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Exploring Public and Private Versions of Ww2 Memory EXPLORING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE VERSIONS OF WW2 MEMORY: Memory, identity, ideology and propaganda in relation to the representations of the Czech RAF airmen TEREZA WOOLGAR A thesis submitted to The University of Gloucestershire in accordance with the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Media, Art and Technology March 2012 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my grandmother who always supported me and believed in my ability and who could not witness the end of my journey. 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The greatest thanks belong to my seven interview participants who kindly shared their memories with me and who contributed enormously to the outcome of this research. Without their openness and willingness to participate and reveal what they experienced during WW2 there would be no thesis. I also gratefully acknowledge all the advice of my supervisors: Dr Ros Jennings and Dr Philip Rayner who provided me with incredible support at the beginning of this research; and Dr Joanne Garde-Hansen and Dr Paul Shaw who helped me to carry out this project. Finally, I would like to thank to my husband John, my daughter Tatiana and my parents for their understanding and tireless support during the last four years which allowed me to complete this thesis. 2 I declare that the work in this thesis was carried out in accordance with the regulations of the University of Gloucestershire and is original except where indicated by specific reference in the text. No part of the thesis has been submitted as part of any other academic award. The thesis has not been presented to any other education institution in the United Kingdom or overseas. Any views expressed in the thesis are those of the author and in no way represent those of the University. The views expressed by individuals in the interviews in the attached CD ROM to the thesis are those of the individuals concerned, and not those of the author other than indicated. Signed: ............................................. Date: ................................................. 3 ABSTRACT From a broader perspective this cross-disciplinary and cross cultural thesis examines the relationships between identity, ideology and propaganda and their influence over the production of private and public memories. This examination is carried out through a case study investigating various representations of the Czech RAF airmen from selected British and Czech WW2 newspapers approached as an archive of memory, and from individual recollections of the Czech veterans – the living archive of memory. These representations in the context of this research become interacting versions of public and private memory which in a unique way and yet equally contribute towards the historical construction of the Second World War. This thesis proposes that the various versions of memory, in Rothberg’s (2009) words ‘multidirectional memory’, are a consequence of versioning, a constant creation and re-creation of different versions of memory due to numerous influences on the producers of such memory. However, this research also considers a presence of Second World War discourse, which underpinned public and private memory and transcended collective memories of the Britishness and Czechness forming a transnational or cross cultural (Radstone, 2010) WW2 memory. In other words, this project draws upon current theories about non competitive multiple, transnational and mediated memory (Dijck, 2007) and extends upon these by considering their existence within a potentially unifying WW2 discourse within which they connect and disconnect. By doing so, this thesis challenges master narratives of history. These memories are also seen as a base for multi-layered identity of the ones who remembered and had the right to remember. Furthermore this study explores the potential reasons behind the creation of the discovered qualitative treasure of this project The Czechoslovak, a small community newspaper produced by the Czech minority living in Britain during the WW2. 4 The theoretical underpinning as well as the methodology of the project attempt to interrogate media studies, oral history and memory studies in order to create a most pertinent space in which the written and oral memory is explored effectively. This merger of theories and methodologies allowed me to investigate the various memories within the context of the WW2 and thus construct them from the past perspective when they were being created. A discourse analysis of selected British and Czech WW2 newspapers (The Times, Daily Mirror, News of the World and The Czechoslovak) has been employed distinguishing between traditional and tabloidised newspaper representations and investigating to what extend the Czechs were portrayed as the ‘other’ or the heroes in the British society. The outcome of this analysis was a discovery that the Czech RAF airmen had not been given much prominence in the British newspapers and that their representations varied according to the different type of newspaper and the different period of the war in which they were produced. Moreover, ideology, propaganda and the notion of Czech and British identity present in the newspapers played an important role in the creation of public memory versions of the Czech RAF airmen’s images. Besides newspapers, this study took the opportunity to reveal very fragile and valuable private recollections of the Czech WW2 RAF veterans (six former members of the Czech RAF settled in Britain after the WW2 and 1 widow were interviewed in the summer 2008); the men who played an important role in the success of the Allies in WW2. By doing this, the former Czech airmen were given a voice and the chance to contribute towards existing knowledge about the Czechs in the RAF and the Second World War. The various versions of the past produced by their private memory have been investigated in the view of various factors influencing these versions: notably their identity, war ideology, propaganda, and forgetting and in relation to WW2 media. Considering the occurrence of versioning, when critically reflecting upon all different memories, I position myself as a researcher into the shoes of yet another producer of another version of the past. Thus, this 5 study creates a space where various, sometimes contrasting memories do not fight for recognition, but where official collective memory and individual memory influence each other and also enrich each other whilst they co-construct a historical representation of the past. 6 CONTENTS Introduction........................................................................................................................11 Chapter one: Press as an archive – the official public memory Introduction.....................................................................................................................23 Newspaper production, war journalism and propaganda during WW2..........................27 Creation of the archival meanings – news discourse.......................................................39 Media representation and ideology..................................................................................46 The alternative voice in the public sphere versus the official voice – traditional and tabloidised newspapers....................................................................................................51 Target audience of the Second World War newspapers..................................................59 Archival representation....................................................................................................65 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................70 Chapter two: Living memory – the private versions of reality Introduction.....................................................................................................................74 Mediated memory...........................................................................................................79 Memory and remembering..............................................................................................84 Narrated memory - claims about the past........................................................................94 Memory and identity.....................................................................................................100 Forgetting – losing identity?..........................................................................................105 Versioning – concluding remarks..................................................................................110 Chapter three: Methodology Initial field mapping......................................................................................................114 Methods: Method 1 - Archival research and textual analysis........................................................124 Identifying the sources and sampling......................................................................124 Discourse analysis...................................................................................................130 Method 2 - Qualitative interviews.................................................................................133 Finding participants................................................................................................135 Interview questions..................................................................................................137 The process of interviewing.....................................................................................139
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