Bab 1 Pendahuluan 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah Di Masa Sekarang Ini, Semakin Sulit Bagi Kita Untuk Menemukan Seseorang Yang Tidak

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Bab 1 Pendahuluan 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah Di Masa Sekarang Ini, Semakin Sulit Bagi Kita Untuk Menemukan Seseorang Yang Tidak Bab 1 Pendahuluan 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah Di masa sekarang ini, semakin sulit bagi kita untuk menemukan seseorang yang tidak mengidentifikasikan dirinya sebagai penggemar sesuatu. Objek kegemaran setiap orang berbeda-beda. Ada yang menggemari sesuatu yang spesifik dalam bentuk seorang penyanyi, pemain sepakbola, atau sebuah klub olahraga. Kemudian ada juga yang menggemari sesuatu yang bersifat lebih luas seperti film horor, musik jazz, olahraga sepakbola, komik Jepang, anime dan lain sebagainya (Siahaan, 2004 : 109). Demikian juga di Jepang, fenomena penggemar sudah terjadi sejak lama, seperti para Sumo yang sejak dahulu dianggap sebagai semacam idola oleh masyarakat Jepang, dan juga kabuki pada jaman Edo. Dari berbagai fenomena ini, ada dua benang merah yang terlihat. Pertama adalah bahwa fenomena penggemar memiliki kaitan yang sangat erat dengan perkembangan budaya populer atau masal di masing-masing ruang dan waktu. Kedua, bahwa fenomena penggemar merupakan bagian dari budaya konsumsi yang memiliki sifat sosial yang kuat. Seorang penggemar umumnya menggemari sesuatu tidak sendiri, tetapi selalu bersama-sama dengan orang lain. 1.1.1. Fenomena Anime dan Otaku Menonton anime dan membaca manga adalah bagian dari kehidupan sehari-hari orang Jepang. “Budaya” anime telah menjadi budaya yang populer di Jepang. Anime pertama yang diekspor keluar dan diperkenalkan kepada masyarakat Amerika Serikat adalah Astro Boy (1961). Pada tahun 1980-an, kemampuan untuk mengakses televisi kabel membuat anime seperti Sailormoon dan Starblazers menjadi populer, sehingga kemudian menciptakan dasar untuk basis penggemar di Amerika Serikat. Pada tahun 1999, anime Pokemon telah menembus pasar masal di Amerika Serikat, tidak seperti anime lainnya yang telah masuk sebelumnya Anime dan manga menarik begitu banyak penggemar, baik orang Jepang sendiri maupun orang mancanegara, seperti yang telah dikatakan oleh Jean Marie Bouissou bahwa anime dan manga sangat menarik karena mereka adalah produk kesenangan murni yang merupakan bentuk hiburan tidak mahal untuk dinikmati (MacWilliams, 2008 : 5). Ada penggemar yang memang hanya menyukai menonton anime atau membaca komik, namun banyak juga yang amat sangat terobsesi dengan hal-hal tersebut, sampai mengoleksi barang-barang yang berhubungan dengan hobi mereka dan sangat tergila-gila akan hobi mereka. Orang-orang demikian disebut dengan Otaku. Istilah ini pertama kali dikemukakan oleh kolumnis Nakamori Akio dalam artikel ”Otaku” no Kenkyū (Penelitian tentang Otaku). Istilah Otaku biasa ditulis dengan huruf katakana untuk membedakan dengan kata sopan dalam bahasa Jepang karena sebenarnya, Otaku sendiri berarti kata ganti orang kedua yang berarti ”Anda”. Kemudian pada tahun 1980-an, istilah Otaku diadopsi oleh penggemar berat anime dan manga sebagai bahasa slang yang merujuk pada mereka (Haghirian, 2010 : 113). Banyak orang berpikir bahwa julukan Otaku hanya sekedar untuk pecandu anime, manga atau game saja, tetapi sebenarnya ada berbagai macam jenis Otaku seperti Seiyuu Ota, Tetsudou Ota, Figure Ota, Pasocon Ota dan sebagainya. Otaku juga disebut sebagai nerd atau kutu buku (Galbraith 2009 : 171). Gambar 1.1 Gambaran Otaku di Jepang (Sumber : Densha Otoko, 2005) Okada Toshio adalah seorang produser di Studio Gainax, dan meneliti tentang Otaku. Ia mengeluarkan buku yang berjudul ”Otaku wa Sude ni Shindeiru”, yang berarti Otaku telah mati. Okada bisa mendeteksi bahwa orang yang ia lihat adalah seorang Otaku, hanya dari melihat dari belakang. Menurut Okada (2008 : 13), surga dari para Otaku adalah Akihabara. Tempat ini adalah wilayah pusat perbelanjaan yang terletak di Stasiun Akihabara, Tokyo, Jepang. Akihabara sering juga disebut dengan Akiba. Mengapa Akiba disebut sebagai surga bagi para Otaku? Hal ini dikarenakan Akiba merupakan pusat dari anime, manga, video game dan komputer di Jepang. Barang-barangnya tersebar di seluruh toko-toko elektronik yang ada di sana. Selain toko-toko elektronik, terdapat juga kafe yang disebut dengan Maid Cafe, dimana yang melayani adalah para wanita dengan memakai seragam pelayan, dan sangat memanjakan pelanggannya seperti karakter di anime. Ada juga kissaten manga (kafe komik), suatu jenis kafe internet di mana pelanggan dapat membaca komik dan menonton DVD selain memiliki akses ke internet. Setiap harinya anime ota, seiyuu ota, dan game ota berkumpul beramai-ramai di Akiba. Mereka berlomba untuk mendapatkan gelar siapakah yang terkuat dalam Moe Batoru (Pertempuran Moe). Moe adalah istilah slang dalam bahasa Jepang yang berarti minat kuat terhadap karakter wanita tertentu dalam video game maupun anime dan manga. ”Otaku- Akihabara-Moe” akhir-akhir ini merupakan istilah yang digunakan menjadi satu set. Moe tidak hanya diartikan sebagai ”tanaman yang kuncup”, namun seperti yang kita tahu, istilah Moe saat ini juga menjadi penting dalam berbicara tentang Otaku. (Okada, 2008 : 25). Di Jepang, ada beberapa kasus aneh yang dilakukan oleh seorang Otaku, bahkan tindakan kriminalitas. Pada tahun 1988 dan 1989, seorang pemuda bernama Miyazaki Tsutomu membunuh empat gadis cilik yang umurnya berkisar antara empat sampai tujuh tahun. Setelah membunuh mereka, ia memutilasi dan melakukan penganiayaan seksual serta memakan mayat mereka. Ketika kamar Miyazaki Tsutomu diselidiki, banyak koleksi video-video yang isinya berupa korban-korban yang dibunuhnya, lalu sejumlah anime porno dan film-film yang benar-benar sadis. Oleh karena insiden ini, ia dijuluki sebagai “Otaku Murderer”. Kemudian, pada tahun 2009, seorang pemuda Jepang dengan inisial nama Sal9000, menikahi Nene Anegasaki, seorang karakter video game Nintendo DS yang berjudul “Love Plus”. Dari kasus pembunuhan yang dilakukan oleh Miyazaki Tsutomu, memunculkan stereotip yang negatif dari masyarakat Jepang terhadap kaum Otaku. 1.1.2. Gambaran Umum Drama atau Film Jepang Penulis akan meninjau masalah Otaku yang diambil dari sebuah drama Jepang. Drama adalah salah satu karya sastra yang penampilan fisiknya memperlihatkan secara verbal adanya dialog atau cakapan di antara tokoh-tokoh yang ada (Budianta 2006 : 95). Menurut Wiyanto (2007 : 10), berdasarkan sarana atau alat yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan kepada penonton atau pendengar, drama dapat dibedakan menjadi enam jenis yaitu drama panggung, drama radio, drama televisi, drama film, drama wayang dan drama boneka. Dalam penelitian ini penulis akan menganalisi drama dengan jenis drama televisi (terebi dorama), yaitu drama yang dapat didengar dan dilihat (meskipun hanya gambar), namun drama televisi tidak dapat diraba. Selain didominasi oleh cakapan yang langsung itu, drama juga memperlihatkan adanya semacam petunjuk pemanggungan yang akan memberikan gambar tentang suasana, lokasi, atau apa yang dilakukan oleh tokoh. Drama Jepang berbeda dengan sinetron di Indonesia, yang memiliki banyak episode. Jumlah episode drama-drama di Jepang biasanya hanya berkisar antara 10 sampai 12 episode, kecuali untuk drama keluarga di stasiun televisi NHK yang biasanya memiliki jumlah episode di atas 100. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan pendapat Macwilliams (2008 : 60), yang mengatakan bahwa program penyajian drama yang memakan waktu bertahun-tahun adalah suatu pengecualian bagi Jepang. Biasanya periode pemutaran drama berlangsung selama tiga sampai enam bulan, dan untuk drama-drama tertentu bisa mencapai setahun atau dua tahun. Dengan demikian, aktor, sutradara, sekaligus penonton mendapatkan keuntungannya, daripada harus memainkan suatu drama yang memiliki jangka waktu yang sangat lama dan juga bisa menurunkan kualitas drama tersebut. Drama yang akan penulis bahas dalam penelitian ini berjudul Densha Otoko (Train Man). Drama ini ditayangkan di Jepang pada tahun 2005 di stasiun Fuji TV yang disutradarai oleh Takeuchi Hideki, Nishiura Masaki, dan Kobayashi Kazuhiro. Penulis skenarionya adalah Muto Shogo dan Tokunaga Tomokazu. Tokoh utama dari drama ini bernama Yamada Tsuyoshi yang diperankan oleh Ito Atsushi, kemudian Aoyama Saori yang diperankan oleh Ito Misaki. Yamada Tsuyoshi adalah seorang penggemar berat anime dan manga. Di dalam kamarnya dipenuhi oleh koleksi-koleksi boneka, action figure, poster, dan mainan- mainan lainnya yang berhubungan dengan anime atau manga. Hanya dengan melihat penampilannya, kata “Otaku” pasti muncul dalam pikiran orang-orang di sekitarnya. Tsuyoshi bertubuh pendek dan memakai kacamata. Gaya rambutnya berantakan dan bajunya selalu dimasukkan ke dalam celana, sehingga benar-benar kelihatan nerd. Tsuyoshi pintar memainkan video game, dan seringkali ikut acara-acara yang berhubungan dengan anime atau seiyuu (pengisi suara karakter di anime). Dengan label “Otaku” pada dirinya, seringkali orang-orang di sekitanya merendahkan dirinya, bahkan keluarganya sekalipun. Misalnya, seorang teman Aoyama yang bernama Sawazaki Kaho langsung menghindari sentuhan fisik ketika Tsuyoshi hendak memberikan kuas make-up miliknya. Tak hanya itu, dengan raut wajah yang muak terhadap Tsuyoshi, Kaho langsung membuang kuas tersebut ke tempat sampah. Adik Tsuyoshi pun menganggap bahwa kakaknya itu menjijikan. Ayahnya juga seringkali tidak mempedulikannya. Tsuyoshi hanya bisa berteman baik dengan Otaku- otaku lainnya, karena memiliki hobi yang sama dengan mereka. Hubungan dengan orang-orang sekitarnya kurang baik dan jarang sekali berkomunikasi karena ia kebanyakan menghabiskan waktunya di kamar untuk menonton anime, bermain video game, atau pergi ke Akihabara untuk mengikuti acara-acara dengan perkumpulan otaku lainnya. Jangankan berpacaran, berbicara dengan seorang wanita saja seluruh tubuhnya bisa gemetar.
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