Pineal Gland a Structural & Functional Enigma
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Circadian Disruption: What Do We Actually Mean?
HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Eur J Neurosci Manuscript Author . Author manuscript; Manuscript Author available in PMC 2020 May 07. Circadian disruption: What do we actually mean? Céline Vetter Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA Abstract The circadian system regulates physiology and behavior. Acute challenges to the system, such as those experienced when traveling across time zones, will eventually result in re-synchronization to the local environmental time cues, but this re-synchronization is oftentimes accompanied by adverse short-term consequences. When such challenges are experienced chronically, adaptation may not be achieved, as for example in the case of rotating night shift workers. The transient and chronic disturbance of the circadian system is most frequently referred to as “circadian disruption”, but many other terms have been proposed and used to refer to similar situations. It is now beyond doubt that the circadian system contributes to health and disease, emphasizing the need for clear terminology when describing challenges to the circadian system and their consequences. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the terms used to describe disruption of the circadian system, discuss proposed quantifications of disruption in experimental and observational settings with a focus on human research, and highlight limitations and challenges of currently available tools. For circadian research to advance as a translational science, clear, operationalizable, and scalable quantifications of circadian disruption are key, as they will enable improved assessment and reproducibility of results, ideally ranging from mechanistic settings, including animal research, to large-scale randomized clinical trials. -
Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
The Interaction of the Thyroid Gland, Pineal Gland and Immune System in Chicken
Vol. 6, Suppl. 2 79 The interaction of the thyroid gland, pineal gland and immune system in chicken Mykola E. Dzerzhynsky1, Olga I. Gorelikova, Andriy S. Pustovalov Department of Cytology, Histology and Development Biology, Kiev, Taras Shevchenko National University, Kiev, Ukraine Received: 7 October 2005; accepted: 15 September 2006 SUMMARY The interaction of immunological system, thyroid and pineal gland was studied in 5-week old males of Gallus domesticus. Several morphometri- cal parameters in pineal and thyroid glands were measured after bird im- munization with human red blood cells and/or treatment with melatonin or seduxen, a melatonin receptor blocker. The peak of the thyroid activity was found on Day 7 after immunization. The immune system appears to directly activate the thyroid gland only in the presence of certain level of melatonin. We suggest that the melatonin mechanism of action includes the enhancement of thyroid gland sensitivity to immune factors. Seduxen prevented the stimulatory influence of the immune system on the thyroid gland. Reproductive Biology 2006, 6, Suppl. 2:79–85. Key words: thyroid gland, immunization, pineal gland, melatonin, seduxen 1Corresponding author: Department of Cytology, Histology and Development Biology, Kiev, Taras Shevchenko National University, 64 Volodomyrska Str, 01033 Kiev, Ukraine; e-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2006 by the Society for Biology of Reproduction 80 Immune-thyroid-pineal interactions in chicken INTRODUCTION Interrelationships of the endocrine, nervous and immune systems attract a lot of scientific attention [3]. Thyroid hormones (thyroxine: T4; triio- dothyronine), in addition to involvement in controlling energy production and protein and carbohydrate metabolism, stimulate the metamorphosis of lower vertebrates, control tissue growth and development, intensify oxida- tion and heat production as well as influence the functioning of the nervous system. -
And Low-Dose Melatonin Therapies
diseases Review Divergent Importance of Chronobiological Considerations in High- and Low-dose Melatonin Therapies Rüdiger Hardeland Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; [email protected] Abstract: Melatonin has been used preclinically and clinically for different purposes. Some applica- tions are related to readjustment of circadian oscillators, others use doses that exceed the saturation of melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 and are unsuitable for chronobiological purposes. Conditions are outlined for appropriately applying melatonin as a chronobiotic or for protective actions at elevated levels. Circadian readjustments require doses in the lower mg range, according to receptor affinities. However, this needs consideration of the phase response curve, which contains a silent zone, a delay part, a transition point and an advance part. Notably, the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) is found in the silent zone. In this specific phase, melatonin can induce sleep onset, but does not shift the circadian master clock. Although sleep onset is also under circadian control, sleep and circadian susceptibility are dissociated at this point. Other limits of soporific effects concern dose, duration of action and poor individual responses. The use of high melatonin doses, up to several hundred mg, for purposes of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory protection, especially in sepsis and viral diseases, have to be seen in the context of melatonin’s tissue levels, its formation in mitochondria, and detoxification of free radicals. Citation: Hardeland, R. Divergent Keywords: circadian; entrainment; inflammation; melatonin; mitochondria; receptor saturation Importance of Chronobiological Considerations in High- and Low-dose Melatonin Therapies. Diseases 2021, 9, 18. -
MELATONIN and HUMAN RHYTHMS INTRODUCTION It Has
Chronobiology International, 23(1&2): 21–37, (2006) Copyright # 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN 0742-0528 print/1525-6073 online DOI: 10.1080/07420520500464361 MELATONIN AND HUMAN RHYTHMS Josephine Arendt Centre for Chronobiology, School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, England Melatonin signals time of day and time of year in mammals by virtue of its pattern of secretion, which defines ‘biological night.’ It is supremely important for research on the physiology and pathology of the human biological clock. Light suppresses melatonin secretion at night using pathways involved in circadian photoreception. The melatonin rhythm (as evidenced by its profile in plasma, saliva, or its major metabolite, 6-sulphatoxymelatonin [aMT6s] in urine) is the best peripheral index of the timing of the human circadian pacemaker. Light suppression and phase-shifting of the melatonin 24 h profile enables the characterization of human circadian photore- ception, and circulating concentrations of the hormone are used to investigate the general properties of the human circadian system in health and disease. Suppression of melatonin by light at night has been invoked as a possible influence on major disease risk as there is increasing evidence for its oncostatic effects. Exogenous melatonin acts as a ‘chronobiotic.’ Acutely, it increases sleep propensity during ‘biological day.’ These properties have led to successful treatments for serveal circadian rhythm disorders. Endogenous melatonin acts to reinforce the functioning of the human circadian system, probably in many ways. The future holds much promise for melatonin as a research tool and as a therapy for various conditions. Keywords Melatonin, Light, Circadian and Circaanual Rhythms, Chronobiotic, Sleep, Sleep Disorders, Photoperiodism INTRODUCTION It has been nearly 50 yrs since Aaron Lerner identified melatonin and, after self-administration, reported that it made him feel sleepy (Lerner et al., 1958). -
Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal. -
The Potential Therapeutic Effect of Melatonin in Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease Tharwat S Kandil1*, Amany a Mousa2, Ahmed a El-Gendy3, Amr M Abbas3
Kandil et al. BMC Gastroenterology 2010, 10:7 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-230X/10/7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The potential therapeutic effect of melatonin in gastro-esophageal reflux disease Tharwat S Kandil1*, Amany A Mousa2, Ahmed A El-Gendy3, Amr M Abbas3 Abstract Background: Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) defined as a condition that develops when the reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications. Many drugs are used for the treatment of GERD such as omeprazole (a proton pump inhibitor) which is a widely used antiulcer drug demonstrated to protect against esophageal mucosal injury. Melatonin has been found to protect the gastrointestinal mucosa from oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species in different experimental ulcer models. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of exogenous melatonin in the treatment of reflux disease in humans either alone or in combination with omeprazole therapy. Methods: 36 persons were divided into 4 groups (control subjects, patients with reflux disease treated with melatonin alone, omeprazole alone and a combination of melatonin and omeprazole for 4 and 8 weeks) Each group consisted of 9 persons. Persons were subjected to thorough history taking, clinical examination, and investigations including laboratory, endoscopic, record of esophageal motility, pH-metry, basal acid output and serum gastrin. Results: Melatonin has a role in the improvement of Gastro-esophageal reflux disease when used alone or in combination with omeprazole. Meanwhile, omeprazole alone is better used in the treatment of GERD than melatonin alone. Conclusion: The present study showed that oral melatonin is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of GERD. -
Human General Histology
135 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيستم (Endocrine system) (hormones) (target cells) (receptors) autonomic (sinusoids) ductless glands thyroid gland Pineal gland Hypophysis cerebri(pituitary glands) supra renal( adrenal glands) parathyroid glands 136 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم islets cell corpora lutea interstitial tissue (placenta) GIT amines neurotransmitters amines neuromodulator 137 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم APUD cells neuroendocrine system system adrenaline, (amino acid derivatives) thyroxin noradrenalin thyroid vasopressin encephalin (small peptides) releasing hormone(TRH) TSH(thyroid stimulating parathormone hormone) cortisol Testosterone estrogen (steroids) 5,12,3 (Hypophysis Cerebri) (brain) pituitary gland (stalk) Ventricle infundibulum stalk pituitary fossa sphenoid pineal hypothalamus body 138 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم Hypophysis cerebri Pars pars anterior pars nervosa pars posterior intermediate hypothalamus infundibulum infundibulum stalk )Pars posterior neurohypophysis median eminence (tuber cinereum) infundibulum pars neurohypophysis median eminence pars intermediate pars distalis anterior Adenohypophysis infundibulum pars anterior pars tuberalis adenohypophysis 139 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم Adenohypophysis pars intermediate pars anterior adenohypophyisis Pars anterior fenestrated sinusoids (cords) chromophil chromophobic acidophil chromophil basophils orange G eosin PAS-positive hematoxylline Beta cells basophil Alpha cells Acidophil basophils acidophil (dese cored vesicles) alpha Beta Histochemical 140 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين -
07. Endocrine, Reproductive and Urogenital Pharmacology 07.001
07. Endocrine, Reproductive and Urogenital Pharmacology 07.001 Mirabegron relaxes urethral smooth muscle by a dual mechanism involving β3-Adrenoceptor activation and α1-adrenoceptor blockade. Alexandre EC1, Kiguti LR2, Calmasini FB1, Ferreira R3, Silva FH1, Silva KP2, Ribeiro CA2, Mónica FZ1, Pupo AS2, Antunes E1 1FCM-Unicamp – Farmacologia, 2IBB-Unesp, 3FCM- Unicamp – Hematologia e Hemoterapia Introduction: Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a subset of storage LUTS (lower urinary tract symptoms) highly prevalent in diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in aging men is another pathological condition highly associated with OAB secondary to bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). The β3- adrenoceptor apparently is the major receptor to induce bladder relaxations. Mirabegron is the first β3-adrenoceptor (β3-AR) agonist approved for OAB treatment (Chapple et al., 2014). Urethral smooth muscle plays a critical role to urinary continence, but no studies have examined the mirabegron-induced urethral relaxations. Aims: This study was designed to investigate the mirabegron-induced mouse urethral relaxations. In preliminary assays, mirabegron showed an unexpected action by competitively antagonizing the urethral contractions induced by the α1-AR agonist phenylephrine. Therefore, this study also aimed to characterize the α1-AR blockade by mirabegron, focusing on the α1-AR subtypes in rat vas deferens and prostate (α1A- AR), spleen (α1B-AR) and aorta (α1D-AR) preparations. Methods: Functional assays were carried out in mouse urethra rings, and rat vas deferens, prostate, aorta and spleen. β3-AR expression (mRNA and immunohistochemistry) and cyclic AMP levels were determined in mouse urethra. Competition assays for the specific binding of [3H]Prazosin to membrane preparations of HEK 293 cells expressing each of the human α1-ARs subtypes were performed. -
2018 Camp Lesson Book
Arkansas 4-H Veterinary Science Urinalysis 1 Why Urine? Urine is the end product of a filtering process that removes waste from the body The color of urine can give you information about hydration level as well as possible underlying disease A urinalysis should be performed at least yearly for healthy pets, and more often for older animals and those with existing or chronic health issues Important elements of a urinalysis include a visual inspection of the urine sample, a dipstick test, and microscopic evaluation of urine sediment 2 The Urinary System The urinary tract consists of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, the urethra, and finally, the urethral opening at either the end of the penis or just within the vagina Kidneys filter out waste products from the blood Ureters connect the kidneys to the bladder The urethra is a tube that is controlled by a sphincter muscle that empties the bladder to the outside world 3 The Bladder Detrusor muscle Ureter Bladder Ureteral Opening Bladder Neck Sphincter Muscles Trigone Urethra 4 Urinary Tract Problems Inflammation of bladder caused by stress Bacterial or fungal bladder infections Inflammation of bladder from urinary crystals Inflammation of bladder from bladder stones Inflammation of the urethra Damage to ureters by trauma, passing kidney stones, surgical accident or cancer Damage to kidneys by dehydration, infection, toxins or cancer 5 Feline Idiopathic Cystitis Inflammation of the bladder with an unknown cause Can quickly lead to kidney and heart problems Can lead to -
The Third Eye and Pineal Gland Connection
D.U.Quark Volume 5 Issue 1 Fall 2020 Article 2 12-27-2020 Rolling My Third Eye: The Third Eye and Pineal Gland Connection Shannon B. Jackson Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/duquark Recommended Citation Jackson, S. B. (2020). Rolling My Third Eye: The Third Eye and Pineal Gland Connection. D.U.Quark, 5 (1). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/duquark/vol5/iss1/2 This Staff Piece is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in D.U.Quark by an authorized editor of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. Rolling My Third Eye: The Third Eye and Pineal Gland Connection By Shannon Bow Jackson D.U.Quark 2020. Volume 5 (Issue 1) pgs. 6-13 Published December 27, 2020 Staff Article Chances are the optometrist only checks that two of your eyes are functioning. But what about your third eye; who checks on that? A neurologist? Spiritual Healer? Yoga Instructor? Yourself? The answer might vary, given that this third eye is believed to reside within the pineal gland inside of the brain. The name “third eye” comes from the pineal gland’s primary function of ‘letting in light and darkness’, just as our two eyes do. This gland is the melatonin-secreting neuroendocrine organ containing light-sensitive cells that control the circadian rhythm (1). The diagram shows that nerve cells in the retinas of our eyes allow for light to be sensed. When there is light, the nerve cells in the retina then signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus. -
The Digestive System
69 chapter four THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system is structurally divided into two main parts: a long, winding tube that carries food through its length, and a series of supportive organs outside of the tube. The long tube is called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract extends from the mouth to the anus, and consists of the mouth, or oral cavity, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intes- tine. It is here that the functions of mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients and water, and release of solid waste material take place. The supportive organs that lie outside the GI tract are known as accessory organs, and include the teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Because most organs of the digestive system lie within body cavities, you will perform a dissection procedure that exposes the cavities before you begin identifying individual organs. You will also observe the cavities and their associated membranes before proceeding with your study of the digestive system. EXPOSING THE BODY CAVITIES should feel like the wall of a stretched balloon. With your skinned cat on its dorsal side, examine the cutting lines shown in Figure 4.1 and plan 2. Extend the cut laterally in both direc- out your dissection. Note that the numbers tions, roughly 4 inches, still working with indicate the sequence of the cutting procedure. your scissors. Cut in a curved pattern as Palpate the long, bony sternum and the softer, shown in Figure 4.1, which follows the cartilaginous xiphoid process to find the ventral contour of the diaphragm.