Understanding Inequality: Social Costs and Benefits Zu | Schriften Der Zeppelin Universität Zwischen Wirtschaft, Kultur Und Politik
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zu | schriften der Zeppelin Universität Amanda Machin Nico Stehr Editors Understanding Inequality: Social Costs and Benefits zu | schriften der Zeppelin Universität zwischen Wirtschaft, Kultur und Politik Herausgegeben von S. A. Jansen, N. Stehr, E. Schröter, Zeppelin Universität, Friedrichshafen, Deutschland [email protected] Amanda Machin · Nico Stehr (Eds.) Understanding Inequality: Social Costs and Benefits [email protected] Editors Dr. Amanda Machin Prof. Dr. Nico Stehr Zeppelin Universität Friedrichshafen, Deutschland zu | schriften der Zeppelin Universität ISBN 978-3-658-11662-0 ISBN 978-3-658-11663-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-11663-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016935981 Springer VS © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Lektorat: Cori Antonia Mackrodt, Katharina Gonsior Printed on acid-free paper This Springer VS imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH [email protected] Content Introduction Amanda Machin and Nico Stehr Inequality in Modern Societies: Causes, Consequences and Challenges .............................. 3 Section One: Capitalism and Inequality Introduction ................................ 37 Martin Schröder Welfare States and their Inequality as a Result of Cultural Dierences instead of Varieties of Capitalism .......... 39 Jarko Fidrmuc und Adrian Louis Bildung- und Genderstruktur im Crowdinvesting: Eine vertane Chance ............................ 69 Scott G. McNall What Have Eggs Got to Do with Inequality ? ................ 79 Charles Lemert Slouching Toward Inequality ....................... 101 [email protected] VI Content Section Two: Culture and Inequality Introduction ................................ 113 Anil Jain Inclusion and Exclusion in the Cosmospolis ................ 115 Patricia A. Gwartney and Daniel S. Schwartz You May Kiss the Groom: Americans’ Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Marriage ........................ 127 Maren Lehmann Inklusion, revisited ............................ 151 Steve Fuller Wherein Lies The Value Of Equality When Equality Is No Longer ‘Natural’ ? ........................... 171 Joachim Landkammer Des Guten zuviel – Helden, Heilige und Streber. Eine Skizze ........ 187 Section Three: Governing and Inequality Introduction ................................ 223 Jennifer Shore Political Inequality: Origins, Consequences, and Ways Ahead ....... 225 Jan Rosset Economically based inequalities in political representation: Where do they come from ? ........................ 241 Richard Münch Mehr Bildung, größere Ungleichheit: Ein Dilemma der Aktivierungspolitik .................... 257 Reza Nakhaie What Drives Elite-Challenging Behaviours ? ................ 271 [email protected] Content VII Barbara Lange, Andreas Haupt, Gerd Nollmann und Hermann Strasser Warum mehr Armut in Deutschland ? ................... 295 Section Four: Media and Inequality Introduction ................................ 323 Dennis Lichtenstein, Markus Rhomberg und Michaela Böhme Konsonant oder interessengeleitet ? Eine Frame-Analyse zur Berichterstattung über die Vermögensteuer im Wahljahr 2013 ..... 325 Martin R. Herbers Verantworten Fernsehproduzenten soziale Ungleichheit ? Zur Kritischen Theorie der Fernsehproduktion ............... 347 Section Five: Global and Local Inequality Introduction ................................ 369 Heribert Adam Migrants as an Indicator of Global and Local Inequality: The Case of African Refugees ....................... 371 Carin Runciman Citizenship and Inequality in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Contours and Collective Responses .................... 383 Federica Duca The Elite in the City: Spaces and Structures of Inequality in Johannesburg ............................. 403 Contributor Biographies .......................... 419 [email protected] Introduction [email protected] Inequality in Modern Societies: Causes, Consequences and Challenges Amanda Machin and Nico Stehr e theme of inequality has an unequalled prominence in social science. e dis- covery of the dierence between social inequality and natural inequality under- pinned the very emergence of the social and cultural sciences in the th century, and the on-going intellectual eort to understand inequality remains at the heart of many of its projects. Indeed, the possibility of drawing a xed line between nat- urally ineradicable dierences and socially adjustable ones is growing increasingly suspect, in a world in which developments of medical science and bio-technology challenge what was previously considered as a matter of life’s lottery. is issue is rightly gaining attention as the ethical and philosophical analyses of these devel- opments attempt to keep pace with them (cf. Fuller, this volume). In the twentieth century, the term “social inequality” fell out of use to be re- placed by the term “social stratication”. Over the last couple of decades, how ever, the concept of social inequality has re-assumed its previous dominance. Evidence attests to the pronounced increase of inequality on national and global levels; wealth circulates into the hands of a tiny cosmopolitan elite while a large number of people around the world remain impoverished (Rehbein, : ). Not only is there sharpening inequality in income but the world and its societies are un- equal in many additional dimensions: wealth (cf. Blair and Wallman, ; Stiglitz, ), health (Lynch, Smith, Kaplan and House, ), life expectancy (Wilson and Daly, ), infant mortality (Antonowsky and Bernstein, ), political par- ticipation (Armingeon and Schädel, ), capabilities (Sen, ) and education (e. g. Necker mann and Torche, ). e robustness and interconnectedness of new forms of inequality demand attention. Not only is inequality on the rise, but research on inequality is bur- 1 We would like to thank Scott McNall, Alexander Ruser, Walter Rothenberger and Dustin Voss for their valuable input to this introduction. © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2016 A. Machin and N. Stehr (Eds.), Understanding Inequality: Social Costs and Benefi ts, zu | schriften der Zeppelin Universität, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-11663-7_1 [email protected] 4 Amanda Machin and Nico Stehr geoning too. Alongside economic analysis, sociological and political approaches have revealed the complexity of inequality and its various manifestations: gender, sex, race, disability have joined class as categories, causes and eects of inequality. Growing recognition of the intersection of dierent types of inequality with each other and with educational opportunities and environmental circumstance has made it dicult to study any particular factor in isolation or to apply a simplis- tic model of stratication or hierarchy. Economic inequality correlates with politi- cal inequality and this can aggravate inequality in terms of social status, access to education, environmental goods, protection from health hazards and citizenship rights. It is not possible to discern valid policies for tackling sharpening inequality before probing its complex mechanisms and manifestations. is anthology has attempted to collate a representative set of articles on the broad topic of inequality and thus hopes both to highlight some of the interesting and important discussions on the topic and to contribute to them. Our introduc- tion intends to provide a contextual background by giving an overview of some of the major lines of interest that are found in the vast literature on inequality both present and past: () the origins and nature of inequality; () the empirical evidence of inequality; () the social and political consequences of inequality; () emerging patterns of inequality. On the origins and the nature of inequality Nicht der natürliche Unterschied der physischen und chemischen Bodenqualitäten oder unterschiedliche Wirtschasbegabung verschiedener Rassen, sondern das geschichtlich begründete wirtschaliche Milieu ist bestimmend für die verschiedenen Ergebnisse der bäuerlichen Landwirtscha. Max Weber, [] : – Of all the vulgar modes of escaping from the consideration of the eect of social and moral inuences on the human mind, the most vulgar is that of attributing the diversities of con- duct and character to inherent natural dierences. John Stuart Mill, : What is the nature of inequality ? Are inequalities natural ? If inequalities are rooted in immutable biological fact, then it might be argued that social hierarchy reects nothing but a natural (or divine) order. ese arguments appear