DOCSLIB.ORG

Paleoambiente Y Sociedad Durante El Holoceno En La Puna De Jujuy: Un Abordaje Arqueopalinológico

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Paleoambiente Y Sociedad Durante El Holoceno En La Puna De Jujuy: Un Abordaje Arqueopalinológico Paleoambiente y Sociedad durante el Holoceno en la Puna de Jujuy: Un abordaje arqueopalinológico Oxman, Brenda Yacobaccio, Hugo 2015 Tesis presentada con el fin de cumplimentar con los requisitos finales para la obtención del título Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en Antropología "Le dor va dor" "De generación en generación" A mis padres, Sylvia y Sergio A Martín, el amor de mi vida y al hijo que esperamos juntos CONTENIDOS AGRADECIMIENTOS .......................................................................................................................................... 12 CAPÍTULO 1. PRESENTACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA Y OBJETIVOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN .............................................................. 15 Presentación del problema ........................................................................................................................ 15 Propuesta de investigación: algunos aspectos teórico-metodológicos ..................................................... 18 Objetivos de investigación.......................................................................................................................... 20 Estructura de la tesis .................................................................................................................................. 20 CAPÍTULO 2. ASPECTOS TEÓRICOS E HIPÓTESIS DE INVESTIGACIÓN ............................................................................. 23 Marco teórico: Arqueología Ambiental y Ecología del Comportamiento Humano .................................... 23 Estrategias económicas predominantes ..................................................................................................... 26 Sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras ....................................................................................................... 26 Sociedades pastoriles ............................................................................................................................ 27 Cambios ambientales, adaptaciones humanas e implicancias arqueológicas ........................................... 32 Hipótesis de investigación .......................................................................................................................... 32 CAPÍTULO 3. ESTUDIO DEL PALEOAMBIENTE.......................................................................................................... 34 El ambiente, el cambio ambiental y el cambio climático ........................................................................... 34 Archivos ambientales y Proxy dato ............................................................................................................ 35 Escalas espaciales y temporales ............................................................................................................ 36 Escala del Proxy ................................................................................................................................. 36 El estudio de la Paleo y la Arqueobotánica ................................................................................................ 38 El cambio en la vegetación .................................................................................................................... 38 El polen y los análisis polínicos ................................................................................................................... 39 Escalas espaciales y temporales de los análisis polínicos ...................................................................... 40 A modo de conclusión ................................................................................................................................ 40 CAPÍTULO 4. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL ÁREA DE ESTUDIO: PUNA SECA (JUJUY, ARGENTINA) .................................................... 41 Límites geográficos y características geológicas ........................................................................................ 41 Puna Salada y Puna Seca ............................................................................................................................ 42 Vegetación .................................................................................................................................................. 42 Adaptación al ambiente ......................................................................................................................... 43 Fitogeografía .......................................................................................................................................... 43 Fauna .......................................................................................................................................................... 47 A modo de conclusión ................................................................................................................................ 49 2 CAPÍTULO 5. PATRONES Y VARIACIONES CLIMÁTICAS............................................................................................... 50 Circulación atmosférica .............................................................................................................................. 50 Regímenes de circulación dominantes .................................................................................................. 52 Presión atmosférica .................................................................................................................................... 52 Temperatura ............................................................................................................................................... 52 Las precipitaciones en los Andes ................................................................................................................ 54 La evapotranspiración ................................................................................................................................ 55 Variabilidad climática y anomalías en los Andes ........................................................................................ 55 El ENSO .................................................................................................................................................. 56 El ENSO en la Puna ................................................................................................................................. 57 A modo de conclusión ................................................................................................................................ 58 CAPÍTULO 6. ANTECEDENTES PALEOAMBIENTALES DEL ÁREA ANDINA ......................................................................... 59 12.000 – 10.000 años AP ............................................................................................................................ 60 Núcleos de hielo y geomorfología glaciaria ........................................................................................... 60 Geomorfología glaciaria......................................................................................................................... 60 Cuencas lacustres .................................................................................................................................. 61 Packrat midden ...................................................................................................................................... 63 10.000 - 8000 años AP ................................................................................................................................ 64 Núcleos de hielo .................................................................................................................................... 64 Geomorfología glaciaria......................................................................................................................... 64 Cuencas lacustres .................................................................................................................................. 65 Packrat middens .................................................................................................................................... 66 8000 - 4500 años AP ................................................................................................................................... 67 Núcleos de hielo .................................................................................................................................... 67 Cuencas lacustres .................................................................................................................................. 68 Packrat middens .................................................................................................................................... 69 4500 - 2000 años AP ................................................................................................................................... 70 Núcleos de hielo .................................................................................................................................... 70 Cuencas lacustres .................................................................................................................................. 71 Packrat middens .................................................................................................................................... 72 La Pequeña Edad de Hielo en los Andes ................................................................................................ 72 Puna argentina ..........................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Territorios Hidrosociales En Las Geografías Altoandinas Del Norte De Chile: Modernización Y Conflictos En La Región De Tarapacá
    IdeAs Idées d'Amériques 15 | 2020 Eau et gestion de l’eau dans les Amériques Territorios hidrosociales en las geografías altoandinas del Norte de Chile: modernización y conflictos en la región de Tarapacá. Territoires hydro sociaux dans les hauts plateaux andins du Chili du Nord : modernisation et conflits dans la région de Tarapacá Hydrosocial territories in andean geographies of Northern Chile: modernization and conflicts in the Tarapacá region Manuel Méndez y Hugo Romero Edición electrónica URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ideas/7512 DOI: 10.4000/ideas.7512 ISSN: 1950-5701 Editor Institut des Amériques Referencia electrónica Manuel Méndez y Hugo Romero, « Territorios hidrosociales en las geografías altoandinas del Norte de Chile: modernización y conflictos en la región de Tarapacá. », IdeAs [En línea], 15 | 2020, Publicado el 01 marzo 2020, consultado el 25 marzo 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ideas/7512 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ideas.7512 Este documento fue generado automáticamente el 25 marzo 2020. IdeAs – Idées d’Amériques est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. Territorios hidrosociales en las geografías altoandinas del Norte de Chile: m... 1 Territorios hidrosociales en las geografías altoandinas del Norte de Chile: modernización y conflictos en la región de Tarapacá1. Territoires hydro sociaux dans les hauts plateaux andins du Chili du Nord : modernisation et conflits dans la région de Tarapacá Hydrosocial territories in andean geographies of Northern Chile: modernization and conflicts in the Tarapacá region Manuel Méndez y Hugo Romero 1 Abordar los conflictos en torno al agua desde una perspectiva hidrosocial es reconocer el carácter complejo e híbrido del fenómeno, entendiéndolo como un proceso continuamente reconstituido por diversos actores socionaturales.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Tauca Highstand (Heinrich Stadial 1A) Driven by a Southward Shift of the Bolivian High
    SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE CLIMATOLOGY Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some Lake Tauca highstand (Heinrich Stadial 1a) driven by a rights reserved; exclusive licensee southward shift of the Bolivian High American Association for the Advancement 1,2 1,3 1 4 1 of Science. No claim to Léo C. P. Martin *, Pierre-Henri Blard *, Jérôme Lavé , Thomas Condom , Mélody Prémaillon , original U.S. Government 5 5 6 1 1 Vincent Jomelli , Daniel Brunstein , Maarten Lupker , Julien Charreau , Véronique Mariotti , Works. Distributed 1 † 1 Bouchaïb Tibari , ASTER Team , Emmanuel Davy under a Creative Commons Attribution Heinrich events are characterized by worldwide climate modifications. Over the Altiplano endorheic basin (high trop- NonCommercial ical Andes), the second half of Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1a) was coeval with the highstand of the giant paleolake Tauca. License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). However, the atmospheric mechanisms underlying this wet event are still unknown at the regional to global scale. We use cosmic-ray exposure ages of glacial landforms to reconstruct the spatial variability in the equilibrium line altitude of the HS1a Altiplano glaciers. By combining glacier and lake modeling, we reconstruct a precipitation map for the HS1a period. Our results show that paleoprecipitation mainly increased along the Eastern Cordillera, whereas the southwestern region of the basin remained relatively dry. This pattern indicates a southward expansion of the east- erlies, which is interpreted as being a consequence of a southward shift of the Bolivian High. The results provide a new understanding of atmospheric teleconnections during HS1 and of rainfall redistribution in a changing climate. INTRODUCTION tropical Brazil changed in pace with the Heinrich stadials (5, 13–15)and A major uncertainty in our understanding of 21st century climate numerous sites record wetter conditions during these episodes [see concerns the global redistribution of rainfall and modification of mon- compilations (15, 16)].
    [Show full text]
  • Multiproxy Analysis of Climate Variability for the Last Millennium in the Tropical Andes
    Multiproxy analysis of climate variability for the last millennium in the tropical Andes V. Jomelli 1,2, J. Argollo', D. Brunstein', V. Favier", G. Hoffmann", M.P. Ledru", lE. Sicarr 1. CNRS Laboratoire de Geographie Physique de Meudon UMR8591 France. 2. IRD UR GREAT ICE MSE Montpellier, France 3. IGEMA, University Mayor San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia 4. CEAZA, Benavente 980, La Serena, Chile 5. CEA Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de I'Environnement, Gif sur Yvettes, France Vincent, some ofthis paper is in British English and some in American, which changes the spelling modelling/modeling etc etc and you should have the same spelling throughout Abstract Reconstructing climate over the last millennium is one major target of climate research. The extent of climate variability over recent centuries sets the scale on which ongoing climate changes can be measured. The quality of reconstructions of millennial temperatures in the northern hemisphere has greatly improved over the last decade (IPCC, 2007). Nevertheless there is still a lack of precisely dated, high-quality climate reconstructions in the tropics, a lack which is particularly disturbing since this region is a major climate engine for the global water cycle. In recent years, a significant effort has been made to improve our knowledge on climatic variability in the tropical Andes by developing new proxy records, new transfer functions and better time resolution of available proxy records. Hence the aim of this paper is to review the different proxies with multi-decadal to annual resolution available in the tropical Andes (Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador) such as glacial moraines, pollens, isotopic variations in ice core records, and tree rings.
    [Show full text]
  • Convergent Margin Magmatism in the Central Andes and Its Near Antipodes in Western Indonesia: Spatiotemporal and Geochemical Considerations
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Morgan J. Salisbury for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology presented on June 3, 2011. Title: Convergent Margin Magmatism in the Central Andes and its Near Antipodes in Western Indonesia: Spatiotemporal and Geochemical Considerations Abstract approved: ________________________________________________________________________ Adam J.R. Kent This dissertation combines volcanological research of three convergent continental margins. Chapters 1 and 5 are general introductions and conclusions, respectively. Chapter 2 examines the spatiotemporal development of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex in the Lípez region of southwest Bolivia, a locus of a major Neogene ignimbrite flare- up, yet the least studied portion of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the Central Andes. New mapping and laser-fusion 40Ar/39Ar dating of sanidine and biotite from 56 locations, coupled with paleomagnetic data, refine the timing and volumes of ignimbrite emplacement in Bolivia and northern Chile to reveal that monotonous intermediate volcanism was prodigious and episodic throughout the complex. 40Ar/39Ar age determinations of 13 ignimbrites from northern Chile previously dated by the K-Ar method improve the overall temporal resolution of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex development. Together with new and updated volume estimates, the new age determinations demonstrate a distinct onset of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrite volcanism with modest output rates beginning ~11 Ma, an episodic middle phase with the highest eruption rates between 8 and 3 Ma, followed by a general decline in volcanic output. The cyclic nature of individual caldera complexes and the spatiotemporal pattern of the volcanic field as a whole are consistent with both incremental construction of plutons as well as a composite Cordilleran batholith.
    [Show full text]
  • Mcgill University Alumni Newsletter #23 January 2020
    McGill University Alumni Newsletter #23 January 2020 In 2008 and 2009, renewed exploration by Osisko Mining revealed an untapped new gold deposit, estimated at approximately 9 million ounces, beneath the town of Malartic. QC. The company would become Canada's largest ever open pit gold mine. The mine was developed within just six years after the first exploration drillholes in 2005. The first gold pour was in April 2011, and commercial production began in May 2011. Chemical Formula: Au Locality: Many places in the world. Name Origin: Anglo Saxon, of uncertain origin. Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79. It is a bright yellow dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. The properties remain when exposed to air or water. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, and is solid under standard conditions. The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as electrum) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides). Gold’s atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally in the universe, and is traditionally thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis to seed the dust from which the Solar System formed. Because the Earth was molten when it was just formed, almost all of the gold present in the Earth sank into the planetary core.
    [Show full text]
  • RESEARCH Geochemistry and 40Ar/39Ar
    RESEARCH Geochemistry and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of lavas from Tunupa volcano, Bolivia: Implications for plateau volcanism in the central Andean Plateau Morgan J. Salisbury1,2, Adam J.R. Kent1, Néstor Jiménez3, and Brian R. Jicha4 1COLLEGE OF EARTH, OCEAN, AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, CORVALLIS, OREGON 97331, USA 2DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES, DURHAM UNIVERSITY, DURHAM DH1 3LE, UK 3UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS, INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES GEOLÓGICAS Y DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE, CASILLA 3-35140, LA PAZ, BOLIVIA 4DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN–MADISON, MADISON, WISCONSIN 53706, USA ABSTRACT Tunupa volcano is a composite cone in the central Andean arc of South America located ~115 km behind the arc front. We present new geochemical data and 40Ar/39Ar age determinations from Tunupa volcano and the nearby Huayrana lavas, and we discuss their petrogenesis within the context of the lithospheric dynamics and orogenic volcanism of the southern Altiplano region (~18.5°S–21°S). The Tunupa edifice was constructed between 1.55 ± 0.01 and 1.40 ± 0.04 Ma, and the lavas exhibit typical subduction signatures with positive large ion lithophile element (LILE) and negative high field strength element (HFSE) anomalies. Relative to composite centers of the frontal arc, the Tunupa lavas are enriched in HFSEs, particularly Nb, Ta, and Ti. Nb-Ta-Ti enrichments are also observed in Pliocene and younger monogenetic lavas in the Altiplano Basin to the east of Tunupa, as well as in rear arc lavas elsewhere on the central Andean Plateau. Nb concentrations show very little variation with silica content or other indices of differentiation at Tunupa and most other central Andean composite centers.
    [Show full text]
  • Prospecting Glacial Ages and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions Northeastward of Nevado Coropuna (16◦ S, 73◦ W, 6377 M), Arid Tropical Andes
    geosciences Article Prospecting Glacial Ages and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions Northeastward of Nevado Coropuna (16◦ S, 73◦ W, 6377 m), Arid Tropical Andes Jose Úbeda 1,2,3,* ID , Martí Bonshoms 2, Joshua Iparraguirre 1, Lucía Sáez 3, Ramón de la Fuente 3, Lila Janssen 3, Ronald Concha 1, Pool Vásquez 1 and Pablo Masías 1 1 Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico, Av. Canadá 1470, San Borja 15034, Peru; [email protected] (J.I.); [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (P.V.); [email protected] (P.M.) 2 Grupo de Investigación en Geografía Física de Alta Montaña, Departamento de Geografía, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 3 Guías de Espeleología y Montaña (Speleology and Mountain Guides), Casilla del Mortero, Torremocha de Jarama, 28189 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (R.d.l.F.); [email protected] (L.J.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-656408790 Received: 19 July 2018; Accepted: 15 August 2018; Published: 20 August 2018 Abstract: This work investigates the timing, paleoclimatic framework and inter-hemispheric teleconnections inferred from the glaciers last maximum extension and the deglaciation onset in the Arid Tropical Andes. A study area was selected to the northeastward of the Nevado Coropuna, the volcano currently covered by the largest tropical glacier on Earth. The current glacier extent, the moraines deposited in the past and paleoglaciers at their maximum extension have been mapped. The present and past Equilibrium Line Altitudes (ELA and paleoELA) have been reconstructed and the chlorine-36 ages have been calculated, for preliminary absolute dating of glacial and volcanic processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Across the Arid Diagonal: Deglaciation of the Western Andean Cordillera in Southwest Bolivia and Northern Chile
    Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica ISSN 0211-6820 2017 Nº 43 (2) pp. 667-696 Geographical Research Letters eISSN 1697-9540 DOI: http://doi.org/10.18172/cig.3209 © Universidad de La Rioja ACROSS THE ARID DIAGONAL: DEGLACIATION OF THE WESTERN ANDEAN CORDILLERA IN SOUTHWEST BOLIVIA AND NORTHERN CHILE D. WARD*, R. THORNTON, J. CESTA Dept. of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA ABSTRACT. Here we review published cosmogenic records of glaciation and deglaciation from the western cordillera of the arid subtropical Andes of northern Chile and southwest Bolivia. Specifically, we examine seven published studies describing exposure ages from moraines and glaciated bedrock spanning the glaciological Arid Diagonal, the region of the dry Andes where there is no clear evidence for glaciation over at least the last global glaciation. We also present new cosmogenic 36Cl exposure ages from two previously undated sets of moraines in the deglaciated region near 22ºS. Taken together, these records indicate that the most extensive regional glaciation occurred ca. 35-45 ka, followed by slow, punctuated retreat through the global last glacial maximum, and rapid retreat after ~15-17 ka. In the vicinity of the large Altiplanic lakes that existed during the late glacial stage, the 15-17 ka moraines overrode the earlier moraines, whereas elsewhere regionally, on both sides of the Arid Diagonal, late glacial wet periods are represented only by less-prominent moraines in more retracted positions. A Través de la Diagonal Árida: la deglaciación de la Cordillera Andina Occidental en el suroeste de Bolivia y el norte de Chile RESUMEN. En este trabajo se revisan los registros cosmogénicos de la glaciación y deglaciación publicados previamente sobre la cordillera occidental de los Andes subtropicales áridos del norte de Chile y el suroeste de Bolivia.
    [Show full text]
  • Antarctic-Like Temperature Variations in the Tropical Andes Recorded by Glaciers and Lakes During the Last Deglaciation L
    Antarctic-like temperature variations in the Tropical Andes recorded by glaciers and lakes during the last deglaciation L. Martin, P.-H Blard, J Lavé, V. Jomelli, J. Charreau, T. Condom, M. Lupker, Maurice Arnold, Georges Aumaitre, D.L. Bourlès, et al. To cite this version: L. Martin, P.-H Blard, J Lavé, V. Jomelli, J. Charreau, et al.. Antarctic-like temperature variations in the Tropical Andes recorded by glaciers and lakes during the last deglaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 2020, 247, pp.106542. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106542. hal-03029770 HAL Id: hal-03029770 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-03029770 Submitted on 2 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License 1 Antarctic-like temperature variations in the Tropical Andes 2 recorded by glaciers and lakes during the last deglaciation 3 L.C.P. Martina,b*, P.-H. Blarda,c*, J. Lavéa, V. Jomellid,e, J. Charreaua, T. Condomf, M. Lupkerg, 4 ASTER Teame# 5 a. CRPG, UMR7358 CNRS - Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France 6 b.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptive Stats Craterdiam 1162Records
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Ituarte, Lia S Title: Exploring differential erosion patterns using volcanic edifices as a proxy in South America General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. ID Sample.ID Unit.sampled Unit.filter IAVCEI.ID Volcano.ID.Number Volcano.Name 130 -99 NP Volcano and eruption
    [Show full text]
  • Libro Rojo De Parientes Silvestres De Cultivos De Bolivia
    MINISTERIO DE MEDIO AMBIENTE Y AGUA VICEMINISTERIO DE MEDIO AMBIENTE BIODIVERSIDAD Y CAMBIOS CLIMÁTICOS LIBRO ROJO DE PARIENTES SILVESTRES DE CULTIVOS DE BOLIVIA DICIEMBRE, 2009 LIBRO ROJO DE PARIENTES SILVESTRES DE CULTIVOS DE BOLIVIA Las denominaciones geográficas empleadas y la forma en que aparecen presentados los datos en la presente publicación, no implican juicio alguno por parte de la editorial o de las organizaciones participantes sobre la condición jurídica de ninguno de los países, zonas o territorios citados o de sus autoridades, ni respecto de la delimitación de sus fronteras. Lo expresado en los contenidos de esta publicación son las de sus autores y no reflejan necesa- riamente los de las organizaciones de autores, de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (UNEP) o el Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (GEF). ©VMABCC- BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL, 2009. Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publica- ción puede ser reproducida en su totalidad o en parte y en cualquier forma para fines educativos y no lucrativos sin permiso especial del titular de los derechos de autor, con la condición de reconocimiento de la fuente. UNEP, BIOVERSITY y el VMABCC agradecen recibir una copia de cualquier publicación que utilice este documento como fuente. Ningún uso de esta publicación puede ser para su venta o cualquier otro fin comercial sin el permiso previo por escrito del VMABCC y BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL. Las solicitudes para cada permiso, con una declaración del propósito y la intención de la reproducción, deben ser dirigidas al VMABCC y BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL. Esta publicación ha sido elaborada en el marco del Proyecto Global UNEP/GEF ¨Conservación in situ de parientes silvestres de los cultivos a través del manejo de información y su aplicación en campo¨.
    [Show full text]
  • Galapagos Islands Before Seeing the Sacred Valley and the World-Famous Machu Picchu
    www.southamericantravel.com.au 1 SOUTH AMERICAN TRAVEL SPECIALISTSWELCOME TO OUR C=0 M=100 Y=63 K=12 C=36 M=592019 Y=63 K=25 XBROCHURE.C=70 M=15 Y=0 K=0 PANTONE 200 C X X X Bienvenido and bem vindo – Spanish and Portuguese for Welcome! These two phrases evoke all that is South America and South American Travel Specialists, and I would like to welcome you to our new 2019 brochure. South American Travel Specialists is one of the divisions of the Travel Specialists (African Travel Specialists, India Tours & Travel Specialists, Croatia Travel Specialists and Antarctic Travel Specialists), a group of travel companies that has built up a reputation over many years, offering the best in travel to their specialist destinations. For 2019, we are particularly excited by including some new travel options as well as some more South American Travel Specialists ‘off the beaten track” places, some of which we ...more than you can imagine... have included in this brochure. Our team of specialist consultants have each chosen some exciting places, ensuring the high standard of our Not only is the tour visiting some fascinating and packages are not compromised. New for 2019, are exciting places but it is also being escorted by our multi-country itineraries as well as expanded one of the most passionate, knowledgeable and options in Cuba, Atacama Desert, and alternative entertaining tour leaders you will find. experiences and choices of travel in Patagonia. I am very excited and delighted to offer you the From it’s humble beginnings as a suburban travel tours, cruises, treks and individual arrangements agency the company has grown to a group of in the brochure to assist you in opening your eyes specialist businesses offering tours and safaris to to what South America has to offer.
    [Show full text]