Chapter 5. Establishment of the Parasite

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Chapter 5. Establishment of the Parasite Parasitic Flowering Plants Chapter 5. Establishment of the parasite This chapter primarily deals with how a parasite becomes established, how the haustoria are initi- ated and develop, and how water and nutrients are transferred from host to parasite. In this con- text the structure of the interface (Fig. 333) is of particular interest. In other words, the focus will be on what it means to be a parasitic plant, and * how this comes about. It is natural, however, first to look at how at least some of the parasite seeds end in a suitable place for germination near a po- tential host. Then we will develop a further un- derstanding of the fascinating and complex haus- torium, which parasites use to extract materials from their hosts. The general structure of mature haustoria is described along with the presenta- A tion of the parasitic families, and the terminol- ogy is outlined in Chapter . Seed dispersal strategies Parasitic plants have adopted one of five differ- ent strategies for seed dispersal. The purpose of all four strategies is to bring seeds either in di- rect contact with a suitable host, or to bring * seeds within a critical distance beyond which a seedling has no chance to reach the host through its own growth. This is simply because the stored nutrients in the seed are limited, and therefore the seedling will otherwise die. The critical dis- tance varies of course with species. The five germination strategies are as follow: B A. The seeds are relatively large and have enough storied nutrients in the form of starch, Fig. 334. SEM of seed and folded embryo of Cuscuta. fat, and protein in the endosperm to sustain the *, Endosperm. A, C. pedicellata. Cross section of seed. seedling for a certain period (Fig. 334). For ex- Arrow, Protein-rich aleuron layer of endosperm. B, C. ample Cuscuta (dodder) seedlings can live for 3-7 campestris. Opened seed. - Lyshede 1992. 263 Parasitic Flowering Plants Fig. 335. Seeds deposited by birds. A, Scurrula parasitica (Loranthaceae) with fruit (left) and seeds in a rosarie. Nepal. B, Viscum monoicum. Germination of seeds deposited in masses. Sri Lanka. - G Glatzel. weeks, and the young stem of Cuscuta gronovii food. In this case it is the behaviour of the dispers- can search for hosts up to a distance of 35 cm be- er which determines how successful the strategy fore it begins to wilt (pp. 54-55). The critical is. The method is very common in Santalales and distance is likely to be much larger for certain root crucial for the stem parasitic loranths and mistle- parasitic Santalaceae such as the record large Ou- toes, because it assures that some seeds obtain di- koubaka which also has record large seeds (Fig. rect contact with a suitable host (Fig. 335). There 48). However, usually the critical distance is is usually only one seed per flower. In Tristerix much shorter and may be in the order of millime- aphyllus the critical distance has increased to per- tres for most holoparasitic root parasites. Besides haps 12 cm (Fig. 79), but in other stem parasites Cuscuta, Cassytha and all root parasitic mem- the seeds must have direct contact with the host bers of Santalales, the ‘large seed’ strategy is also surface, since the radicles have very limited growth practised be several hemiparasitic Orobanchaceae potential. Many of the species have photosynthesis (formerly Scrophulariaceae) such as Euphrasia, from the very beginning of germination since the Rhinanthus, Melampyrum, and Castilleja. endosperm contains chlorophyll (Fig. 76). The Many kinds of fruit-eaters from rodents to special adaptations such as the stickiness of the birds may serve as dispersers. The seeds pass the seeds, structure of digestive canal, and behaviour digestive canal alive, and in some cases the ger- of the birds were discussed in the section ‘Disper- mination percentage is higher after the passage sal biology’ (p. 50). Also the behaviour of the silky since digestive enzymes have softened the seed flycatcher which deposits Phoradendron seeds in coat. However, the birds involved have no spe- masses may be recalled (pp. 119-121). cial adaptations to dispersal of parasites as is of- It is not always birds which are part of the ten the case for the following strategy. ‘sticky seed - edible fruit’ strategy. In a few cases B. The seeds are sticky and spread by animals, marsupials or mammals do the same job and the primarily birds, which find the fruits attractive as dispersal of Tristerix corymbosus by the marsu- 264.
Recommended publications
  • Yellow Rattle Rhinanthus Minor
    Yellow Rattle Rhinanthus minor Yellow rattle is part of the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) and is an annual plant associated with species-rich meadows. It can grow up to 50 cm tall and the stem can have black spots. Pairs of triangular serrated leaves are arranged in opposite pairs up the stem and the stem may have several branches. Flowers are arranged in leafy spikes at the top of the stem and the green calyx tube at the bottom of each flower is flattened, slightly inflated and bladder-like. The yellow flowers are also flattened and bilaterally symmetrical. The upper lip has two short 1 mm violet teeth and the lower lip has three lobes. The flattened seeds rattle inside the calyx when ripe. Lifecycle Yellow rattle is an annual plant germinating early in the year, usually February – April, flowering in May – August and setting seed from July – September before the plant dies. The seeds are large and may not survive long in the soil seed bank. Seed germination trials have found that viability quickly reduces within six months, and spring sown seed has a much lower germination rate. Yellow rattle seed often requires a period of cold, termed vernalisation, to trigger germination. It is a hemi-parasite on grasses and legumes. This means that it is partially parasitic, gaining energy through the roots of plants and also using photosynthesis. This ability of yellow rattle makes it extremely useful in the restoration of wildflower meadows as it reduces vegetation cover enabling perennial wildflowers to grow. However, some grasses, such as fescues, are resistant to parasitism by yellow rattle and in high nutrient soils, Yellow rattle distribution across Britain and Ireland grasses such as perennial rye-grass, may grow The data used to create these maps has been provided under very quickly shading out yellow rattle plants licence from the Botanical Society which are not tolerant of shady conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Central European Vegetation
    Plant Formations in the Central European BioProvince Peter Martin Rhind Central European Beech Woodlands Beech (Fagus sylvatica) woods form the natural climax over much of Central Europe where the soils are relatively dry and can extend well into the uplands in the more southern zones. In the north, however, around Sweden it is confined to the lowlands. Beech woodlands are often open with a poorly developed shrub layer, Characteristic ground layer species may include various helleborines such as Cephalanthera damasonium, C. longifolia and C. rubra and sedges such as Carex alba, whilst in others, grasses like Sesleria caerlea or Melica uniflora may predominate, but in some of the more acidic examples, Luzula luzuloides is likely to dominate. There are also a number of endemic ground layer species. For example, in Carpathian beech woods endemics such as Dentaria glandulosa (Brassicaceae), Symphytum cordata (Boraginaceae) and the fern Polystichum braunii (Dryopteridaceae) may be encountered. Fine examples of primeaval beech woods can be found in the limestone Alps of lower Austria including the famous ‘Rothwald’ on the southeastern slopes of Dürrentein near Lunz. These range in altitude from about 940-1480 m. Here the canopy is dominated by Fagus sylvatica together with Acer pseudoplatanus, Picea abies, Ulmus glabra, and on the more acidic soils by Abies alba. Typical shrubs include Daphne mezereum, Lonicera alpigena and Rubus hirtus. At ground level the herb layer is very rich supporting possibly up to a 100 species of vascular plants. Examples include Adenostyles alliariae, Asplenium viridis, Campanula scheuchzeri, Cardamine trifolia, Cicerbita alpina, Denteria enneaphyllos, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Galium austriacum, Homogyne alpina, Lycopodium annotinum, Mycelis muralis, Paris quadrifolia, Phyteuma spicata, Prenanthes purpurea, Senecio fuchsii, Valeriana tripteris, Veratrum album and the central European endemic Helliborus niger (Ranunculaceae).
    [Show full text]
  • Pinto Carrasco, Daniel (V.R).Pdf
    FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÁNICA Y FISIOLOGÍA VEGETAL Estudios biosistemáticos y filogeográficos en el género Odontites s.l. en el Mediterráneo Occidental y en la región Macaronésica TESIS DOCTORAL Daniel Pinto Carrasco Salamanca, 2020 FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÁNICA Y FISIOLOGÍA VEGETAL Estudios biosistemáticos y filogeográficos en el género Odontites s.l. en el Mediterráneo Occidental y en la región Macaronésica Memoria presentada por Daniel Pinto Carrasco para optar al Grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Salamanca VºBº del director VºBº de la directora Prof. Dr. Enrique Rico Hernández Prof. Dra. Mª Montserrat Martínez Ortega Salamanca, 2020 D. Enrique Rico Hernández y Dña. Mª Montserrat Martínez Ortega, ambos Catedráticos de Botánica de la Universidad de Salamanca AUTORIZAN, la presentación, para su lectura, de la Tesis Doctoral titulada Estudios biosistemáticos y filogeográficos en el género Odontites s.l. en el Mediterráneo Occidental y en la región Macaronésica, realizada por D. Daniel Pinto Carrasco, bajo su dirección, en la Universidad de Salamanca. Y para que así conste a los efectos legales, expiden y firman el presente certificado en Salamanca, a 13 de Octubre de 2020. Fdo. Enrique Rico Hernández Fdo. Mª Montserrat Martínez Ortega Común es el sol y el viento, común ha de ser la tierra, que vuelva común al pueblo lo que del pueblo saliera. —Luis López Álvarez, Romance de los comuneros— “En España lo mejor es el pueblo. Siempre ha sido lo mismo. En los trances duros, los señoritos invocan la patria y la venden; el pueblo no la nombra siquiera, pero la compra con su sangre y la salva.” —Antonio Machado; Carta a Vigodsky, 20-02-1937— V XL Este mundo es el camino Así, con tal entender, para el otro, que es morada todos sentidos humanos sin pesar; conservados, mas cumple tener buen tino cercado de su mujer para andar esta jornada y de sus hijos y hermanos sin errar.
    [Show full text]
  • UDRŽITELNÝ VÝVOJ SVĚTOVÝCH REGIONŮ? Ekologické Vazby Vývoje Lidské Populace a Vegetace
    Pavel V a l t r a kolektiv UDRŽITELNÝ VÝVOJ SVĚTOVÝCH REGIONŮ? Ekologické vazby vývoje lidské populace a vegetace AFRIKA A ARABSKÝ POLOOSTROV vč. Madagaskaru a Maskarén Encyklopedie SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONS OF THE WORLD? Ecological linkages between development of human populations and vegetation AFRICA AND ARABIAN PENINSULA incl. Madagascar and Mascaren Islands Encyclopaedia Aktualizace 13. 9. 2021 1 Státy severní Afriky jsou obsaženy v díle VI - Středozemí 2 OBSAH / CONTENTS str.: Úvod / Introduction 5 A. Ekologické souvislosti / Ecological connections 9 A.1. Stav, vývoj a ekologické vazby přírody a lidí / State, evolution and ecological connections between nature and humans 9 A.1.1. Biogeografické členění / Biogeographic classification 9 A.1.2. Příroda a původní obyvatelé Afriky a Arábie / Nature and original inhabitants 13 A.1.3. Vlivy neuvážené lidské činnosti, zpouštněni (desertifikace) / Effects of reckless human activities, desertification 32 A.1.4. Klima a klimatické změny / Climate and climate change 38 A.1.5. Biodiverzita, ochrana přírody: ekosystémová asistenční péče versus ideologie bezzásahovosti k „výrobě divočiny“ ve zkulturněných biotopech, spolupráce s přírodou / Biodiversity, nature conservation: ecosystem assistance care versus ideology of non-intervention heading for “production of wilderness” in the cultivated biotopes, cooperation with nature 41 A.2. Situace popisovaných zemí / Described Countries 46 A.3. České stopy v Africe / Czech footprints in Africa 119 B. Přehled rostlin / Survey Plants 134 B.1. Poznámky k seznamu / Comments to Checklist 134 B.1.1. Celkový pohled na biodiverzitu, struktura zpracování publikace / General view of biodiversity, structure of the publication treatment 120 B.1.2. Použité zkratky / List of Abbrevitations 121 B.2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Polyphasic Approach to Characterise Phoma and Related Pleosporalean Genera
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org StudieS in Mycology 65: 1–60. 2010. doi:10.3114/sim.2010.65.01 Highlights of the Didymellaceae: A polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera M.M. Aveskamp1, 3*#, J. de Gruyter1, 2, J.H.C. Woudenberg1, G.J.M. Verkley1 and P.W. Crous1, 3 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Dutch Plant Protection Service (PD), Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands; 3Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands *Correspondence: Maikel M. Aveskamp, [email protected] #Current address: Mycolim BV, Veld Oostenrijk 13, 5961 NV Horst, The Netherlands Abstract: Fungal taxonomists routinely encounter problems when dealing with asexual fungal species due to poly- and paraphyletic generic phylogenies, and unclear species boundaries. These problems are aptly illustrated in the genus Phoma. This phytopathologically significant fungal genus is currently subdivided into nine sections which are mainly based on a single or just a few morphological characters. However, this subdivision is ambiguous as several of the section-specific characters can occur within a single species. In addition, many teleomorph genera have been linked to Phoma, three of which are recognised here. In this study it is attempted to delineate generic boundaries, and to come to a generic circumscription which is more correct from an evolutionary point of view by means of multilocus sequence typing. Therefore, multiple analyses were conducted utilising sequences obtained from 28S nrDNA (Large Subunit - LSU), 18S nrDNA (Small Subunit - SSU), the Internal Transcribed Spacer regions 1 & 2 and 5.8S nrDNA (ITS), and part of the β-tubulin (TUB) gene region.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of the Hemiparasitic Plant Pedicularis Kansuensis on Plant Community Structure in a Degraded Grassland
    Ecol Res (2015) 30: 507–515 DOI 10.1007/s11284-015-1248-4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Gensheng Bao • Kenji Suetsugu • Hongsheng Wang Xiang Yao • Li Liu • Jing Ou • Chunjie Li Effects of the hemiparasitic plant Pedicularis kansuensis on plant community structure in a degraded grassland Received: 4 March 2014 / Accepted: 30 January 2015 / Published online: 12 February 2015 Ó The Ecological Society of Japan 2015 Abstract Species-rich grasslands have high conservation Fabaceae. We also found that aboveground biomass of value because they support diverse floral and faunal grasses and legumes was higher in quadrats from which assemblages. Alpine grassland is an important and the parasite had been removed than in intact controls, characteristic ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, while the biomass of sedges and forbs was unaffected by but ca. 30 % has been severely degraded by the com- parasite removal. However, removal significantly de- bined effects of climate change, human activity, over- creased plant species richness and Shannon–Wiener di- grazing and rodent damage. One potential method to versity. These results suggest that P. kansuensis modifies restore grassland diversity involves using hemiparasitic the competitive balance in grassland communities of the plants to modify the competitive relationships among Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, allowing for colonization by neighboring species. A possible candidate is Pedicularis subordinate species and thereby enhancing species di- kansuensis, a hemiparasitic plant found in grasslands versity and contributing to restoration of these degraded throughout the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but more infor- grasslands. mation on its host associations and its effects on sur- rounding vegetation is required to assess its suitability.
    [Show full text]
  • Parasite Is from the Greek Para (Beside) and Sitos (Grain Or Food) Which Literally Means “Beside the Food”
    1 2 3 Parasite is from the Greek para (beside) and sitos (grain or food) which literally means “beside the food”. If a plant also induces disease symptoms in a host, then it is a pathogen as well as parasite. A general term that refers to both parasites and mycotrophs that derive carbon from sources other than their own photosynthesis is heterotrophic, which simply means “different feeding.” 4 5 the haustorium, a specialized organ for host attachment, invasion, vasculature connection, and material transfer between the host and the parasite (Figure 1). The word haustorium comes from the Latin haustor or haurire, which means “water drawer.” 6 Approximately 4,500 parasitic species belonging to 28 families, representing 1% of the dicotyledonous angiosperm species, have been reported (53). These parasitic species derived from 12 or 13 independent evolutionary events (143) and therefore show taxonomic diversity and morphological variation (Figure 1). 7 Haustoria are modified roots the haustorium, a specialized organ for host attachment, invasion, vasculature connection, and material transfer between the host and the parasite (Figure 1). The word haustorium comes from the Latin haustor or haurire, which means “water drawer.” 8 Haustorium forms upon detection of haustorium‐inducing factors derived from the host plant. Specialized hairs in the parasite roots secrete adhesive glues to anchor their haustoria to the host roots and to assist in penetration by providing mechanical forces toward the host tissue. This organ penetrates into the host stem or root and connects to its vasculature, allowing exchange of materials such as water, nutrients, proteins, nucleotides, pathogens, and retrotransposons between the host and the parasite.
    [Show full text]
  • Research on Spontaneous and Subspontaneous Flora of Botanical Garden "Vasile Fati" Jibou
    Volume 19(2), 176- 189, 2015 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology www.journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro Research on spontaneous and subspontaneous flora of Botanical Garden "Vasile Fati" Jibou Szatmari P-M*.1,, Căprar M. 1 1) Biological Research Center, Botanical Garden “Vasile Fati” Jibou, Wesselényi Miklós Street, No. 16, 455200 Jibou, Romania; *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract The research presented in this paper had the purpose of Key words inventory and knowledge of spontaneous and subspontaneous plant species of Botanical Garden "Vasile Fati" Jibou, Salaj, Romania. Following systematic Jibou Botanical Garden, investigations undertaken in the botanical garden a large number of spontaneous flora, spontaneous taxons were found from the Romanian flora (650 species of adventive and vascular plants and 20 species of moss). Also were inventoried 38 species of subspontaneous plants, adventive plants, permanently established in Romania and 176 vascular plant floristic analysis, Romania species that have migrated from culture and multiply by themselves throughout the garden. In the garden greenhouses were found 183 subspontaneous species and weeds, both from the Romanian flora as well as tropical plants introduced by accident. Thus the total number of wild species rises to 1055, a large number compared to the occupied area. Some rare spontaneous plants and endemic to the Romanian flora (Galium abaujense, Cephalaria radiata, Crocus banaticus) were found. Cultivated species that once migrated from culture, accommodated to environmental conditions and conquered new territories; standing out is the Cyrtomium falcatum fern, once escaped from the greenhouses it continues to develop on their outer walls. Jibou Botanical Garden is the second largest exotic species can adapt and breed further without any botanical garden in Romania, after "Anastasie Fătu" care [11].
    [Show full text]
  • Compounds of Benzoic Acid in Hemiparasitic Scrophulariaceae 453
    452-455. Ada Bot. Neerl. 22(4), August 1973, p. Compounds of benzoic acid in hemiparasitic Schophulariaceae C.H. Klaren Biologisch Centrum, Afd. Plantenfysiologie, Universiteit Groningen, Haren (Gr.) SUMMARY It is demonstrated that ethanolic extracts from a number of hemiparasitic Scrophulariaceae species contain a compound with an absorption maximum at 230 nm, which is absent in non- parasitic members of the family. The peak at 230 nm could be attributed to benzoic acid. It occurs in Rhinanthus serotinus ester and in free form, as an with aucubin, bound to an unknown compound. INTRODUCTION In the course of a study on the interactions between host and parasite (Hofstra & Klaren 1973) it was found that the absorption spectrum of ethanolic extracts from dried material of the hemiparasite Rhinanthus serotinus (Scrophulariaceae) shows a conspicuous peak at 230 nm which was not found in extracts from several host plant species. The absorption maximum at 230 nm was also found in ethanolic extracts from other hemiparasitic Scrophulariaceae, viz. Rhinanthusminor, Melampyrum Odontites Parentucellia and pratense, Melampyrum arvense, verna, viscosa, Bellardia trixago. In the extract from Pedicularispalustris an absorption maxi- is found at 240 at these mum nm. In Euphrasia spec., however, a peak wave- lengths could not be detected. Extracts from the non-parasitic Scrophulariaceae: Scrophularia nodosa, Penstemon spec., Antirrhinummajus, Linaria vulgaris, Digitalis purpurea, Mimu- lus luteusand Veronica chamaedrys did not show a maximum in this range of the ultraviolet spectrum {fig. I). 2. EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS 2.1. To investigate if the absorption peak at 230 nm bears any relation to aucubin or other iridoid glucosides, which frequently occur in Scrophulariaceae (Kooiman 1970), aucubin from Rhinanthus serotinus leaves was partly purified according to Trim & Hill (1952) by adsorption on activated charcoal from an aqueous extract and subsequent elution with ethanol.
    [Show full text]
  • Life History Evolution and Phenotypic Plasticity in Parasitic Eyebrights (Euphrasia
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/362400; this version posted January 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Life history evolution and phenotypic plasticity in parasitic eyebrights (Euphrasia, 2 Orobanchaceae) 3 Alex D. Twyford1,2, Natacha Frachon3, Edgar L. Y. Wong4, Chris Metherell5, Max R. Brown1 4 1University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, 5 EH9 3FL, UK. 6 3Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK. 7 4Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK. 8 5Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, 57 Walton Rd, Bristol BS11 9TA. 9 2Author for correspondence (email: [email protected]) 10 Manuscript received _______; revision accepted _______. 11 Running head: Life history of parasitic eyebrights 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/362400; this version posted January 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 12 ABSTRACT 13 Premise of the study: Parasite lifetime reproductive success is determined by both genetic variation 14 and phenotypically plastic life history traits that respond to host quality and external environment. 15 Here, we use the generalist parasitic plant genus Euphrasia to investigate life history trait variation, in 16 particular whether there is a trade-off between growth and reproduction, and how life history traits are 17 affected by host quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Melampyrum L. (Scrophulariaceae)
    Bot. Acta Neerl. 37(2), June 1988, p. 153-163 Pollination ecology and seed-set in the rare annual species Melampyrum arvense L. (Scrophulariaceae) M.M. Kwak DepartmentofPlantEcology, University ofGroningen, Biological Centre, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren (Gn), The Netherlands SUMMARY Pollinationof Melampyrum arvense L., a large-flowered hemiparasitic annual, was investigated in populations in The Netherlands, Germany, France and Switzerland. Pollination is achieved by bumblebees, with varying tongue lengths, collecting pollen and/or nectar. Long- and medium-tongued workers pollinate the flower nototribically (head- thorax pollination) and pollen-collecting short-tongued bumblebees sternotribically (venter pollination), as analysed by the actual transfer of fluorescent powder. Short-tongued bumblebees collect nectar by robbing the flowers, and sometimes also destroying the pistil. Nectar in volume of with concentration of was present a 0-26 pi, a sugar 30% and ratioof fructose: l:0-67:0-73. a glucose: sucrose = M. arvense is self-fertile, but caged flowers do not produce seeds by the absence ofauto-deposition. Artificial pollination showed that increasing pollination intensity increased fruiting, although after three pollinations fruiting did not increase and the number of seeds per fruit did. Observations in plots with variable plant density showed that during a low visitationintensity, flowers were visited at least 6-7 times during the flower’s life and visitation span (7 days), at a high intensity 39-3 times. The additionaleffect on the seed-set of one-hand pollination during the flower’s lifetime was low. Plants in low-density plots are highly branched in contrast to plants in high density.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Structure and Habitat Characteristics of Arnica Montana L
    Tuexenia 39: 401–421. Göttingen 2019. doi: 10.14471/2019.39.012, available online at www.zobodat.at Population structure and habitat characteristics of Arnica montana L. in the NE Carpathians (Romania) Populationsstruktur und Lebensraumeigenschaften von Arnica montana L. in den Nordost-Karpaten (Rumänien) Constantin Mardari1, *, Ciprian Bîrsan1, Camelia Ștefanache2, Rareș Șchiopu2, 3, Valentin Grigoraș2, Tiberius Balaeș1, Doina Dănilă2 & Cătălin Tănase4 1A. Fătu Botanical Garden, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, 7-9 Dumbrava Roșie, 700487 Iași, Romania; 2NIRDBS/Stejarul Biological Research Centre, 6 Alexandru cel Bun, 610004 Piatra Neamț, Romania; 3Department of Geography, Faculty of History and Geography, Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; 4Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I 20A, 700505 Iaşi, Romania *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract In many European countries Arnica montana is decreasing due to intensification or abandonment of traditional extensive land use and thus is considered endangered. In Romania the species is also decreasing due to excessive collecting for pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes, but it is still relatively common in montane nutrient-poor grasslands and successional vegetation of forest clearings on acidic soil. In this study we analysed habitats and population structure of A. montana in the Romanian NE Carpathians. We asked for differences in population structure between habitat types and how popula- tion structure is related to environmental conditions. We investigated population structure and habitat characteristics in 25 populations of A. montana on three 1 m × 1 m-plots each (total of 75 plots). The plot-based assessment of the population structure included the numbers of rosettes (rosette density), flower heads (flower head density), flowering rosettes and flower stems per flowering rosette.
    [Show full text]