in their proper pro­ skins to keep himself from freezing, the world applauded only in the stomach itself, but in the little pouch which portions. But that saving of life was in a series of 8,000 him for the brave, resourceful man he is. It was consid­ was once a part of the stomach. From this it is allowed to mothers. This isn't a question of eight thousand or eight ered better that they should suffer and die than that he trickle into a cup or jar, and pure gastric juice is obtained. million mothers. The discoveries of Pasteur and Lister, should sufferand die. A few weeks ago I was in the Physiological Laboratory and those of their brave and distinguished followers, He was not hardened by causing that suffering; he was of Chicago University, and I was looking for the room of affect the mothers of every civilized country in the world, touched with gratitude. He had a tablet erected to the a professor with whom I had an appointment. Presently and not this year and next year, but every year as long as memory of those splendid dogs, and the names of Moody, my attention was attracted to a door by the sounds of the human race exists. Watch, and Spy will go down in history with that of scuffling feet, the lau1;hter of several men and above all Grenfell himself and the other heroes of the Labrador. the joyous barking of a dog. I opened the door and there Yet I know that Doctor Grenfell will not misunderstand were several doctors, playing with a little yellow dog Deaths from Typhoid me when I say that the killing of those dogs was selfish­ with a broad white bandage around her middle ·n the form N THE Spanish-American War, of which I am a veteran, ness personified when compared with the work of the of a belt. They were romping with her and she was I nearly seventeen per cent of the soldiers-that is, one in vivisectors. He killed three dogs, his personal friends, to thoroughly enjoying herself. The doctors later intro­ every six-had typhoid fever. It was the cause of six times save one life-his own. The vivisectors take no such toll duced her to me as "Buster-a member of the staff." as many deaths as all other. causes put together. I speak as that. For every animal they cause to suffer and die, This is a "Pavlov " dog, and, as I wrote to Mrs. Baynes, with feeling, for I was one of those who had it. In the they save unnumbered human beings from suffering and. "it is one of the happiest, best-cared-for little dogs I World War there was practically no typhoid fever, for death. As I have said, the question is one of proportion. have ever seen." The original operation was performed the very simple reason that a vivisector named Wright The greater the . cause, the greater the sacrifice which it under ether eight years ago'. had discovered a vaccine which prevented the soldiers justifies. from contracting it. It was used by the armies of all the Is Anything Accomplished by Vivisection? civilized countries engaged, and practically every soldier In this article I have sought to give facts, and allow was treated with it. It is estimated by Colonel William my readers to make their own deductions. I honestly OW for the second contention made by the opponents H. Arthur, late commandant of the Army Medical School, believe that some of the people who are preparing litera­ N of vivisection-namely, that no benefit to mankind and now medical director of the Georgetown University ture against vivisection are either making statements or to animals has ever been derived from vivisection. Hospital, that this vaccine saved the lives of at least thirty which they know to be untrue or misleading, or are de­ Here again, if this contention were based on the facts; thousand boys in the American army alone, and that it . liberately closing their mirids to the truth in its larger you and I would jump straight to our feet and vote saved at least two hundred and sixty thousand more aspect. against vivisection. Let us look the facts fairly in the from three or four months of illness and incapacity. And The Editor of this magazine, believing as I do that all face. this is in the American army alone. of you are entitled to the truth and that you will welcome Many years ago I had a little brother, not quite three Of such vast importance to the world are the results it, has given me the· opportunity to put it before you, years old, who came down with diphtheria. A doctor of such experiments as are being carried on by vivisectors stipulating that I shall make no statement without ample was called, and he did all that a doctor of those days that in cases in which, for some reason, animals do not evidence to support it. I should not present this case, could do. But he was almost.as helpless as my mother, afford a suitable medium for their work, they sometimes nor would the WOMAN'S HOME COMPANION publish it, if who watched the child die in all the agony of strangula­ offer themselves as subjects. An instance is that of the we did not both believe that it is of the utmost importance tion. And this was a very common experience in those American Commission appointed in 1900 to make an to the human race. and to animals as well, that medici_ne days. In literally thousands of cases, weeping and often ·, investigation of the deadly yellow fever in Cuba. It had n and surgery be allowed to advance1 unhampered by 1g­ frantic mothers stood by the bedsides, begging, pleading, existed perpetually in Havana, and occasionally it in- norance, prejudice, and sentimentahty.