DOCSLIB.ORG

On the Organic Law of Change : a Facsimile Edition and Annotated

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On the Organic Law of Change : a Facsimile Edition and Annotated On the Organic Law of Change On the Organic Law of Change A Facsimile Edition and Annotated Transcription of Alfred Russel Wallace’s Species Notebook of 1855–1859 Annotated by James T. Costa Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2013 Copyright © 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Book design by Dean Bornstein Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823–1913. On the organic law of change : a facsimile edition and annotated transcrip- tion of Alfred Russel Wallace’s Species notebook of 1855–1859 / Alfred Russel Wallace ; annotated by James T. Costa. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: Notes from Wallace’s Malay expedition. ISBN 978-0-674-72488-4 (alk. paper) 1. Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823–1913—Travel—Malay Archipelago. 2. Natural history—Malay Archipelago 3. Natural selection. 4. Evolution (Biology) I. Costa, James T., 1963– II. Title. III. Title: Species notebook of 1855–1859. QH375.W35 2013 508.598—dc23 2013010172 For Leslie, tiger swallowtail mom, with love Contents Preface ix Note on the Text xi Introduction 1 Species Notebook (Recto) 15 Species Notebook (Verso) 393 Appendix 1 535 Species Notebook Entries Bearing on Transmutation and Related Topics Appendix 2 537 On Wallace’s Critique of Charles Lyell and Principles of Geology References 545 Acknowledgments 557 Note on A. R. Wallace Literary Works 559 Index 561 Preface lecting triumphs and failures, and still others with lovely drawings and diagrams—I suddenly wondered, why has this notebook not been published? Biologists, students Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) would have appreciated of evolutionary biology and its history, evolution mavens, the improbable and happenstance manner in which this Wallace and Darwin enthusiasts—all, I knew, would be project got its start: aboard the Oxford tube en route to keenly interested in its contents. London one characteristically wet English morning, I was Concurring with McKinney, I saw that Wallace’s reading a paper by the late historian of science H. Lewis Species Notebook was well named: it is a window into McKinney. Wallace might, in fact, have considered it Wallace’s early evolutionary thinking, encompassing the providential that I happened to be reading McKinney’s period in which his fertile mind was churning out paper account of Wallace’s field notebook dubbed the “Species after insightful paper as he searched for clues to the origin Notebook” not merely en route to London, but in fact on of species. The period of the notebook is, notably, punc- my way to the very locale where, according to the paper, tuated by the publication of two watershed papers in the this wondrous notebook resided: the library and archives history of the field—Wallace’s Sarawak Law paper (1855) of the venerable Linnean Society of London. Andrew and Ternate essay (1858)—among others. In its notes, Berry and I make an annual pilgrimage to the Linnean sketches, and narratives we see Wallace the philosopher with our students in Harvard’s Oxford-based summer and Wallace the collector: the arguments for his planned program on Darwin and evolutionary biology, and we book on transmutation are found side by side with speci- had never realized that most of Wallace’s notebooks and men label designs; his discussions of the nature of species journals from his travels in Southeast Asia sit demurely on and varieties, the meaning of fossils, struggle in nature, or a paneled bookshelf scant meters from the library where the branching history of life all share space with notes on we have the privilege of viewing precious works on natural the cost of rice, lists of books to read, a proposed remedy history. The sedate and stately Linnean is a far cry from the for the proliferation of taxonomic synonyms, and a practi- thatched huts and praus of the Malay Archipelago where cal scheme for a library of natural history. Then there are they were written some 150 years ago, but it is a most fit- the myriad collection notes, from the hunting of orang- ting home considering that Wallace’s notebooks and jour- utans and birds of paradise to his catches of curious beetles nals are now among the crown jewels of biology. and beautiful butterflies. It was, therefore, with much anticipation that we ap- Although historians have long been aware of the proached Lynda Brooks, head librarian of the Linnean, Species Notebook, and some, like McKinney, have studied about seeing the Species Notebook at the end of our pro- it to good effect, beyond a small circle of Wallace scholars gram that day. Lynda kindly proffered it, and as we pored it has been a well-kept secret. Andrew and I wondered: over its pages—some packed with Wallace’s neat script, could we make it more widely available? And perhaps not others with dense tables recording his daily catch and col- merely as a transcription but as an annotated transcription, . ix . to help readers more fully understand and appreciate the In the annotations, I also highlight the many points of remarkable depth and breadth of Wallace’s thinking? That parallel thinking, intersection, and occasional divergence last point is important. Wallace is decidedly underappreci- between Wallace and Darwin during the notebook period ated relative to his illustrious colleague Charles Darwin, and beyond. These should be read as an effort not to mea- all but unknown outside of scholarly circles and even little sure Wallace against Darwin but to show how very reso- known within, and this despite his being not only the co- nant was the thinking of these giants, a point that under- discoverer of one of humanity’s greatest insights into the scores the importance, even justice, of restoring Wallace’s workings of nature—evolution by natural selection—but unwarrantably dimmed star to its former brilliance. The also the founder of the modern discipline of zoogeogra- Species Notebook is an excellent starting point for appre- phy. He made fundamental contributions in evolutionary ciating just how profound Wallace’s insights were in those biology, biogeography, ornithology, and entomology, and years, pre–Origin of Species, when he labored in solitude. weighed in on a host of social issues of his day in a con- We are fortunate indeed that his Species Notebook did tinuous stream of scientific papers, essays, interviews, and not meet the fate of those from his South American jour- books. One does not have to be a conspiracy theorist to ney, lost in the Atlantic as his homebound ship went first appreciate that history, in some respects, has not been just up in flames and then down into the depths. Considering to Wallace. the rigors of Wallace’s peripatetic life in Southeast Asia, That his gifts and contributions are not more widely ap- covering, by his reckoning, some 14,000 miles in eight preciated today is our loss, for Wallace’s story is nothing years of travels, the survival of the notebook is itself cause short of epic, his achievements all the more poignant for for celebration. Through it we hear Wallace’s voice loud their realization against all odds. Wallace’s unique blend and clear from the steamers and praus, huts and houses, of pluck, perseverance, and creativity were combined with jungle trails and trading villages across that infinite archi- the temperament of a philosopher, the sense of wonder of pelago. a child, and more than a dash of genius. This centennial Berlin year marking the naturalist’s death in 1913 offers an oppor- February 10, 2013 tunity for both celebration and reflection on the man and his accomplishments, and there is so much to celebrate and reflect upon. In this regard Wallace’s Species Notebook is an unparalleled lens through which the scope of his early evolutionary thought is seen to advantage, in the context of life in the field where the ideas were conceived. It is in the spirit of enabling the reader to accompany Wallace on his journeys both physical and intellectual that my anno- tations are offered. preface . x Note on the Text Species Notebook Transcription The A. R. Wallace Species Notebook, Linnean Society of Every effort was made to reflect the layout of Wallace’s London manuscript number 180, was used “tête-bêche” original text in the transcription. Transcribed lines that by Wallace, with text running in opposite directions for reasons of space wrap to the next line are indented on inward from each cover, flipped with respect to each the wrapped line. other. These pages are here designated recto (going for- ward from the front of the book to the back) and verso (the reverse, running from back to front). This note- book transcription is based on (but not identical to) the Manuscript Transcription Protocol of the A. R. Wallace Correspondence Project at the Natural History Museum, London (www.nhm.ac.uk/wallacelettersonline). The peciesS Notebook is paginated following Wallace’s page numbers. Prefatory pages and endleaves with entries on them are designated [a], [a-1], [b], [b-1], and so on. The following notations are used in the transcription: Regular square brackets [ ] Enclose editorial insertions, as when completing abbreviated terms: e.g., “coll.” is completed as “coll.[ected]”; “coll.d” as “coll.[ecte]d” (exception: in lists and tables on the verso pages, words are left uncompleted as a space-saving measure) Italic square brackets [ ] Enclose editorial comments, which are themselves italicized [?] Indicates uncertain interpretation of text [illeg.] Indicates text is missing or illegible Struck text Text crossed out in original Super- and subscript insertions in original Shown in superscript or subscript A full stop that appears as a dash in original Transcribed as a period (.) Wallace’s spelling variants (e.g., Aru, Arru) Not corrected .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Hymenoptera Collections of Williamedwardshuckard and the Dispersal of His Type Material
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology... Beitr. Ent. Berlin ISSN 0005-805X 48 (1998) 1 S. 157-174 31.03.1998 The Hymenoptera collections of William Edward Shuckard and the dispersal of his type material With 1 figure D o n a ld B. B a k er Summary An inquiry is made into the dispersal of the Hymenoptera collections formed by WILLIAM EDWARD Shuckard and the survival of his type material. Zusammenfassung Untersucht wird der Verbleib der Hymenopteren-Sammlungen von WILLIAM EDWARD SHUCKARD und seines Typenmaterials. Additional key words T. Desvignes - W.H.L. Walcott - W.W. Saunders - E. Saunders - Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford - Natural History Museum, London - dispersal of some 19th Century entomological collections List of headings Introduction: W illiam Edward Shuckard (1803-1868)........................................................................... 158 Shuckard’s publications on the Hymenoptera:.......................................................................................... 158 Taxonomy: Hymenoptera other than bees................................................................................................. 158 The British Bees, 1866.................................................................................................................................. 159 The dispersal of Shuckard’s Hymenoptera collections.............................................................................. 159 The
    [Show full text]
  • The Hymenoptera Collections of Williamedwardshuckard and the Dispersal of His Type Material
    Beitr. Ent. Berlin ISSN 0005-805X 48 (1998) 1 S. 157-174 31.03.1998 The Hymenoptera collections of William Edward Shuckard and the dispersal of his type material With 1 figure D o n a ld B. B a k er Summary An inquiry is made into the dispersal of the Hymenoptera collections formed by WILLIAM EDWARD Shuckard and the survival of his type material. Zusammenfassung Untersucht wird der Verbleib der Hymenopteren-Sammlungen von WILLIAM EDWARD SHUCKARD und seines Typenmaterials. Additional key words T. Desvignes - W.H.L. Walcott - W.W. Saunders - E. Saunders - Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford - Natural History Museum, London - dispersal of some 19th Century entomological collections List of headings Introduction: W illiam Edward Shuckard (1803-1868)........................................................................... 158 Shuckard’s publications on the Hymenoptera:.......................................................................................... 158 Taxonomy: Hymenoptera other than bees................................................................................................. 158 The British Bees, 1866.................................................................................................................................. 159 The dispersal of Shuckard’s Hymenoptera collections.............................................................................. 159 The University Museum of Natural History, Oxford.......................................................................................162 Thomas Desvignes
    [Show full text]
  • 1 International Workshop Baggage and Belonging: Military Collections and the British Empire Conveners Henrietta Lidchi
    International Workshop Baggage and Belonging: Military Collections and the British Empire Conveners Henrietta Lidchi (National Museum of World Cultures, Leiden) Biography Prior to working in the Netherlands Henrietta worked at the British Museum and at National Museums Scotland. Her research includes Native American art and material culture looking at collections histories and museum practices of collecting and display, as well as contemporary artistic practices. Since 2017 she has been Principal Investigator on the project Baggage and Belonging: Military Collections and the British Empire (1750-1900) at National Museums Scotland (AH/P006752/1). Her publications include: Surviving Desires: Making and Selling Jewellery in the American Southwest (British Museum/University of Oklahoma Press); Visual Currencies (National Museums Scotland Press); Imagining the Arctic (British Museum/University of Washington Press) and the forthcoming book, co-edited with Stuart Allan Dividing the Spoils: Perspectives on military collections and the British Empire (Manchester University Press). Stuart Allan (National Museums Scotland) Biography Stuart Allan is Keeper of Scottish History & Archaeology at National Museums Scotland. His specialism is in the material and organisational culture of the British Army, and his research focusses on the Scottish military tradition in its wider cultural contexts. He is author of Commando Country (2007), and co-author of Common Cause: Commonwealth Scots and the Great War (2014), and The Thin Red Line: War, Empire and Visions of Scotland (2004). He is currently co- investigator for the Arts and Humanities Research Council project Baggage and Belonging: military collections and the British Empire, 1750-1900 (AH/P006752/1). Nicole Hartwell (National Museums Scotland) Biography Nicole Hartwell is Postdoctoral Researcher at National Museums Scotland working on the Arts and Humanities Research Council project Baggage and Belonging: Military Collections and the British Empire, 1750-1900 (AH/P006752/1).
    [Show full text]
  • Alfred Russel Wallace's Record of His Consignments to Samuel Stevens, 1854-1861
    ZM 75 251-342 | 16 (baker) 12-01-2007 07:52 Page 251 Alfred Russel Wallace’s record of his consignments to Samuel Stevens, 1854-1861 D.B. Baker Baker, D.B. Alfred Russel Wallace’s record of his consignments to Samuel Stevens, 1854-1861. Zool. Med. Leiden 75 (16). 24.xii.2001: 251-341, figs 1-19.— ISSN 0024-0672. D.B. Baker, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford OX1 3PW, U.K. Keywords: A.R. Wallace; C. Allen; S. Stevens; Malaysia; Indonesia; biography; biogeography; bio- diversity. An annotated facsimile of those pages of Alfred Russel Wallace’s notebook recording his consign- ments from the Malay Archipelago to his London agent, Samuel Stevens, is provided. Records of indi- vidual consignments are linked with the stages of Wallace’s and Charles Allen’s itineraries to which they relate and are amplified from data provided by Wallace elsewhere; wherever possible, dates and places of the despatch of consignments and of the dates of their receipt in London are noted; and the dates of material becoming available for study are established, chiefly from British Museum acces- sions registers. It is intended that this should provide readier access to scattered collection data and should in particular assist in determining what specimens may properly be regarded as types or syn- types of the many taxa described by numerous contemporary authors from Wallace’s material. Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 254 The notebook ....................................................................................................................................... 254 The emphasis of Wallace’s collecting ...................................................................................... 254 Profit and loss; the dispersal of Wallace’s material .......................................................... 255 The publication of Wallace’s collections ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cape Verde Islands, C. 1500–1879
    TRANSFORMATION OF “OLD” SLAVERY INTO ATLANTIC SLAVERY: CAPE VERDE ISLANDS, C. 1500–1879 By Lumumba Hamilcar Shabaka A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of History- Doctor of Philosophy 2013 ABSTRACT TRANSFORMATION OF “OLD” SLAVERY INTO ATLANTIC SLAVERY: CAPE VERDE ISLANDS, C. 1500–1879 By Lumumba Hamilcar Shabaka This dissertation explores how the Atlantic slave trade integrated the Cape Verde archipelago into the cultural, economic, and political milieu of Upper Guinea Coast between 1500 and 1879. The archipelago is about 300 miles off the coast of Senegal, West Africa. The Portuguese colonized the “uninhabited” archipelago in 1460 and soon began trading with the mainland for slaves and black African slaves became the majority, resulting in the first racialized Atlantic slave society. Despite cultural changes, I argue that cultural practices by the lower classes, both slaves and freed slaves, were quintessentially “Guinean.” Regional fashion and dress developed between the archipelago and mainland with adorning and social use of panu (cotton cloth). In particular, I argue Afro-feminine aesthetics developed in the islands by freed black women that had counterparts in the mainland, rather than mere creolization. Moreover, the study explores the social instability in the islands that led to the exile of liberated slaves, slaves, and the poor, the majority of whom were of African descent as part of the Portuguese efforts to organize the Atlantic slave trade in the Upper th Guinea Coast. With the abolition of slavery in Cape Verde in the 19 century, Portugal used freed slaves and the poor as foot soldiers and a labor force to consolidate “Portuguese Guinea.” Many freed slaves resisted this mandatory service.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tuckeys of Mandurah the Western Australian Historical
    SYLLABlfS FOR 1961 MEETINGS The Western Australian The ordinary meetings of the Society are held in the Methodist Mission Hall, 283 Murray Street, Perth (near William Street Historical Society Incorporated corner), at 8 p.m. on the last Friday in each month. .JOlfRNilL AND PROCEEDINGS February 24th: Bishop Salvado and John Forrest, from the records of New Norcia, by Dom William, O.S.B. VoL V 1961 Part VllI March 24th: Annual General Meeting. April 28th: Goldfields Night. Recollections of pioneering days in Boulder City, by Mrs. Edith Acland Wiles. The Society does not hold itself responsible for statements made or opinions expressed by authors of the papers May 26th: Where was Abram Leeman's Island? by James H. published in this Journal. Turner. (Illustrated with coloured slides.) June 30th: The Development of the Hotel Industry in Western Australia, by J. E. Dolin. The Tuckeys of Mandurah July 28th: Sir John Forrest in National Politics, by Dr. F. K. Crowley. By J. H. M. HONNIBALL, B.A. August 25th: The History of Bolgart, by Mrs. Rica Erickson and G. R. Kemp. My own memories of Mandurah go back less than twenty years, but the quiet town left even a small boy on annual holidays September 29th: The History of Wongan Hills, by R. B. Ackland. with distmct impressions. Swimming and fishing were attractions October 27th: 100 Years of Local Government at Albany, by for every visitor; But other remarkable features of the place were Robert Stephens. the slowly clanking windmills, spreading tuart trees, old stone November 24th: Readings from prize-Winning essays in the Lee houses with grape vines and fig and mulberry trees in their Steere Award.
    [Show full text]
  • Port Phillip, First Survey and Settlement Of
    1878. VICTORIA. PORT PHILLIJPo FIRST SURVEY AND SETTLEMENT OF. RETURN to an Order of the Legislative A,s8tmOly, Dated 14th August 1878, for- COPIES of certain recently discovered historical records respecting the first Survey and subsequent Settlement of Port Phillip Heads, formed under Lieutenant-Governor Collins in 1803. (Mr. O'Hea.) Ordered by the Legislative Assembly to he printed, 21st Novemher 18'18. CONTENTS. I.-Letter to the Honourable Graham Berry, II.-Prefatory note by the Editor. III.-Journal of Exploration of Port Phillip made by Charles Grimes, Surveyor· General of New South Wales, 1802-3. IV.-Order Book of Lieutenant-Governor Collins during the stay at Port Phillip, 1803-4. V.-Journal of the Rev. Roht. Knopwood, Chaplain to the Settlement. From 24th April 1803 to 31st December 1804. Portrait of Lieutenant-Governor Collins. " Captain W oodrifl', R.N., aM.S. Calcutta. Rev. Robert Knopwood. Mr. James Hobbs. Fac "simile Chart of the Survey of Port Phillip, by Grime!!. Sketch.-The Heads of Port Phillip. [.I!pprorimatf Oost qf Paper.-I'reparatlon, not given; Printing, &e. (715 copies), £121 5s. Od.] )!Iy auttllttty: JOlIN FERRES, GOVERNMJ!:NT PRINTER, MELBOURNE, C.-No. 15. MRo SHILLINGLAW TO THE HONe THE CHIEF SECRETARYo TO THE HONOURA,BLE GRAHAM BERRY, PREMIER OF VICTORIA. SIR, The documents now submitted to you may fairly be called the First Annals of this colony. They are important as being official records, and they set at rest some points which have hitherto been in dispute or doubt regarding the settlement attempted by Governor Collins at Port Phillip Heads three quarters of a century ago.
    [Show full text]
  • For People Who Love Early Maps Early Love Who People for 14 6 No
    146 INTERNATIONAL MAP COLLECTORS’ SOCIETY AUTUMN 2016 No.14 6 FOR PEOPLE WHO LOVE EARLY MAPS JOURNAL ADVERTISING Index of Advertisers 4 issues per year Colour B&W Altea Gallery 55 Full page (same copy) £950 £680 Art Aeri 38 Half page (same copy) £630 £450 Quarter page (same copy) £365 £270 Antiquariaat Sanderus 38 For a single issue Barron Maps 2 Full page £380 £275 Half page £255 £185 Barry Lawrence Ruderman 10 Quarter page £150 £110 Chicago Map Fair 8 Flyer insert (A5 double-sided) £325 £300 Collecting Old Maps 55 Advertisement formats for print Clive A Burden 2 We can accept advertisements as print ready artwork Daniel Crouch Rare Books 4 saved as tiff, high quality jpegs or pdf files. Dominic Winter 60 It is important to be aware that artwork and files that have been prepared for the web are not of sufficient Frame 26 quality for print. Full artwork specifications are Jonathan Potter 28 available on request. Kenneth Nebenzahl Inc. 8 Advertisement sizes Kunstantiquariat Monika Schmidt 49 Please note recommended image dimensions below: Librairie Le Bail 38 Full page advertisements should be 216 mm high x 158 mm wide and 300–400 ppi at this size. Loeb-Larocque 60 Half page advertisements are landscape and 105 mm The Map House inside front cover high x 158 mm wide and 300–400 ppi at this size. Martayan Lan outside back cover Quarter page advertisements are portrait and are 105 Miami Map Fair 59 mm high x 76 mm wide and 300–400 ppi at this size.
    [Show full text]
  • Steering the Seas of Reform: Education, Empirical Science, and Royal Naval Medicine, 1815-1860
    STEERING THE SEAS OF REFORM: EDUCATION, EMPIRICAL SCIENCE, AND ROYAL NAVAL MEDICINE, 1815-1860 by Christopher Hamilton Myers Bachelor of Arts in History, Kenyon College, 2009 Master of Arts in History, University of Pittsburgh, 2011 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH THE DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Christopher Hamilton Myers It was defended on August 2, 2016 before Melanie Hughes, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Pittsburgh Patrick Manning, PhD, Andrew W. Mellon Professor of World History, Department of History, University of Pittsburgh Marcus Rediker, PhD, Distinguish University Professor, Department of History, University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Co-Chair: William Chase, PhD, Professor, Department of History, University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Co-Chair: Seymour Drescher, PhD, Distinguished University Professor Emeritus, Department of History, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Christopher Myers 2016 iii STEERING THE SEAS OF REFORM: EDUCATION, EMPIRICAL SCIENCE, AND ROYAL NAVAL MEDICINE, 1815-1860 Christopher Hamilton Myers, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2016 ABSTRACT As medical and imperial actors, early-nineteenth-century British naval surgeons navigated the sweeping changes that occurred within the Royal Navy, the medical profession, and British society. They embraced and applied empirical natural and medical scientific approaches between the 1810s and 1850s. Their attempts to employ science as they negotiated naval service’s realities and experiences, pursued their scientific and medical interests and duties, and confronted tropical fevers transformed the naval service.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotations for Alexander Von Humboldt's Political Essay on The
    Annotations for Alexander von Humboldt’s Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain by Giorleny D. Altamirano Rayos, Tobias Kraft, and Vera M. Kutzinski Unless context made it more sensible to do otherwise, we have annotated a reference or allusion at its first occurrence. Entries in boldface refer back to a main entry. The page numbers that precede each entry refer to the pagination of Alexander von Humboldt’s 1826 French edition; those page numbers are are printed in the margins of our translation of the Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain. In that edition, the names and concepts that appear in SMALL CAPS in the annotations are marked with an ▼. Weights and Measures What follows are some of the most common weights and measures that Alexander von Humboldt regularly uses. This is not an exhaustive list. ACRE: an old English unit of surface area equivalent to 4,840 square yards (or about 4,046.85 square meters) in the USA and Canada. The standard unit of measurement for surface area in the UK, an acre in its earliest English uses was probably the amount of land that one yoke of oxen could plow in a day. Its value varied slightly in Ireland, Scotland, and England. In France, the size of the acre varied depending on region. Humboldt states that an acre is 4,029 square meters. 2 ARPENT: a unit either of length or of land area used in France, Québec, and Louisiana from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. The main measurement for land throughout France (sometimes called the French acre), the arpent varied in value depending on region.
    [Show full text]
  • 0352.1.00.Pdf
    helicography Before you start to read this book, take this moment to think about making a donation to punctum books, an independent non-profit press, @ https://punctumbooks.com/support/ If you’re reading the e-book, you can click on the image below to go directly to our donations site. Any amount, no matter the size, is appreciated and will help us to keep our ship of fools afloat. Contri- butions from dedicated readers will also help us to keep our commons open and to cultivate new work that can’t find a welcoming port elsewhere. Our ad- venture is not possible without your support. Vive la Open Access. Fig. 1. Hieronymus Bosch, Ship of Fools (1490–1500) helicography. Copyright © 2021 by Craig Dworkin. This work carries a Cre- ative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0 International license, which means that you are free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and you may also remix, transform and build upon the material, as long as you clearly attribute the work to the authors (but not in a way that suggests the authors or punctum books endorses you and your work), you do not use this work for commercial gain in any form whatsoever, and that for any remixing and trans- formation, you distribute your rebuild under the same license. http://creative- commons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ First published in 2021 by dead letter office, babel Working Group, an imprint of punctum books, Earth, Milky Way. https://punctumbooks.com The babel Working Group is a collective and desiring-assemblage of scholar– gypsies with no leaders or followers, no top and no bottom, and only a middle.
    [Show full text]
  • The French War and the United Irishmen in New South Wales
    Foreign enemies and internal rebels: the French War and the United Irishmen in New South Wales KUAN O'DONNELL Although strategic aspects relating to the decision to found a penal colony in New South Wales in 1788 have been debated little attention has been paid to the most threatening post-settlement concern, the French War of 1792-1815.1 The input of the United Irishmen in this global imbroglio elicited the comment from colonial governor Philip Gidley King that they were 'traitors at home and abroad.' War transformed the campaign for parliamentary reform in Ireland from a radical to a seditious enterprise and fostered the revolutionary 'partnership' between the United Irishmen and France. The most dramatic result of this alliance was the rebellion of 1798, the aftermath of which included insurrectionary plots in New South Wales in 1800 and a fuilblown revolt in March 1804.The possibility of the French raiding, annexing or colonising parts of New South Wales could not be dis- counted until iSit when British victories in the East Indies secured regional naval ascendancy.3 Britain's declaration of war in February 1793 on the newly proclaimed French Republic initiated a gruelling struggle that risked the empire acquired in the Seven Years War (1756-63) and almost wrecked the economy. Given that the distant, penal colony of New South Wales had yet to attain self-sufficiency, the addition of an external French threat to routine matters of internal security had serious repercus- sions. Not surprisingly, the importation of hundreds of pro-French United Irishmen became a bone of contention in Port Jackson (Sydney).
    [Show full text]