Estonian Review E E S T I R I N G V a a D E VOLUME 17 NO 5 JAN 31- FEB 6, 2007

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Estonian Review E E S T I R I N G V a a D E VOLUME 17 NO 5 JAN 31- FEB 6, 2007 Estonian Review E E S T I R I N G V A A D E VOLUME 17 NO 5 JAN 31- FEB 6, 2007 Adriatic-Baltic-Atlantic meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Ministers of Defence in Tallinn on 5-6 February. FOREIGN NEWS FOREIGN NEWS Adriatic, Baltic and Atlantic Ministers Discussed Estonia Backs Further Enlargement Security Cooperation of NATO Feb 6 - During a meeting of foreign and defence ministers Feb 6 - Estonian Prime Minister Andrus of countries of the US-Adriatic Charter and the US-Baltic Ansip said Estonia is in favour of a Charter in Tallinn, regional security topics of the Western strong NATO and backs the alliance's Balkans as well as integration of those countries into further enlargement. Euro-Atlantic structures was discussed. Meeting with foreign and defence Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet said the main reason ministers from the countries of the US- why such a format was chosen was to relay the Baltic States' Adriatic Charter and the US-Baltic Charter in fresh experience from accession to NATO to the countries of Tallinn, the prime minister said that Estonia Western Balkans and also to hear their problems and relay supports the integration of the entire Balkans them to the NATO partners. region with Euro-Atlantic structures and "NATO must make sure it sends out clearer signals than so considers it important to relay its accession far over enlargement," Paet said. and reform experience to politicians and In multilateral meetings held as part of the Tallinn meeting, officials alike. regional security topics of the Western Balkans, including Ansip stressed that an invitation to join matters related to Kosovo, as well as their impact on European NATO is not secured until it is issued and security in wider terms were under discussion. Participants also that the countries need to work hard to discussed the situation in Afghanistan and Iraq. receive it. Rosemary DiCarlo, the US deputy assistant secretary of Estonia understands how important NATO state responsible for southern Central Europe at the State membership is for countries of the Adriatic, Department, said that all the countries of the Western Balkans as the prospect of membership serves as a that took part in the meeting had made great progress strong stimulus to executing changes, the recently. DiCarlo said it was the alliance's goal to integrate Prime Minister said. countries of the Western Balkans into Euro-Atlantic structures. The Estonian premier also thanked the Estonia's Defence Minister Jürgen Ligi said he was glad that United States for its strong support to new the countries which took part in the meeting had clear visions. democracies in their NATO-related aspirations. (To be continued on page 2) FOREIGN NEWS At a meeting in Tallinn with his counterpart from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mladen Ivanić Paet said Continued from page 1 that Estonia backs the reforms being carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina, having arranged training in Ligi added that it was exciting for the Baltic freedom of the media, information policy, States to observe the progress of defence reforms in privatization and development of administrative the Western Balkans and that the process was capacity, and is ready to continue sharing its reciprocal. experience. Likewise, military personnel from Bosnia The defence ministers stated that Baltic defence and Herzegovina are also in the future awaited to cooperation was one of the key elements in Baltic study at the Baltic Defence College. States' road to NATO and that the partners from the Speaking about relations between the countries, US-Adriatic Charter nations could benefit from the the ministers stressed the need to promote relations Baltic experience. They said that Adriatic and Baltic still more actively on all levels and sign a set of countries were taking seriously the commitment to agreements. contribute to the wider security as all the countries The ministers also talked about aspirations of were making a visible contribution to the ongoing Bosnia and Herzegovina regarding the EU and NATO. NATO operations in Afghanistan. Ivanić offered an overview of the post-election The ministers agreed that in order to make more situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the beneficial contributions, the countries had to adapt progress of reforms. their armed forces to better meet the challenges of As Paet said, Estonia has always been in favor of changing security environment. a clear European prospect regarding the countries of The ministers acknowledged that today's security Western Balkans. "At the same time, for the signing challenges demand more professional forces with of a stabilization and association agreement reforms more sophisticated equipment and technology at have to be carried out," he said. their use. Ivanić expressed his satisfaction with the decision The meeting in Tallinn was attended by foreign made at the NATO summit in Riga to invite Bosnia and defence ministers and high-ranking officials of and Herzegovina to join the NATO Partnership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Lithuania, Peace program. Paet said that this decision was in Latvia, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia, as well line with Estonian stance. as the high-ranking official from the US State "The accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Department. Montenegro and Serbia to the Partnership for Peace program will enable NATO to best support positive Foreign Minister: Talks with Macedonia on developments in those countries," the Estonian Visa Facilitation Must Give Rapid Results Foreign Minister said. Feb 6 - Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet and his Macedonian colleague Antonio Montenegro Thanked Estonia for Rapid Milošoski discussed the topic of facilitation of Establishment of Ties visa regulations. Feb 6 - Meeting with Estonian Foreign Minister As regards bilateral relations, the parties Urmas Paet in Tallinn, Montenegrin Foreign observed with satisfaction that relations have Minister Milan Roćen thanked Estonia for rapid significantly intensified, which is demonstrated also establishment of diplomatic relations with by the recent high-level visits. Montenegro. The Estonian minister said he was pleased with During the meeting of the two foreign ministers, Macedonia having opened its diplomatic relations between the countries and Montenegro's representation in Tallinn in January. Paet said he aspirations for EU and NATO membership were was confident that the representation would discussed. significantly contribute to communication between Roćen expressed gratitude to Estonia for rapid the two countries and their closer contacts. establishment of diplomatic ties and underscored It was agreed that an agreement of the that Estonia was the first country to appoint its avoidance of double taxation would be signed ambassador to Montenegro after the country already this year. regained its independence. He also described Macedonia is seriously interested in tapping into Estonia as having always been a great example for Estonia's experience in the field of information Montenegro. technology, Milošoski said. The ministers were unanimous on the need to Besides, Paet stressed Estonia's firm support for promote economic cooperation between the Macedonia’s s for EU membership. countries. Facilitation of visa regulations, for instance, show Paet reaffirmed Estonia's support for in the clearest manner that concrete steps are being Montenegro's Euro-Atlantic aspirations and voiced taken toward the EU, he said. recognition of the completion of negotiations on the "We are of the opinion that the talks on visa stabilization and association agreement. facilitation that have been started must produce a Now the country has to continue fulfilling the clear and rapid result," Paet said. assumed obligations, he added. Estonia was the first country to establish Estonia Is Ready to Continue Sharing Its diplomatic relations with Montenegro, doing it on Experience with Bosnia-Herzegovina June 13 last year. Estonia is represented in Montenegro by a non-resident ambassador, Karin Feb 5 – Foreign Minister Urmas Paet said that Jaani. Estonia is prepared to continue sharing its experience with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Estonia and Serbia Need to Enhance the opportunities for the general stabilization of the Business Contacts region, in the problems on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, the refugee camps, and the alleged cross- Feb 7 – Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet border movement of extremist Taliban fighters. and Serbia's Deputy Foreign Minister Bratislav The Pakistani Ambassador said that he considers Djordjevic found that the two countries need his main objective to strengthen relations between direct business contacts. Estonia and Pakistan, especially in economic and The ministers agreed that relations between the commercial fields, which today are the key to the countries are good, but need to be intensified on all promotion of other relations. The Ambassador also levels. presented Pakistan’s position regarding the Estonia supports the reforms that are being problems and developments in Afghanistan. carried out in Serbia and is ready to share its experience with that country, Estonia's foreign Estonian Ambassador to Sweden Handed minister said. „Estonian businessmen are interested in Serbia. over Credentials Last year Estonia’s biggest software-company Feb 1 - Estonian Ambassador to Sweden Alar invested in Serbia,” he added. Streimann handed over his credentials to King Paet reaffirmed Estonia's support for the reforms Carl XVI Gustaf. carried out in Serbia, saying that
Recommended publications
  • Kvüõa Toimetised 13/2010
    KVÜÕA TOIMETISED 13/2010 ■ CONTRIBUTORS 3 KAITSEVÄE ÜHENDATUD ÕPPEASUTUSED KVÜÕA TOIMETISED 13/2010 ■ Tartu 2010 TEGEVTOIMETAJA (executive editor): Andres Saumets (Estonia) TOIMETUS (editorial board): Ken Kalling (Estonia) Alar Kilp (Estonia) Peeter Kukk (Estonia) Rain Liivoja (Finland) Enno Mõts (Estonia) Erik Männik (Estonia) Andreas Pawlas (Germany) Claus Freiherr von Rosen (Germany) Volker Stümke (Germany) KEELETOIMETAJAD (language editors): Karen Kuldnokk (Estonia) Epp Leete (Estonia) Roy Lowthian (United Kingdom) Reet Hendrikson (Estonia) Kristiina Haug (Estonia) David W. E. Thomas (United Kingdom) KOLLEEGIUM (editorial council): Aarne Ermus (Estonia) Wilfried Gerhard (Germany) Rudolf Hamann (Germany) Jakob Kübarsepp (Estonia) Ants Laaneots (Estonia) Raul Mälk (Estonia) Ago Pajur (Estonia) Eric Allan Sibul (USA) Villu Tamul (Estonia) Peeter Tulviste (Estonia) Matti Turtola (Finland) ISSN 1736–0242 Autoriõigus: Kaitseväe Ühendatud Õppeasutused, 2010 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus www.tyk.ee SISUKORD ■ Toomas Möls Critical and Creative Thinking: Are Innovation and Initiative Welcome in the Military? ........................................................................................ 7 Jaan Murumets Võimepõhise planeerimise alused ........................................................... 18 Toomas Tõniste Taktikaliste otsustusmängude kasutamine jalaväekompanii lahingutegevuse juhtimise õpetamiseks ................................................... 34 Merle Parmak Adverse Effects of Tobacco Use in Deployed Military Units ................
    [Show full text]
  • Sõjateadlane
    SÕJATEADLANE Estonian Journal of Military Studies 13 / 2019 CULTURAL, PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES SERIES Volume I Religion and Politics in Multicultural Europe: Perspectives and Challenges Edited by Alar Kilp and Andres Saumets Volume II Extremism Within and Around Us Edited by Alar Kilp and Andres Saumets Volume III The Law of Armed Conflict: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives Edited by Rain Liivoja and Andres Saumets Volume IV Sõna sõjast ja sõda sõnast. Tekste ja tõlgendusi War of Words, Words of War. Texts and Interpretations Edited by Andres Saumets and Vladimir Sazonov Volume V Operatsioon “Iraagi vabadus”: kümme aastat hiljem Operation “Iraqi Freedom”: Ten Years Later Edited by Andres Saumets, Holger Mölder and René Värk Volume VI The Crisis in Ukraine and Information Operations of the Russian Federation Edited by Vladimir Sazonov, Andres Saumets and Holger Mölder Volume VII Kümme aastat Vene-Georgia 2008. aasta sõjast: peegeldusi hübriidsõjast ja Venemaa poliiti- listest ambitsioonidest Ten Years after the Russo-Georgian War of 2008: Reflections on Hybrid Warfare and Russia’s Political Ambitions Edited by Karl Salum and Andres Saumets Volume VIII Zapad 2017 infosõja vaatepunktist Zapad 2017 from the Perspective of Information Warfare Edited by Andreas Ventsel, Vladimir Sazonov and Andres Saumets Volume IX Russia, Syria and the West: From the Aftermath of the Arab Spring in the Middle East to Radicalization and Immigration Issues in Europe Edited by Vladimir Sazonov, Illimar Ploom and Andres Saumets ESTONIAN MILITARY ACADEMY
    [Show full text]
  • KVÜÕA Toimetised Nr 17
    1 KVÜÕA TOIMETISED 17/2013 2 3 KAITSEVÄE ÜHENDATUD ÕPPEASUTUSED KVÜÕA TOIMETISED Tartu 17/2013 4 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Andres Saumets (Estonia) EDITORIAL BOARD: Sten Allik (Estonia) Wilfried Gerhard (Germany) Ken Kalling (Estonia) Jörg Keller (Germany) Vitali Lokk (Estonia) Enno Mõts (Estonia) Erik Männik (Estonia) Andreas Pawlas (Germany) Claus Freiherr von Rosen (Germany) Vladimir Sazonov (Estonia) Volker Stümke (Germany) René Värk (Estonia) LANGUAGE EDITORS: Collin W. Hakkinen (USA) Kristiina Haug (Estonia) Reet Hendrikson (Estonia) Karen Kuldnokk (Estonia) Epp Leete (Estonia) David W. E. Thomas (United Kingdom) Amy Christine Tserenkova (Estonia) EDITORIAL COUNCIL: Hubert Annen (Šveits) Richard H. Clevenger (USA) Angelika Dörfler-Dierken (Germany) Sharon M. Freeman-Clevenger (USA) Martin Herem (Council Manager, Estonia) Thomas R. Kämmerer (Germany) Jakob Kübarsepp (Estonia) Ants Laaneots (Estonia) Tõnu Lehtsaar (Estonia) Rain Liivoja (Australia) Ago Pajur (Estonia) Robert Rollinger (Austria) Michael N. Schmitt (USA) Peeter Tulviste (Estonia) Matti Turtola (Finland) Zdzislaw Zliwa (Poland) ISSN 1736–0242 ISBN 978–9949–9304–2–5 Autoriõigus ja väljaandja: Kaitseväe Ühendatud Õppeasutused, 2013 Riia 12, 51013 Tartu, Estonia www.ksk.edu.ee/toimetised 5 SISUKORD EESTI SÕJAVÄE OHVITSERIDE ETTEVALMISTAMISE SÜSTEEMI KUJUNEMINE JA ARENG 1919–1940 .................................7 Andres Seene EESTI RIIGIKAITSEPOLIITIKA SÕNASTAMISEST 1996–1999: PÕHISUUNDADEST NATO-LIIKMELISUSE TEGEVUSKAVANI ....................................................................................81
    [Show full text]
  • 101 Biograafiat-2021-June.Pdf
    101 BIOGRAPHIES The 14th Riigikogu June 17, 2021 Tallinn 2021 Compiled on the basis of questionnaires completed by members of the Riigikogu / Reviewed semi-annually Compiled by Marge Allandi, Rita Hillermaa and Piret Pärgma / Translated by the Chancellery of the Riigi- kogu / Estonian edition edited by Gerli Randjärv, English edition by Piret Pärgma / Cover by Tuuli Aule / Layout by Margit Plink / Photos by Erik Peinar ISSN 2674-3205 Copyright: Chancellery of the Riigikogu, National Library of Estonia CONTENTS Members of the 14th Riigikogu 3 Members of the Riigikogu by Constituency 114 Members of the Riigikogu by Faction 117 Members of the Riigikogu by Committee 120 Members of the Riigikogu Whose Mandate Has Been Suspended or Has Terminated 124 List of Riigikogus 148 Abbreviations and Select Glossary 149 CONTENTS CONTENTS 2 Members MEMBERS OF Merry Aart Uno Kaskpeit Kristen Michal Erki Savisaar THE 14TH RIIGIKOGU Annely Akkermann Erkki Keldo Marko Mihkelson Helir-Valdor Seeder Yoko Alender Kert Kingo Madis Milling Andrus Seeme Tiiu Aro Signe Kivi Aadu Must Sven Sester Riho Breivel Toomas Kivimägi Eduard Odinets Priit Sibul Dmitri Dmitrijev Aivar Kokk Jevgeni Ossinovski Riina Sikkut Ivi Eenmaa Rene Kokk Ivari Padar Imre Sooäär Enn Eesmaa Mihhail Korb Hanno Pevkur Mihhail Stalnuhhin Peeter Ernits Andrei Korobeinik Heljo Pikhof Timo Suslov Hele Everaus Siret Kotka Õnne Pillak Margit Sutrop Kalle Grünthal Heiki Kranich Siim Pohlak Aivar Sõerd Helle-Moonika Helme Igor Kravtšenko Kristina Šmigun-Vähi Anti Poolamets Mart Helme Eerik-Niiles Kross
    [Show full text]
  • 101 Biographies
    101 BIOGRAPHIES The 13th Riigikogu January 1, 2018 Tallinn 2018 Compiled on the basis of questionnaires completed by members of the Riigikogu Reviewed semi-annually Compiled by Gerli Eero, Rita Hillermaa and Lii Suurpalu Translated by the Chancellery of the Riigikogu Cover by Tuuli Aule Layout by Margit Plink Photos by Erik Peinar Copyright: Chancellery of the Riigikogu, National Library of Estonia CONTENTS 3 Members of the 13th Riigikogu 114 Members of the Riigikogu by Constituency 117 Members of the Riigikogu by Faction 120 Members of the Riigikogu by Committee 124 List of Riigikogus 125 Members of the Riigikogu Whose Mandate Has Been Suspended or Has Terminated 161 Abbreviations and Select Glossary 2 MEMBERS OF THE 13TH RIIGIKOGU MEMBERS OF Arto Aas Urmas Kruuse Marko Pomerants Jüri Adams Tarmo Kruusimäe Heidy Purga th THE 13 RIIGIKOGU Raivo Aeg Kalvi Kõva Raivo Põldaru Yoko Alender Külliki Kübarsepp Henn Põlluaas January 1, 2018 Andres Ammas Helmen Kütt Laine Randjärv Krista Aru Ants Laaneots Valdo Randpere Maire Aunaste Kalle Laanet Rein Randver Deniss Boroditš Viktoria Ladõnskaja Martin Repinski Dmitri Dmitrijev Maris Lauri Taavi Rõivas Enn Eesmaa Heimar Lenk Kersti Sarapuu Peeter Ernits Jürgen Ligi Erki Savisaar Igor Gräzin Oudekki Loone Helir-Valdor Seeder Helmut Hallemaa Inara Luigas Sven Sester Hannes Hanso Lauri Luik Priit Sibul Monika Haukanõmm Ain Lutsepp Arno Sild Mart Helme Jaak Madison Mihhail Stalnuhhin Martin Helme Jaanus Marrandi Anne Sulling Andres Herkel Andres Metsoja Märt Sults Remo Holsmer Kristen Michal Aivar Sõerd
    [Show full text]
  • ESTONIAN PERCEPTIONS of SECURITY: NOT ONLY ABOUT RUSSIA and the REFUGEES Viljar Veebel National Defence College (Estonia) Illima
    Journal on Baltic Security Vol 2, Issue 2, 2016 ESTONIAN PERCEPTIONS OF SECURITY: NOT ONLY ABOUT RUSSIA AND THE REFUGEES Viljar Veebel National Defence College (Estonia) Illimar PLOOM Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia) ______________ ABSTRACT. The current study focuses on the Estonian perceptions of security and on the defence situation both globally and locally. The dynamic results of the public opinion surveys on security risks conducted in Estonia over the last 10 years (2006- 2016) will be presented. In addition, to understand whether some of the security risks could be over- or underestimated in Estonia, these results will be compared with the views expressed recently by the World Economic Forum, particularly the Global Risks Report 2016. Also, the arguments why some topics have played or are currently playing key role in the Estonian security perception will be presented and discussed. Introduction Several recent crises such as Brexit, the victory of Donald Trump in US presidential elections, the European refugee crisis, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and the global financial crisis illustrate unambiguously what could happen when “black swans” or “black elephants” suddenly appear. The term “black swan” was taken to the spotlight of the International relation´s debates by Taleb Nassim (Nassim 2007), referring to unpredictable events with enormous consequences about which we “don’t know that we don’t know”. In most cases we are willing to explain and predict these developments (the “black swans”) only after their occurrence 35 Journal on Baltic Security Vol 2, Issue 1, 2016 (Aven 2013). Following this very logic, the term “black elephant” was introduced by an environmentalist and investor Adam Sweidan and Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Thomas L.
    [Show full text]
  • 1.Russian Information Weapons; 2.Baltic Department of Defense, Or the US Defenses (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) Against Government
    Sponsor: USEUCOM Contract No.: W56KGU-17-C-0010 Project No.: 0719S120 The views expressed in this document are those of the author Three Discussions of Russian Concepts: and do not reflect the official policy or position of MITRE, the 1.Russian Information Weapons; 2.Baltic Department of Defense, or the US Defenses (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) against government. Russian Propaganda; and 3.Russia’s Development of Non-Lethal Weapons Author: Timothy Thomas March 2020 Approved for Public Release: Distribution Unlimited. Case Numbers 20-0235; 20-0050; 20-0051; 19-3194; and 20-0145. ©2020 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. McClean, VA 1 FOREWORD Russia has long been captivated by the power of information as a weapon, most notably in a historical sense using propaganda to influence and persuade audiences. With the onset of the information age, the concept’s development and application increased dramatically. The power of information-technologies when applied to weaponry increased the latter’s capabilities due to increased reconnaissance and precision applications. The power of social media was used to influence populations both at home and abroad. Both developments fit perfectly into Russia’s information warfare concept, whose two aspects are information-technical and information-psychological capabilities. Information’s universality, covertness, variety of software and hardware forms and implementation, efficiency of use when choosing a time and place of employment, and, finally, cost effectiveness make it a formidable commodity when assessed as weaponry. Russian efforts to define and use IWes are well documented. In the 1990s there were efforts to define information weapons (IWes) at the United Nations, efforts that failed.
    [Show full text]
  • Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States
    Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States Edited by Tony Lawrence Tomas Jermalavičius 1 Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States Edited by Tony Lawrence Tomas Jermalavičius International Centre for Defence Studies Toom-Rüütli 12-6 Tallinn 10130 Estonia Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States Edited by Tony Lawrence Tomas Jermalavičius © International Centre for Defence Studies Tallinn, 2013 ISBN: 978-9949-9174-7-1 ISBN: 978-9949-9174-9-5 (PDF) ISBN: 978-9949-9174-8-8 (e-pub) ISBN 978-9949-9448-0-4 (Kindle) Design: Kristjan Mändmaa Layout and cover design: Moonika Maidre Printed: Print House OÜ Cover photograph: Flag dedication ceremony of the Baltic Peacekeeping Battalion, Ādaži, Latvia, January 1995. Courtesy of Kalev Koidumäe. Contents 5 Foreword 7 About the Contributors 9 Introduction Tomas Jermalavičius and Tony Lawrence 13 The Evolution of Baltic Security and Defence Strategies Erik Männik 45 The Baltic Quest to the West: From Total Defence to ‘Smart Defence’ (and Back?) Kęstutis Paulauskas 85 The Development of Military Cultures Holger Mölder 122 Supreme Command and Control of the Armed Forces: the Roles of Presidents, Parliaments, Governments, Ministries of Defence and Chiefs of Defence Sintija Oškalne 168 Financing Defence Kristīne Rudzīte-Stejskala 202 Participation in International Military Operations Piret Paljak 240 Baltic Military Cooperative Projects: a Record of Success Pete Ito 276 Conclusions Tony Lawrence and Tomas Jermalavičius 4 General Sir Garry Johnson Foreword The swift and total collapse of the Soviet Union may still be viewed by some in Russia as a disaster, but to those released from foreign dominance it brought freedom, hope, and a new awakening.
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitution and Interpretation of the Authority Dilemma for the Leadership of the National Defence After Estonia Regained Its Independence
    175 The Constitution and Interpretation of the Authority Dilemma for the Leadership of the National Defence After Estonia Regained its Independence Hellar Lill ABSTRACT After the restoration of independence in August 1991, Estonia had no national defence, defence capability or capacity for international defence cooperation. The armed forced had to be ‘invented’. However, this can be regarded as an advantage, since retraining and reorganising an existing system is usually more difficult. The main principles of national defence were established in Chapter 10 of the Constitution, which was approved in a referendum held in June 1992. This chap- ter, which was influenced by the presidential constitution of 1937/1938, did not answer the question of whether the Commander of the Defence Forces would be placed under the authority of the President, the parliament or the govern- ment. Two voluntary national defence organisations, the Defence League and the Home Guard, which competed with each other, already existed in Estonia when the Defence Forces were established. The Ministry of Defence was established even later. There were fears that subordinating the Commander of the Defence Forces to the government may lead to the politicisation of the army and uneven development due to frequent changes of government. These problems were eased by subordinating the commander to the President – however, this caused ten- sion between the Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces Headquarters. The parliament had the right to appoint and remove the Commander of the Defence Forces, but the proposal had to come from the President. This conflict culminated in summer 2000 when the Commander of the Defence Forces was removed as a result of a vote in the Riigikogu, which the President called an issue of civilian control; the removal, as well as the Defence Minister and government keeping their positions, was decided by one vote, allegedly given by accident… 176 Hellar Lill The Constitution was amended in 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Projektskizze Buchprojekt
    1 Estonia on the Road to a European Army Viljar Veebel, Baltic Defence College Chapter in “Strategic Autonomy and the Defence of Europe: On the Road to a European Army” (Eds. Hans-Peter Bartels, Anna Maria Kellner, Uwe Optenhögel), ISBN 978-3-8012-0498-3, pp. 152-164 Country background and statistics Estonia has a population of 1.315 million, as of 1 January 2016, about 0.26 per cent of the total population of the EU (Statistics Estonia 2016a). In the past decade, on average, the annual natural birth rate has been negative, at –1,330 people, on average (Statistics Estonia 2016b). Migration involves extensive back-and-forth mobility of Estonian citizens: 52 per cent of immigrants and 69 per cent of emigrants in 2015 were citizens of Estonia. In 2015– 2016, emigration stabilised and the number of immigrants increased (Statistics Estonia 2016b). After the parliamentary elections in March 2015, six political parties exceeded the 5 per cent election threshold. The Estonian Reform Party (RE) won the elections, receiving 30 of the 101 seats in the parliament, followed by the Estonian Centre Party (KE) with 27 seats. The Social Democratic Party (SDE) got 15 seats and the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (IRL) got 14 seats. The newcomer, the Estonian Free Party (VE), received eight seats, and the most radical party, the Conservative Peoples Party of Estonia (EKRE), got seven seats. After the elections, the Reform Party, the Social Democrats and the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union formed a coalition. A second coalition and government was formed in 23.
    [Show full text]
  • Estonian Review E E S T I R I N G V a a D E VOLUME 18 NO 25 JUN 11- 17, 2008
    Estonian Review E E S T I R I N G V A A D E VOLUME 18 NO 25 JUN 11- 17, 2008 TURKISH FOREIGN MINISTER IN TALLINN FOREIGN NEWS Ansip: EU must Continue Ratifying Lisbon Treaty Jun 16 - Estonian Prime Minister Andrus Ansip said Estonia was in favour of continuing ratification of the Lisbon Treaty, although Ireland rejected it at a referendum. Ansip made the statement in the European Union affairs committee of the Estonian parliament when he informed the committee of Estonia's positions at the European Council. The prime minister said that, although the result of the referendum was a disappointment, the decision of the Irish should be respected. Ali Babacan and Urmas Paet in Tallinn, 13 June. He added that, although the answer to the question how to Starting in Mid-July, Estonian Citizens can Travel to continue was being expected above Turkey Visa-Free all from the Irish, it was not a problem for Ireland alone but for June 13 – Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet met with his the whole European Union. Turkish colleague Ali Babacan, in Estonia for a visit. The two "We cannot agree with appeals discussed bilateral relations, including the implementation of that Ireland must now drop out visa freedom for Estonian citizens, and Turkey’s accession from the European Union or freeze negotiations with the European Union. its membership," Ansip said. In accordance with an agreement between Estonia and Turkey, The prime minister said that Estonian citizens will be able to travel to Turkey visa-free starting from Estonia was in favour of all the the middle of July.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Concept of Neutrality to NATO Membership
    Vaidotas Urbelis NATO-EAPC Individual Fellowship Report 2001-2003 Defence Policies of the Baltic States: from the Concept of Neutrality towards NATO membership Vilnius 2003 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................................... NATO INTEGRATION AS A PART OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE SOCIETY......................................................... TRANSFORMATION OF THE MILITARY..................................................................................................................................... DOMESTIC ACHIEVEMENTS VS. GEOSTRATEGIC REALITIES ....................................................................................12 MILITARY REFORM - NEW MISSIONS FOR THE ARMED FORCES .............................................................................16 CREATING CAPABILITIES FOR THE ALLIANCE .................................................................................................................20 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................................................................................23 Introduction In 1990 all three Baltic States declared their independence from the Soviet Union but the situation in these countries was unstable and unpredictable with Moscow implementing both direct and indirect military, political, and economical pressure. In this environment, the Baltic States were striving to establish a
    [Show full text]