DOCSLIB.ORG

287. (4) the Mullan Road in Idaho

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
287. (4) the Mullan Road in Idaho IDAHO STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY REFERENCE SERIES T HE MULLAN ROAD IN IDAHO Number 287 December 1964 Surveyed and built between 1859 and 1862, the Mullan Road connected Fort Benton, the head of navigation on the Missouri, with Walla Walla near navigable waters of the Columbia. Thus after half a century, a major purpose of Lewis and Clark at last was realized. Although John Mullan’s wagon road did not use their rather difficult route over the Lolo Trail, it opened the way for long sought improved communication between those two major northern United States river systems. Farther south, the Oregon Trail had given wagons access to the lower Columbia for almost two decades: now the Mullan Road was intended to provide an alternate route for emigration to the Pacific Northwest through less arid country. In addition, this new northern artery was meant to be the forerunner of the Northern Pacific Railway, in anticipation of which John Mullan had been surveying the interior Northwest while he was working out the advance plans for the wagon road. Along with other leaders engaged in the Pacific railroad surveys in that part of the country, John Mullan had regarded such a road as a necessary preliminary for a railway which would perfect the transportation pattern into the Pacific Northwest. Constructed by the War Department as a military road, John Mullan’s highway cost $230,000. Actually, Mullan built his road in stages, and at each stage he seriously underestimated the cost and difficulty that confronted him. Otherwise, he might have had a lot more trouble getting the money he needed, if anyone had foreseen just how big a project he was undertaking. Starting northwest from Walla Walla in the summer of 1859, Mullan had little or no trouble until he approached the southern end of Coeur d’Alene Lake. Unable to bridge the St. Joe, he built a flatboat for use there, and then had to fell logs to put in 400 feet of corduroy in order to cross the swampy bottom next to the river. Getting up the grade to the summit between the St. Joe and the Coeur d’Alene also posed a problem. “A heavy excavation up a suitable spur” was necessary there, and three miles of timber had to be cut out in order to reach the next river. There another flatboat had to be provided as a substitute for a bridge over the Coeur d’Alene. Yet in spite of these troubles, his seventy men worked fast, devoting only a week to the difficult section between the St. Joe and the Coeur d’Alene. Reaching Coeur d’Alene Mission of the Sacred Heart--the only settlement on the Idaho part of the road--August 16, Mullan found his problems were increasing. Large stretches of timber--some down and some standing--had to be cut out as he advanced up the south fork of the Coeur d’Alene toward Sohon’s Pass [modern St. Regis Pass] through the Bitterroots. His twenty soldiers, who had worked steadily getting from the St. Joe to the Coeur d’Alene, now declined to clear any more trees, so his effective crew was reduced to fifty hired workers. Since he could not get up on top of a ridge, nor wind around countless miles of side hill, Mullan had to stay in the narrow valley bottom where numerous 1 287 river crossings were unavoidable. Not until well into winter did he finish the Idaho portion. Finally on December 4, 1859, he had completed the grade over the summit down to the valley of the St. Regis on the Montana side. There he had to camp for the winter. Then in 1860 he managed to survey a preliminary route through to Fort Benton. Hazards of flooding along the St. Joe threatened potential use of the new military road, and in 1860 Mullan concluded that he had selected the wrong route around Coeur d’Alene Lake. Deciding that a new section along the north side of the lake would bypass the St. Joe flood problem, he started in the summer of 1861 to build a long new stretch. At this point, his revised route around the north end of the lake pioneered the course of modern Interstate 90 all the way across North Idaho. Heavy timber on the new section, though, proved worse than that which he had faced before. As a result, his men celebrated July 4 blazing the celebrated Mullan Tree back near the bottom of what now is known as Fourth of July Canyon at a time when they were scheduled to be all the way up to Coeur d’Alene Mission, where they would intersect the previously built road. Reaching the mission August 4, they still had to build bridges for twenty-eight crossings of the Coeur d’Alene, followed by forty-six crossings over the smaller St. Regis in later Montana. That left him still building and improving a large section of road (including the part through Mullan Pass over the Continental Divide) in the following winter. Worse still, the winter proved to be the terror of a century in the Northwest. His men were lucky to survive at all. Many of them decided to quit when spring finally came, and Mullan could not manage to improve the 624-mile road to the standard he had planned for much of the eastern part. Even before the Mullan Road was complete in 1862, it already had fallen into serious disrepair. Two of the Coeur d’Alene bridges went out during the disastrous spring floods of 1862. Other parts of the road in what then was Missoula County, Washington, but what in 1864 was to become western Montana, were destroyed. With no provision for maintenance by the army, all Mullan could do was to try to make his great military highway into a county road and turn these serious repair problems over to local authorities. Since the counties had only the smallest sprinkling of population at that time, the task far exceeded their means. The gold rushes were bringing thousands of miners to the Northwest in what soon was to become Idaho and Montana, but the mines were south of the road. The mines created potential traffic for the road, but before Mullan’s military wagon road could really come into use as a commercial route, it had declined to a pack trail in Idaho and in the Bitterroot section. Except for a force which had been brought out in 1861 (when the road was only half finished) by Major George Blake, no military traffic crossed the Mullan route from Fort Benton to Fort Walla Walla. And aside from a few emigrants accompanying Major Blake, and another emigrant group escorted to Walla Walla by Captain James Fiske in 1862, it really did not function as an emigrant route either. (Fiske brought out a total of four successive annual emigrant expeditions headed for the Mullan Road, but the later ones did not get as far west as Idaho; even if the Mullan Road had been passable, emigrant traffic would not pass the Montana mines to continue westward over the Mullan Road after 1862.) Farther east, the segment from Fort Benton toward Helena and the Blackfoot mines of Montana carried heavy traffic during the mining boom. But across the Bitterroots and through northern Idaho, the Mullan Road had a hopeless defect. With forty-six crossings of the St. Regis, and twenty-eight crossings of the Coeur d’Alene, and with 125 miles of heavy forest that was beginning to block the road with fallen timber as soon as it was complete in 1862, the road was in constant need of repair. Funds were not available for this purpose, and almost no one lived along the section of the road which was hard to maintain. Mullan 2 287 reported that in addition to the long forest stretch, thirty measured miles of the road was excavated fifteen to twenty feet wide. All 155 of these timbered and excavated miles--a large share of them in North Idaho--were vulnerable to hard winters, storms, and floods. Unfortunately he had gone to considerable expense and several years of hard work to build a military road that could not be kept open long enough to be completed, let alone be used. Improvements of an alternate route across North Idaho, yet farther south, seemed to be the answer to the maintenance problem on the Mullan Road. With gold discoveries in the east Bannock area of later Montana in the summer of 1862, considerable traffic had begun to use the Nez Perce Trail from Elk City to the upper Bitterroot Valley, and the Lolo Trail from Lewiston to the lower Bitterroot Valley. By 1864, Lewiston was engaged in a major drive to get the Lewis and Clark route, the Lolo Trail, improved into a usable wagon road. Lewiston promoters hoped that for less than half the cost of the Mullan Road, that they could manage to get their substitute highway through to a connection with the Mullan Road at Missoula. Memorials of the Idaho legislature, January 8, 1864, and January 9, 1866, recited the advantages of the Lolo Trail. Pointing out in 1866 that the Mullan Road had been impossible for wagons for some time and that it suffered from spring flooding even as a pack trail, the Idaho legislature indicated that the Lolo Trail--a ridge route that avoided the kind of construction and repair problem that had ruined the Mullan Road across Idaho--could be improved and maintained much more easily.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Register of Historic Places Registration Form
    NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Rev. Oct. 1990) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM 1. Name of Property historic name: Dearborn River High Bridge other name/site number: 24LC130 2. Location street & number: Fifteen Miles Southwest of Augusta on Bean Lake Road not for publication: n/a vicinity: X city/town: Augusta state: Montana code: MT county: Lewis & Clark code: 049 zip code: 59410 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1986, as amended, I hereby certify that this _X_ nomination _ request for detenj ination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the proc urf I and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property X_ meets _ does not meet the National Register Criterfi commend thatthis oroperty be considered significant _ nationally X statewide X locafly. Signa jre of oertifying officialn itle Date Montana State Historic Preservation Office State or Federal agency or bureau (_ See continuation sheet for additional comments. In my opinion, the property _ meets _ does not meet the National Register criteria. Signature of commenting or other official Date State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National Park Service Certification , he/eby certify that this property is: 'entered in the National Register _ see continuation sheet _ determined eligible for the National Register _ see continuation sheet _ determined not eligible for the National Register_ _ see continuation sheet _ removed from the National Register _see continuation sheet _ other (explain): _________________ Dearborn River High Bridge Lewis & Clark County.
    [Show full text]
  • Fine Americana Travel & Exploration with Ephemera & Manuscript Material
    Sale 484 Thursday, July 19, 2012 11:00 AM Fine Americana Travel & Exploration With Ephemera & Manuscript Material Auction Preview Tuesday July 17, 9:00 am to 5:00 pm Wednesday, July 18, 9:00 am to 5:00 pm Thursday, July 19, 9:00 am to 11:00 am Other showings by appointment 133 Kearny Street 4th Floor:San Francisco, CA 94108 phone: 415.989.2665 toll free: 1.866.999.7224 fax: 415.989.1664 [email protected]:www.pbagalleries.com REAL-TIME BIDDING AVAILABLE PBA Galleries features Real-Time Bidding for its live auctions. This feature allows Internet Users to bid on items instantaneously, as though they were in the room with the auctioneer. If it is an auction day, you may view the Real-Time Bidder at http://www.pbagalleries.com/realtimebidder/ . Instructions for its use can be found by following the link at the top of the Real-Time Bidder page. Please note: you will need to be logged in and have a credit card registered with PBA Galleries to access the Real-Time Bidder area. In addition, we continue to provide provisions for Absentee Bidding by email, fax, regular mail, and telephone prior to the auction, as well as live phone bidding during the auction. Please contact PBA Galleries for more information. IMAGES AT WWW.PBAGALLERIES.COM All the items in this catalogue are pictured in the online version of the catalogue at www.pbagalleries. com. Go to Live Auctions, click Browse Catalogues, then click on the link to the Sale. CONSIGN TO PBA GALLERIES PBA is always happy to discuss consignments of books, maps, photographs, graphics, autographs and related material.
    [Show full text]
  • MONTANA 2018 Vacation & Relocation Guide
    HelenaMONTANA 2018 Vacation & Relocation Guide We≥ve got A Publication of the Helena Area Chamber of Commerce and The Convention & Visitors Bureau this! We will search for your new home, while you spend more time at the lake. There’s a level of knowledge our Helena real estate agents offer that goes beyond what’s on the paper – it’s this insight that leaves you confident in your decision to buy or sell. Visit us at bhhsmt.com Look for our new downtown office at: 50 S Park Avenue Helena, MT 59601 406.437.9493 A member of the franchise system BHH Affiliates, LLC. Equal Housing Opportunity. An Assisted Living & Memory Care community providing a Expect more! continuum of care for our friends, family & neighbors. NOW OPEN! 406.502.1001 3207 Colonial Dr, Helena | edgewoodseniorliving.com 2005, 2007, & 2016 People’s Choice Award Winner Sysum HELENA I 406-495-1195 I SYSUMHOME.COM Construction 2018 HELENA GUIDE Contents Landmark & Attractions and Sports & Recreation Map 6 Welcome to Helena, Attractions 8 Fun & Excitement 14 Montana’s capital city. Arts & Entertainment 18 The 2018 Official Guide to Helena brings you the best ideas for enjoying the Queen City - from Shopping 22 exploring and playing to living and working. Dining Guide 24 Sports & Recreation 28 We≥ve got Day Trips 34 A Great Place to Live 38 this! A Great Place to Retire 44 Where to Stay 46 ADVERTISING Kelly Hanson EDITORIAL Cathy Burwell Mike Mergenthaler Alana Cunningham PHOTOS Convention & Visitors Bureau Montana Office of Tourism Cover Photo: Mark LaRowe MAGAZINE DESIGN Allegra Marketing 4 Welcome to the beautiful city of Helena! It is my honor and great privilege to welcome you to the capital city of Montana.
    [Show full text]
  • Avondale Project
    Avondale Project Tina Marie Bell Bureau of Reclamation 1996 Table of Contents Avondale Project ..............................................................2 Project Location.........................................................2 Historic Setting .........................................................2 Project Authorization.....................................................5 Construction History .....................................................6 Post-Construction History.................................................7 Settlement of Project Lands ...............................................10 Project Benefits and Uses of Project Water...................................10 Conclusion............................................................11 Bibliography ................................................................12 Archival Collections ....................................................12 Government Documents .................................................12 Books ................................................................12 Index ................................................................13 1 Avondale Project The Avondale Project was developed privately in the early 1900s to bring irrigation water to approximately 860 acres of land in northern Idaho. Reclamation stepped in to help rehabilitate and improve this irrigation system in the mid-1950s , and again in the early 1960s in order to provide local water users with a stable supply of irrigation and domestic water.1 Project Location The Avondale Project
    [Show full text]
  • EXPERIENCES of a PACKER in WASHINGTON TERRITORY MINING CAMPS DURING the SIXTIES (Concluded from Vol
    EXPERIENCES OF A PACKER IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY MINING CAMPS DURING THE SIXTIES (Concluded from Vol. XIX., page 293). Well, that morning when Patterson reached the barber shop he found Pinkham in the barber shop getting shaved; Patterson just walked over to the barber chair, drew out a big dragoon six shooter and placing it against Pinkhams ear shot him through the head. After he was shot Pinkham jumped up and ran to the front door, and fell there dead. I was right there at the time and saw him lying there in a pool of blood. Patterson "gave himself up," and his crowd being in control of things he was later acquitted by a packed or intimidated jury. Patterson was a bad man, he had killed a sea captain in Portland, and murdered a number of men in "self defense." When a bad man wanted to commit murder with impunity he picked a quarrel with his vic­ tim and killed "in self defense." In going from Walla Walla to the Kootenay mining district we traveled over the Mullan Road to the crossing of the Touchet River, the site of the present town of Prescott; thence to the Snake River, which we crossed sometimes at Silcott's or Lyons Ferry and sometimes at Texas Ferry. We struck the Mullan Road again at Rock Creek and followed it to the crossing of the Spokane River, or Herrin's Bridge, as the place was then called. This bridge was located near the Idaho line, about a half mile above the place where Col.
    [Show full text]
  • OLD FORT WALLA WALLA on the COLUMBIA RIVER the Beginning of the Mullan Road
    OLD FORT WALLA WALLA ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER The Beginning of the Mullan Road Old Fort Walla Walla, John Mix Stanley, 1853 Fur traders began coming to this area after the 1804-06 Lewis & Clark Expedition. In 1818, the Canadian North West Company established Fort Nez Perces, the first trading post in the area, near a tribal village and ancient gathering ground at the confluence of the Walla Walla and Columbia Rivers at Wallula. In 1821, the post became the Hudson's Bay Company’s Fort Walla Walla when the two fur companies merged. Fort Walla Walla was a major supply headquarters and rendezvous point for the HBC’s extensive operations in the Pacific Northwest. The Nez Perce trail used for millennia by regional tribes ran from the Columbia at Wallula east to the Blue Mountains, where it turned northeast to the Clearwater country. This route became an early part of the Oregon Trail where Marcus Whitman led the first wagon train to his Protestant mission at Waiilatpu just west of Walla Walla in 1844. In the Indian War of 1855 the fort was abandoned by the Hudson’s Bay Company and was sacked and burned by Walla Walla tribesmen. In 1856, a military Fort Walla Walla was established by the U.S. Army in what is now the city of Walla Walla. At Wallula, a steamship dock and the beginning of a village were built near the ruins of the old fort in 1859, and the first steamship to navigate the waters of the upper Columbia River arrived, the Colonel Wright.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Place Registration Form
    NFS Form 10-900 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Rev. Oct. 1990) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service & NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACE REGISTRATION FORM 1. Name of Property historic name: Tower Rock other name/site number: 24CA643 2. Location street & number: 8 miles south of Cascade at Interstate 15 Interchange #247 not for publication: N/A vicinity: X city/town: C ascade state: Montana code: MT county: Cascade code: 013 zip code: 59421 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the c esignated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1986, as amended, I hereby certify that this X nomination _ request for dete mination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the pr edural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property X meets _ does not meet the National Regi • Criteria. —I recommend that/mis property be considered significant X nationally X statewide^. locally. SignatL re of certifyina-official/Title Dafe Montana State Historic Preservation Office State or Federal agency or bureau ( _ See continuation sheet for additional comments.) 4. National Park Service Certification I, hereby certify that this property is: / Signature of the Keepe Date of Action OS entered in the National Register _ see continuation sheet _ determined eligible for the National Register _ see continuation sheet _ determined not eligible for the National Register _ see continuation sheet _ removed from the National Register _see continuation sheet _ other (explain): Tower Rock Cascade County, Montana Name of Property County and State 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinkney Lugenbeel
    PINKNEY LUGENBEEL THIS PLACE IS ROMANTIC AND WILD An Historic Overview of the Cascades Area, Fort Cascades, and the Cascade Townsite, Washington Territory. THIS PLACE IS ROMANTIC AND WILD: AN HISTORICAL OWVERVIEW OF THE CASCADES AREA, FORT CASCADES, AND THE CASCADES TOWNSITE, WASHINGTON TERRITORY By Stephen Dow Beckham Report to Portland District U. S. Army Corps of Engineers under Contract No. DACW57-c-0083 Heritage Research Assococites 2393 Emerald Street Eugene, Oregon 97403 April 10, 1984 Heritage Research Associates Report No. 27 Pinkney Lugenbeel — Page 2 Pinkney Lugenbeel —Page 3 The Upper Blockhouse (Fort Lugenbeel) occupied a prominent position over the small civilian community at the Upper Landing. (courtesy Oregon Historical Society) UPPER BLOCKHOUSE (FORT LUGENBEEL) The Upper Blockhouse, also known as Fort Lugenbeel, stood at the Upper Landing in Section 37, T.2N., R7E. The structure was located atop a hill overlooking the small islands at the head of the portage along the north bank of the Columbia River. The site was first used for military purposes when in 1847, during the Cayuse Indian War, volunteer soldiers established Fort Gilliam at the Upper Landing. Also known as The Cabins, these crude buildings sheltered troops and supplies destined for service in the conflicts farther to the east. (Victor 1894:157-158). During the outbreak of the Indians in March, 1856, the military had no garrison at this site. Civilians forted up in the Bradford store while the Indians burned many of the pioneer buildings scattered about the area. By June 17, 1856, however, the Army had moved in with determination.
    [Show full text]
  • MULLAN Chronicles Volume Six Winter 1995 Number One Thenorthern Overlandroute Ro Oregon
    MULLAN cHRoNIcLES Volume Six Winter 1995 Number One TheNorthern overlandRoute ro oregon In Mav this year we receivedsome mate- rials from avid Mullanite Robert Dunsmore.Includedwas an arriclethat originallywaspublishedintheJuly 1950 Pa c ifi cIV o rth w es t Quarterly entitled "The Northern OverlandRoutein 1875:Jour- nal of HenryLueg." This piecewaswrit- ten by C.S.Kingston and concernedthe diarymadebyLueg, aGermanimmigrant, ashe traveled wesr with a group headedfor theMontanamines. Lueg,Kingstonwrites, was37when hemade thetrek duringhis sixthyear of PanoramaofHelm4 Montnra Territary,in 185 5, drawn by G.R.Bechler. living in the United States.He hadput in regardingthe nature of his grief." againsthosdlelndians,thepassengeff were rwo yearsof military serviceand knocked Kingston writes fufther: "The expedi- requiredto provide themselveswith arms. aroundawhilebefore arrivinginSt. Paul, tion wasorganized by a'so-calledCap- Lueghad a repeating Spencer carbine and he writes, adding "He decidedto go on tainDa-,y'(Lueg'swords)who agreedto to the Far \fest, ashe saysin an opening carry passengerswith 50pounds of bag- paragraph,because of 'bad times and gagefromSt.CloudonMay25,butwas I n" also had a dog sorrow' which he had experiencedin St. held up by badweather and did nor leave I whichhe took along Paul, but givesno hint in the narrative untilJune 25.To protect the expedition I I as a companion-a I "medium-sized" Wclgon rutslnfo the pclst I I naf-Newfoundland Rediscweringthe first federally bwilt rodd in the West dog he called Jeff. By Andrew Tarica overthe Continental Divide atotal of I 524miles, and served as an overland y journeyalongthe historic Colt army revolverbut hadno occasion connectionberween Forr'Walla \X/alla, MullanRoadbeganinadusry to usethe weapons.He also had a dog \ilashington,on the ColumbiaRiver cornerofaused bookstore in whichhe took a1<lngas a companion-a and Fort Benton, Montana, on the "medium-sized" Colorado.There, I cameacross an an- half-Newfoundlanddo g MissouriRiver.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of Archaeological Potential for Proposed Upgrades to Riverfront Park, Spokane, Washington
    An Assessment of Archaeological Potential for Proposed Upgrades to Riverfront Park, Spokane, Washington By Ashley M. Morton, M.A., RPA Fort Walla Walla Museum, Heritage Research Services With Contributions by James B. Harrison, M.A. Spokane Tribe of Indians Preservation Program Prepared for the City of Spokane Parks and Recreation Department 808 West Spokane Falls Boulevard Spokane, WA 99201 Aerial View of the Riverfront Park area ca. 1929 (courtesy of Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, Spokane, Washington) Final Technical Report 16-01 755 Myra Road Walla Walla, WA 99362 June 8, 2016 Table of Contents List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….iv List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………v Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..vi Chapter 1 Project Background ..................................................................................................................... 1 Native American Culture History in Eastern Washington ....................................................................... 4 Paleoarchaic Period (c.a. 11,000 to 8,000 B.P.) .................................................................................... 4 Early Archaic/Coyote Period (8,000 B.P. – 5,000 B.P.) .......................................................................... 4 Middle Archaic/ Salmon & Eagle Periods (5,000 B.P. – 2,000 B.P.) ..................................................... 4 Late Archaic/Turtle Period (2,000 B.P. – 280 B.P.) ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • History and Special Sites 3 - 1
    HISTORY AND SPECIAL SITES 3 - 1 HISTORY AND SPECIAL SITES The State Archeological Register at the University of Idaho currently lists 302 historical Community Vision 2028 and archeological sites in Kootenai County. “We treasure this place we call home. The Approximately 250 sites are classified as non- beauty of its land, lakes, rivers, and forests native historic sites and are primarily related to ground us in our sense of place. We relish its early industry and located on federal land (see the spaces, its views, and the wildlife that shares it Historical Preservation Commission for further with us. We want to preserve and protect it.” information for maps, special sites, and Kezziah Watkins Report documents.) Overview1 The history of Kootenai County and its special sites have historical, archeological, and cultural significance and are important to the established character and identity of this community. The County has a diverse social and cultural history, with several Native American societies established long before European settlement of the region. Early pioneer settlement revolved around fur trapping, mining, and timber industries. Traces of these lifestyles remain in archeological sites, historic buildings, and landmarks throughout the County. Many sites and structures that have played an important role in local cultural experiences and history have been Fort Sherman Chapel, 1880 lost to growth and development. Careful The National Historic Register considers a consideration of remaining special sites is site to be historic if it is associated with any of the required to preserve and protect these following: an event that had an impact on the irreplaceable cultural resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of the Elliston Region, Powell and Lewis and Clark Counties, Montana
    Geology of the Elliston Region, Powell and Lewis and Clark Counties, Montana U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2045 / Geology of the Elliston Region, Powell and Lewis and Clark Counties, Montana By R. G. SCHMIDT, J. S. LOEN, C. A. WALLACE, and H. H. MEHNERT U.S .. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2045 A description of rocks and structures in the region of the imbricate front of the Sapphire thrust plate, from a reconnaissance study UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Robert M. Hirsch, Acting Director For sale by USGS Map Distribution Box 25286, Building 810 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Any use of trade, product, or finn names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Library or Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data Geology of the Elliston region, Powell and Lewis and Clark Counties, Montana : a de­ scription of rocks and structures in the region of the imbricate front of the Sapphire thrust plate, from a reconnaissance study I by R.G. Schmidt ... [et al.]. p. em. - (U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin; 2045) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.3:2045 1. Geology-Montana-Elliston Region. I. Schmidt, R.G., d. 1983. II. Series. QE75.B9 no. 2045 [QE134.E45] 557.3 s-dc20 92-42415 [557.86'615] CIP CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]